Lesões nervosas periféricas com alterações morfofuncionais são de grande importância clínica, porque pode prejudicar a função, comprometendo a sensibilidade e/ou a motricidade do órgão alvo. Quando o nervo é lesado, o indivíduo torna-se impossibilitado de realizar suas atividades, seja profissional ou pessoal, e a partir do acidente esta situação se agrava ainda mais, pois tem início uma trajetória de sofrimento e humilhações decorrentes do tipo de assistência que passa a receber, tendo em vista, ainda, a fragilidade emocional e o abatimento moral de que passa a ser vítima. Na tentativa de reparo de lesões graves de nervos periféricos, várias técnicas têm sido utilizada, mas algumas com prejuízos funcionais para outras área do corpo, como por exemplo, quando se usa outro nervo no enxerto. Considerando que enxertos venosos tem tido bons resultados na capacidade regenerativa das fibras nervosas, e como elas são encontradas em abundância e em locais de fácil acesso cirúrgico, pensou-se em verificar se o tecido adiposo e o laser de baixa potência alterariam os resultados da reinervação, por tubulização, em músculos de contração rápida (EDL). Para isso foi utilizado 84 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem wistar, machos, que foram divididos em 12 grupos (oito experimentais e quatro controles). Nos grupos experimentais (GE) foi utilizada tubulização de veia preenchida, ou não de tecido adiposo (GEVV e GEVG, respectivamente), com e sem tratamento de laser (GEVVL e GEVGL, respectivamente). Os grupos controles (GC) receberam os nomes de positivos (GCP) quando os animais não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e negativos (GCN) quando os animais foram submetidos à desnervação do nervo ciático. Todos os grupos tiveram os seus animais sacrificados em dois períodos, 45 e 150 dias, após o início do experimento. A certificação da recuperação foi feita por meio da análise dos músculos inervados por ele (EDL), comparando-os com os respectivos grupos controles. Técnicas de microscopia, Imunofluorescência (MyoD e miogenina), apoptose (Tunel), morfométricas e análise funcional do ciático, foram empregadas nesta investigação. Os resultados mostraram que aos 45 dias pós desnervação os dados dos grupos experimentais estavam mais próximos do grupo controle negativo, mas aos 150 dias eles estavam mais próximos aos do grupo controle positivo. Baseado nos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de tecido adiposo e do laser de baixa potência na técnica de tubulização do nervo ciático interferem na recuperação do músculo EDL desnervado. / The peripheral nerves injuries with morphofunctional alterations, have great clinical importance because could prejudice the function, committing the sensibility and/or the motricity of target organ. When nerve is damage, the individual becomes disabled to realize yours activities, either professional or personal, in the post accident periods, this situation aggravates each more, therefore initiate a trajectory of suffering and distressing despite of the kind of assistance that this person receives, in view of your emotional fragility and your moral discouragement that pass to be victim. In attempt to repair severe peripheral nerves lesions, many techniques had been used, but some present functional prejudices to other area of bodies, for example when other autologous nerve graft it is used. Considering that, vein graft had demonstrated good results in regenerative nerve fibers capacity, and the vein are found in abundance in many locals of chirurgic access, it thought in verify if the adipose tissue and low power laser could alter the reinnervation results, by tubulization technique, in fast twitch muscle (EDL). For this, was used 84 rats (Rattus norvegicus) wistar, male, divided in 12 groups (eight experimental and four controls). In the experimental groups (EG) was used tubulization by vein combined / or not with adipose tissue (EGV and EGVA, receptively), with or without laser treatment (EGVL and EGVAL, respectively). The controls groups (CG) was called of positives (CGP) when the animals did not subject to transaction nerve, and negatives (CGN) when the sciatic nerve was transaction in this animals. All groups had the animals scarified in two periods, 45 and 150 days post experiments beginning. The recuperation was notified by means of muscle innervated analysis (EDL), comparing with the respective controls groups. Microscope techniques, Immunofluorescence for (MyoD and Miogenin), apoptosis by (Tunel assay), morphometrics and sciatic functional analysis, were employed in this investigation. The results showed that in the 45 days post-dennervation, the data of experimental groups was nearest of negative control group (transaction sciatic nerve), but in the 150 days they was nearest to the positive control group. Based on this, could be conclude that the use of adipose tissue and low power laser used in the tubulization technique by vein in the sciatic nerve interfere in the recuperation of EDL muscle dennervated.

Lesões nervosas periféricas com alterações morfofuncionais são de grande importância clínica, porque pode prejudicar a função, comprometendo a sensibilidade e/ou a motricidade do órgão alvo. Quando o nervo é lesado, o indivíduo torna-se impossibilitado de realizar suas atividades, seja profissional ou pessoal, e a partir do acidente esta situação se agrava ainda mais, pois tem início uma trajetória de sofrimento e humilhações decorrentes do tipo de assistência que passa a receber, tendo em vista, ainda, a fragilidade emocional e o abatimento moral de que passa a ser vítima. Na tentativa de reparo de lesões graves de nervos periféricos, várias técnicas têm sido utilizada, mas algumas com prejuízos funcionais para outras área do corpo, como por exemplo, quando se usa outro nervo no enxerto. Considerando que enxertos venosos tem tido bons resultados na capacidade regenerativa das fibras nervosas, e como elas são encontradas em abundância e em locais de fácil acesso cirúrgico, pensou-se em verificar se o tecido adiposo e o laser de baixa potência alterariam os resultados da reinervação, por tubulização, em músculos de contração rápida (EDL). Para isso foi utilizado 84 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem wistar, machos, que foram divididos em 12 grupos (oito experimentais e quatro controles). Nos grupos experimentais (GE) foi utilizada tubulização de veia preenchida, ou não de tecido adiposo (GEVV e GEVG, respectivamente), com e sem tratamento de laser (GEVVL e GEVGL, respectivamente). Os grupos controles (GC) receberam os nomes de positivos (GCP) quando os animais não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica, e negativos (GCN) quando os animais foram submetidos à desnervação do nervo ciático. Todos os grupos tiveram os seus animais sacrificados em dois períodos, 45 e 150 dias, após o início do experimento. A certificação da recuperação foi feita por meio da análise dos músculos inervados por ele (EDL), comparando-os com os respectivos grupos controles. Técnicas de microscopia, Imunofluorescência (MyoD e miogenina), apoptose (Tunel), morfométricas e análise funcional do ciático, foram empregadas nesta investigação. Os resultados mostraram que aos 45 dias pós desnervação os dados dos grupos experimentais estavam mais próximos do grupo controle negativo, mas aos 150 dias eles estavam mais próximos aos do grupo controle positivo. Baseado nos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de tecido adiposo e do laser de baixa potência na técnica de tubulização do nervo ciático interferem na recuperação do músculo EDL desnervado. / The peripheral nerves injuries with morphofunctional alterations, have great clinical importance because could prejudice the function, committing the sensibility and/or the motricity of target organ. When nerve is damage, the individual becomes disabled to realize yours activities, either professional or personal, in the post accident periods, this situation aggravates each more, therefore initiate a trajectory of suffering and distressing despite of the kind of assistance that this person receives, in view of your emotional fragility and your moral discouragement that pass to be victim. In attempt to repair severe peripheral nerves lesions, many techniques had been used, but some present functional prejudices to other area of bodies, for example when other autologous nerve graft it is used. Considering that, vein graft had demonstrated good results in regenerative nerve fibers capacity, and the vein are found in abundance in many locals of chirurgic access, it thought in verify if the adipose tissue and low power laser could alter the reinnervation results, by tubulization technique, in fast twitch muscle (EDL). For this, was used 84 rats (Rattus norvegicus) wistar, male, divided in 12 groups (eight experimental and four controls). In the experimental groups (EG) was used tubulization by vein combined / or not with adipose tissue (EGV and EGVA, receptively), with or without laser treatment (EGVL and EGVAL, respectively). The controls groups (CG) was called of positives (CGP) when the animals did not subject to transaction nerve, and negatives (CGN) when the sciatic nerve was transaction in this animals. All groups had the animals scarified in two periods, 45 and 150 days post experiments beginning. The recuperation was notified by means of muscle innervated analysis (EDL), comparing with the respective controls groups. Microscope techniques, Immunofluorescence for (MyoD and Miogenin), apoptosis by (Tunel assay), morphometrics and sciatic functional analysis, were employed in this investigation. The results showed that in the 45 days post-dennervation, the data of experimental groups was nearest of negative control group (transaction sciatic nerve), but in the 150 days they was nearest to the positive control group. Based on this, could be conclude that the use of adipose tissue and low power laser used in the tubulization technique by vein in the sciatic nerve interfere in the recuperation of EDL muscle dennervated.

L’analyse du vocabulaire grec du visage dans l’ensemble des romans de Chariton, de Xénophon, de Longus, d’Héliodore et d’Achille Tatius a pour dessein de montrer l’intérêt certain, à la fois esthétique et sensoriel, porté à cette partie souveraine du corps. Quelle est donc l’importance accordée au visage du héros ou de l’héroïne ? Et de quelle manière le discours rend-il compte de son incarnation, de sa réalité organique ? Comment les visages des personnages interagissent-ils ? Parce que le visage se révèle une interface entre l’intime et le social, entre l’intériorité et l’expressivité, on peut se demander en quoi ce lieu privilégié du corps, à travers la description de l’aspect physique des personnages, caractérise leur éthos permanent ou communique au lecteur leurs émotions fugitives. Le visage s’offre aux regards et interpelle. Ses traits sont autant de signes à interpréter pour celui ou celle qui le regarde et dont il mobilise le système de reconnaissance et de représentation. Certes, la description physique des héroïnes comme celle des jeunes hommes ne se limite pas au visage. Mais, seul le visage, qui n’a rien d’incertain, d’irrégulier, de disharmonieux, est appelé à refléter les vertus des personnages mais aussi ses plus grandes souffrances. La mise en icônes de traits représentatifs des personnages s’inscrit dans la logique des procédures de description physique qui caractérise la culture romanesque. Le roman aime ainsi à représenter la beauté, en alliant aux manifestations physiques les émotions de l’âme. Les visages des héros romanesques grecs sont dévoilés dans une sorte de mosaïque à la fois anatomique et littéraire, évoquant les éléments fondamentaux qui les constituent. Ainsi, sans confondre visage et portrait, nous avons déconstruit le visage romanesque pour en montrer les diverses facettes, la palette des couleurs, les références littéraires intertextuelles et mythologiques mais aussi certains invariants, pour enfin mieux le reconstruire. Nous avons donc procédé à l’étude et à l’analyse du visage, non seulement comme entité mais en tant que visage morcelé, voire éclaté. L’étude approfondie des sens s’est attachée à souligner la passion, ses effets et les émotions du corps, entre plaisir et souffrance, entre affection et violence. Cette recherche a permis de souligner les éléments communs aux différents romanciers, mais aussi leur originalité d'écriture. L'importance accordée au visage et plus généralement au corps dans la narratologie laisse apparaître le reflet des valeurs de la société grecque de leur temps. / The analysis of Greek vocabulary about the face in Chariton, Xenophon, Longus, Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius’s novels as a whole plans to show the definite interest, both aesthetic and sensory focused on this sovereign part of the body. So what is the importance attached to the hero or heroine’s faces? And how does the discourse explain its incarnation and organical reality? The face proves to be an interface between the private and social world, between interiority and expressiveness. So we can wonder how this privileged part of the body characterizes their permanent ethos ; we can wonder how it transmits their fleeting emotions to the reader, through the description of the physical look of the characters. The face catches attention. Its features mobilize the system of recognition and representation. Indeed the physical description of heroines as well as heroes is not limited to the face. But only the face, with nothing uncertain, irregular, disharmonious, is assigned to reflect the characters’ virtues but also their greatest suffering. « La mise en icônes »of characters’ representative features is part of the procedures of physical description that characterize the culture of the novel. Thus the novel likes to represent beauty by combining physical expressions with soul feeling. The faces of Greek novelistic heroes are revealed in a kind of mosaic at once anatomical and literary, evoking the basic elements that constitute them. Thus, without mixing up face and portrait, we have deconstructed the novelistic face to show its various facets, colour palette, intertextual literary and mythological references ; but also to show some invariants to, at last, rebuild it in a better way. We have therefore conducted a thorough study and analysis of the face not only as an entity but as a fragmented even blown up face. The detailed study of senses has endeavoured to emphasize passion and its effects, and show the emotions of the body between pleasure and suffering, affection and violence. On the one hand this research has permitted to highlight the elements common to the different novelists, their original writing and the importance granted to face and more generally to body in narratology. On the other hand it has led us to analyze the reflection of the values of the Greek society of their days.

Les romans grecs et les Métamorphoses d’Apulée – même si les modalités sont différentes pour ce dernier – sont des fictions en prose qui fonctionnent autour de topoi auxquels la figure de l’Autre n’échappe pas. Bien que le monde grec soit alors radicalement différent de ce qu’il était au Ve siècle avant J.-C., période à laquelle l’identité grecque est construite par opposition à la figure du barbare, les romanciers qui prennent la plume à partir du Ier siècle avant notre ère utilisent un certain nombre de stéréotypes hérités de l’époque classique, alors mise à l’honneur par le mouvement de la Seconde Sophistique. Il s’agit d’étudier dans le détail certains éléments de la représentation de l’Autre pour déterminer qui il est, comment il se comporte, ce qui le constitue en Autre. Puis, à partir de cette esquisse, nécessairement incomplète, d’évaluer ce que cette représentation peut induire sur l’image de l’identité grecque à l’époque impériale, par le jeu de miroir que F. Hartog a décelé dans l’œuvre d’Hérodote. Une première partie est consacrée aux rapports entre l’homme et l’animal ainsi qu’à l’image de la sauvagerie, ce qui permet d’explorer les bornes romanesques de l’humanité. La seconde partie s’attache à des éléments que l’époque classique a plus particulièrement mis en avant pour distinguer les Grecs des non-Grecs : le critère de la langue, l’art de faire la guerre et le discours politique qui est tenu sur les institutions barbares. La troisième partie étudie la place des dieux et des pratiques religieuses dans la définition de l’Autre. J’espère ainsi contribuer à la compréhension du genre romanesque et des représentations culturelles de l’empire « gréco-romain ». / The Greek novels and The Metamorphoses of Apuleius, even if it is in different terms for the last, are prose fictions which are based on topoi, and the figure of the Other is one of them. Although the Greek world was radically different of what it was in the fifth century BC, time during which Greek identity is contructed as opposed to the figure of the barbaros, the authors of novels, who wrote from the first century BC onward, used some stereotypes inherited from classical period, which was celebrated by the Second Sophistic movement. The aim of this thesis is to study in detail some elements of the representation of the Other to determine who it is, how he behaves, what makes him other. Then, from this sketch, necessarily incomplete, to evaluate what this representation says about the image of Greek identity in the imperial age, according to the play of the mirror detected by F. Hartog in the text of Herodotus. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the relationship between man and animal and to the image of savagery, in order to explore the novelistic limits of humanity. The second part concentrates on elements that classical period had particularly insisted on to promote the distinction between Greeks and non-Greeks : the linguistic criterion, the way to make war, and the politic discourse on the barbaric institutions. The third part study the place of the gods and of religious practices in the definition of the Other. I hope to contribute to the understanding of novel genre and of cultural representations of the « greco-roman- empire ».