Introdução: A Imunodeficiência Comum Variável (ICV) faz parte de um grupo de imunodeficiências primárias na qual os pacientes apresentam defeitos na maturação e diferenciação dos linfócitos B (LB), resultando em distúrbios funcionais além de alterações na distribuição de seus subtipos. Consequentemente, estes pacientes apresentam hipogamaglobulinemia, susceptibilidade a infecções e ausência de produção de anticorpos a antígenos específicos. Na tentativa de reduzir os episódios de infecções recorrentes, alguns trabalhos têm recomendado a vacinação com patógenos mortos ou subunidades e em trabalho anterior demonstramos a eficácia clínica da vacinação de pacientes com ICV, porém, a experiência com a administração de vacinas em imunocomprometidos é limitada. Objetivos: Avaliar a cinética da distribuição das subpopulações de linfócitos B antes e após a vacinação com antígenos proteicos e polissacarídicos em pacientes com ICV acompanhados no Ambulatório de Imunodeficiências Primárias do Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, além da produção de anticorpos específicos aos antígenos vacinais. Pacientes e Métodos: Um grupo de 35 pacientes com ICV e 16 controles foram vacinados contra Influenza, H1N1 e S. pneumoniae. Após as coletas nos tempos pré e pós 1, 3 e 6 meses foram realizados a separação de PBMC e cultura de linfócitos com lisado viral e hemaglutinina de Influenza, além da citometria de fluxo para identificação das subpopulações de LB naive, zona marginal (MZB), memória com troca de isotipo (SMB) e plasmoblastos (PBL). Foram dosados os anticorpos específicos e no grupo dos pacientes foi aplicado um score de sintomas antes e após a imunização. Resultados: Apesar da redução significativa na pontuação do score de sintomas, a maioria dos pacientes não produziu anticorpos específicos para Influenza, H1N1 e S. pneumoniae. A análise da cinética das subpopulações de LB revelou que em indivíduos saudáveis, a resposta contra Influenza apresentou duração de 6 meses, observada por meio da redução da subpopulação naive e aumento gradual da frequência de SMB a partir do primeiro mês. Observamos também redução da população de memória por volta do 3º mês, com aumento da população de PBL que permaneceu elevada até o 6º mês. Por outro lado, a despeito de os pacientes apresentarem aumento de SMB no primeiro mês após a vacinação, sua frequência foi inferior ao observado nos controles, decaindo ao terceiro mês. A população de PBL apresentou aumento precoce no primeiro mês após a vacinação, também muito menor do que observado nos controles, não sendo mantido no terceiro mês. Ainda, observamos uma correlação entre o aumento da expressão destas duas subpopulações no primeiro mês. Apenas a população de MZB apresentou aumento significativo no terceiro mês nos pacientes quando comparados aos controles. Ao dividirmos os pacientes de acordo com a expressão de SMB e PBL após 1 mês da administração das vacinas, observamos que os pacientes que apresentaram aumento na expressão de células B de memória foram os que exibiram uma melhora clínica mais expressiva, soroconverteram e desenvolveram soroproteção para H1N1.Conclusões: Apesar de não apresentarem eficaz diferenciação em células de memória e efetoras, resultando na resposta precoce e de curta duração, observamos que os pacientes foram capazes de reconhecer e responder às vacinas. Além disso, a elevada expressão de MZB no terceiro mês após a vacinação pode sugerir a atuação desta subpopulação na apresentação para os LT. Estes achados reforçam a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão da ativação do sistema imune em pacientes com ICV, para uma adequada subdivisão de acordo com o perfil de resposta após a vacinação / Introduction: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary antibody deficiency characterized by defects in B lymphocyte maturation, resulting in disturbed differentiation, distribution and functional variations on its subtypes. As a result , CVID patients have hypogammaglobulinemia and poor antibody response to specific antigens with increased susceptibility to infections. In an effort to minimize the recurrent episodes of infections, some studies have recommended immunization with inactivated pathogens or subunits and in a former study we have shown the clinical improvement determined by immunization in CVID patients, but the experience with vaccines\' administration to immunodeficient patients is limited. Objectives: To evaluate the changes in distribution of B cell subtypes before and after vaccination of CVID patients followed at the Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy of University of São Paulo Medical School with protein and polysaccharide antigens, as well as specific antibody production . Methods: A group of 35 CVID patients and 16 controls were vaccinated against Influenza, H1N1 and S. pneumoniae vaccines. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 3 and 6 months post vaccination. PBMCs were stimulated with Influenza viral lysate and hemagglutinin peptide. Flow cytometry was performed to identify naïve B cells, marginal zone (MZB), switched memory B cells (SMB) and plasmablasts (PBL). Specific antibody production was measured and a symptoms score was applied for clinical evaluation before and after immunization. Results: In spite of the significant reduction in symptoms score after vaccination, most patients didn\'t produce specific antibodies to Influenza, H1N1 and S. pneumoniae. The analyzes of B cell subtypes changes in healthy individuals upon in vitro Influenza stimulation showed that the response endured up to 6 months post immunization. We observed a reduction in naïve B cell frequency while gradual increase in SMB frequency occurred already at 1 month after vaccination. Moreover, as the memory cell population declined, PBL population increased at the third month post vaccination until the sixth month. Although patients had an increase of SMB on the first month after vaccination, it was lower than that observed in controls, decreasing by the third month post vaccination. Plasmablast frequency had an early increase on the first month, also much lower than the observed in controls decreasing by the third month. In addition, we observed a correlation between the increased expression of SMB and PBL on the first month post vaccination. In patients, only MZB subtype presented a significant increase on the third month when compared to controls. We divided the patients according SMB and PBL expression after 1 month post vaccination and we observed that patients who were able to produce memory B cells showed a better clinical improvement, developed H1N1 seroconversion and seroprotection. Conclusion: Despite the defect on differentiation into memory and effector B cells resulting in early response with lowduration, we observed that patients were able to recognize and respond to vaccines. In addition, the over expression of MZB on the third month after vaccination may suggest the role of this subpopulation as an antigen presenting cell for T cells. These findings reinforce the need of a better understanding of immune system activation and response in CVID patients to propose a division according to vaccine (antigen) responders and non responders

Chez l’adulte les premières étapes du développement hématopoïétique se déroulent dans la moelle osseuse (MO). La contribution de cellules d’origine mésenchymateuse, appelées niches stromales, a été démontrée dans le cas de la maintenance des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) et du développement des lymphocytes B (LB). Ainsi la maintenance des CSH dépend de niches périvasculaires sécrétant CXCL12 et SCF. Par ailleurs les LB les plus précoces (preproB) sont en contact de cellules stromales CXCL12+, puis migrent vers des cellules stromales exprimant l’interleukine-7 lors de leur différentiation en cellules proB. L’expression du préBCR, marque ensuite l’entrée dans le stade préB. À ce stade, les cellules sont au contact de cellules stromales galectine-1+.Malgré les progrès obtenus dans la compréhension du rôle des niches stromales, leur hétérogénéité et les mécanismes contrôlant la migration et l’adhésion des cellules hématopoïétiques en différenciation restent à mieux définir. Dans cet objectif, nous avons caractérisé phénotypiquement les cellules stromales de la MO mais aussi démontré l’existence d’une niche multi-spécifique, associée aux sinusoïdes et capable de soutenir les CSH et les LB.La contribution des niches dans le développement et la résistance aux traitements des Leucémies Aigues Lymphoblastiques de type B (LAL-B), équivalents pathologiques des LB en développement, a aussi été démontrée. Au cours de mon travail de thèse nous avons révélé l'influence d'un facteur exprimé par des cellules stromales de la MO sur la prolifération des LAL-B. À terme, ces travaux permettront de développer des traitements ciblant les fonctions protectrices des niches tumorales. / In adults, the early stages of hematopoietic development take place in the bone marrow (BM). The contribution of specialized cells of mesenchymal origin, called stromal niches, has been demonstrated in the case of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance and B lymphocyte development. Indeed, the maintenance of HSC depends on perivascular niches secreting CXCL12 and SCF. Furthermore progenitor B cells (preproB) are in contact with CXCL12+ stromal cells and migrate towards interleukin 7 expressing stromal cells during their differentiation into proB cells. PreBCR expression then marks the entrance into the preB cell stage. At this point, the cells are in contact with galectin-1+ stromal cells.Although progress have been made in understanding the role of stromal cell niches, their heterogeneity and the mechanisms controlling migration and adhesion of differentiating hematopoietic cells are controversial and remain to be defined. With this objective, we characterized phenotypically BM stromal cells but also demonstrated the existence of a multi-specific niche, associated to sinusoids and able to support both HSC and early B cells.The contribution of BM niches in the development and resistance to treatment of B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL), pathological equivalent of developing B cells has also been demonstrated. During my PhD, our work revealed the influence of a factor expressed by BM stromal cells on the proliferation of B-ALL. Ultimately, this work will allow the development of treatments targeting the protective functions of tumor niches.

La thrombopénie immunologique ou purpura thrombopénique immunologique (PTI) est une maladie auto-immune rare responsable d'une destruction périphérique immunologique des plaquettes associée à une production médullaire inadaptée. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous exposons les connaissances actuelles de sa physiopathologie ainsi que certaines données concernant la réponse immunitaire T, le rôle des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg), l'implication de la rate dans la réponse immunitaire ainsi que les modes d'action d'une thérapeutique anti-lymphocytaire B, le rituximab. Dans une seconde partie, nous rapportons les résultats obtenus chez 40 patients atteints de PTI. Nous avons montré que le taux des Treg circulants CD4+CD25HighFoxp3+ est similaire chez les patients et les témoins, avec une élévation de leur taux chez les sujets répondeurs aux traitements. A l'inverse, il existe un déficit quantitatif en Treg au sein de la rate des patients. L'analyse des sous-populations lymphocytaires B spléniques a montré une augmentation du taux de lymphocytes B de la zone marginale chez les patients. Concernant les mécanismes d'action du rituximab, nous avons montré qu'une déplétion lymphocytaire B sanguine et splénique n'est pas suffisante pour obtenir une rémission, et que les plasmocytes ne sont pas sensibles à cette thérapeutique. Par ailleurs, nous proposons un mécanisme d'échappement à ce traitement. En effet, nous avons montré que les patients résistants au RTX présentent une élévation du ratio Th1/Treg spléniques. Chez ces sujets non répondeurs, nous avons également observé une élévation du ratio lymphocytes T CD8+/CD4+, au sein de la rate, suggérant une participation des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques dans la physiopathologie du PTI. Ces résultats ouvrent donc de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie du PTI, notamment la possible implication des lymphocytes B de la zone marginale et le défaut de contrôle de la réponse immunitaire splénique par les Treg. Concernant le rituximab, son action sur la réponse immunitaire ne semble pas se limiter à une déplétion lymphocytaire B qui n'est pas suffisante pour obtenir une rémission. Un mécanisme d'échappement ou de résistance à cette thérapeutique passe par une orientation Th1 et une probable implication des lymphocytes T CD8+.

La manipulation du système immunitaire du receveur avant la transplantation pourrait permettre d'obtenir la tolérance de transplants allogéniques vascularisés en évitant la réaction de rejet à médiation lymphocytaire et humorale et l'utilisation permanente de traitement immunosuppresseur. Chez l'animal, l'injection au receveur, avant la transplantation, de cellules du donneur sous couvert d'anticorps bloquant le premier ou le second signal permet l'expansion périphérique d'une sous population de lymphocytes T CD4+CD25+FOXP3+, à activité suppressive (Treg).Dans ce travail de thèse, j'ai montré, dans un modèle murin utilisant des rats Fischer F344 comme donneur et des rats Lewis comme receveur, que l'injection au receveur avant la transplantation de cellules dendritiques spléniques OX62+ du donneur sous couvert d'anticorps monoclonal anti-CD4 W3/25 non dépletant permet d'obtenir la tolérance de transplants allogéniques cutanés et cardiaques à condition que ce protocole soit appliqué 28 jours avant la transplantation. La tolérance est due en partie à l'expansion de Treg inductibles spécifiques des alloantigènes. Elle n'est associée à aucune lésion d'artériopathie oblitérante observé au cours du rejet chronique de transplants vascularisés. Ces Treg ont aussi la capacité d'induire la tolérance de transplants allogéniques lorsqu'ils sont injectés au receveur la veille de la transplantation. Le blocage partiel de la production d'anticorps spécifiques du donneur chez les animaux tolérants suggère que les Treg interagissent avec les lymphocytes B en empêchant, soit la maturation des lymphocytes B en plasmocytes soit en favorisant l'expansion de lymphocytes B régulateurs. Ces résultats confirment que les Treg inductibles sont capables de prévenir les lésions vasculaires du rejet chronique. Ils soulignent également que les anticorps spécifiques du donneur apparaissant après la transplantation n'ont pas toujours un effet délétère.

Le potentiel régulateur des lymphocytes B (LB), largement associé avec la production d’interleukine-10 (IL-10), a été mis en évidence dans des modèles murins de pathologies spécifiques d’Ag. Les cellules B transitionnelles (Tr.) CD24fortes CD38fortes ont été décrites comme régulatrices, au travers de la production d’IL-10, de l’inhibition de la prolifération T, ainsi que de la suppression de la réponse inflammatoire des cellules T. Les LB transitionnels représentent un stade de développement central dans la maturation des cellules B, en faisant le lien entre les cellules immatures de la moelle osseuse et celles matures situées dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires. Dans une première étude, nous montrons que cette population est hétérogène, et composée de LB Tr. de type 1 (T1), T2, T3 et Tr. CD27+. Les LB T3 anergiques semblent jouer un rôle dans la tolérance périphérique en limitant la prolifération des lymphocytes T (LT) CD4+, tandis que les LB Tr. CD27+ IL-10+ nouvellement décrits inhibent la différenciation des LT CD4+ en cellules productrices d’IFN-γ et de TNF-α. Notons que les LB T1 et Tr. CD27+ se différencient rapidement en cellules productrices d’Ac suite à la reconnaissance de signaux de l’immunité innée. La production d’IL-10 est en partie dépendante des signaux perçus, provenant du microenvironnement. Nous avons décrit dans un second travail que les LB s’adaptent aux cellules avec lesquelles ils sont cultivés. En effet, les cellules B régulent spécifiquement les LT CD4+ mémoires (et non naïfs), en limitant leur prolifération avant d’induire une mort cellulaire. Ces caractéristiques fonctionnelles pourraient être associées avec une modification du programme transcriptionnel, permise par la plasticité des cellules B, qui se polarisent en LB régulateurs (Breg) de façon ciblée. L’expression des gènes PRDM1 et IL10 serait associée avec une signature Breg spécifique en culture mixte autologue, en opposition avec celle des gènes NFκB1 et BCL6. La transplantation rénale est un excellent modèle physiopathologique, pour étudier l’importance de certaines populations de LB dans la tolérance immunologique. L’étude BHL (B lymphocytes in humoral rejection and alloimmunisation) nous a permis de confirmer que les LB Tr. ont probablement un rôle important dans cette tolérance du greffon. La présence d’anticorps spécifiques du donneur (DSA) semble limiter l’émergence des LB Tr., même si le pourcentage de cellules B CD24fortes CD38fortes n’est a priori pas associé avec la capacité du compartiment lymphocytaire B à réguler la prolifération des cellules T des patients alloimmunisés. / Regulatory B cells (Breg) were first reported to be interleukine-10 (IL-10) producing B cells in mice. The almost concurrent discovery of Breg cells drew interest toward potential links with transitional B cells because of phenotypic and functional similarities. In addition with IL-10 production, CD24high CD38high transitional B cells limit the proliferation of T cells and the polarization of CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells. Transitional B cells represent a central developmental stage in B-cell maturation, linking generation in the bone marrow with differentiation in periphery. In a first study, we reveal for the first time that human transitional B cells encompass not only transitional type 1 and type 2 B cells, but also distinct anergic type 3 B cells, as well as IL-10-producing CD27+ transitional B cells. Interestingly, the latter two subsets differentially regulate CD4+ T-cell proliferation and polarization toward Th1 effector cells. Additional experiments showed that type 1 and CD27+ transitional B cells are capable to differentiate into antibody secreting cells after toll-like receptor 9 engagement. In a second work, we wanted to explore the ability of B cells to target T-cell populations. We demonstrate that B cells can be suppressive cells. B cells are capable to target CD4+ memory T-cell, limiting the proliferation and inducing the death of this T-cell population. At the opposite, B cells seem to be effector of CD4+ naïve T-cell functions. These properties are probably associated with a specific transcriptional program. Thus, we observed that suppressive B cells overexpress PRDM1 and IL10, whereas effector B cells preferentially express BCL6 and NFκB1 in in vitro mixed culture. In the last part, we worked on B-cell phenotype and functions in transplanted patients. BHL (B lymphocytes in humoral rejection and alloimmunisation) is a clinical study that aims to better understand the role of B cells in the alloimmunisation and the chronic rejection occurring after renal transplantation. Donor specific antibodies (DSA) seem to limit the expansion of transitional B cells, which are probably not associated with the ability of B cells to regulate T-cell proliferation in DSA+ patients.

Le lymphocyte B (LB) des patients lupiques est réfractaire à tous les procédés décrits à ce jour pour activer une fonction régulatrice B (Breg). Il constitue de ce fait un modèle intéressant d’étude de la déficience Breg chez l’Homme et soulève de nombreuses interrogations. Est-il possible de restaurer un défaut d’activation de la régulation LB? Si oui est-il possible d'agir à temps et le plus efficacement possible, et comment s'y prendre? Ou au contraire, est-ce un état irréversible de la cellule B? Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif principal de répondre à cette problématique essentielle à notre compréhension du Breg. Grace à un polypeptide de synthèse le Glatiramer acetate (GA), nous montrons que la restauration de la fonction régulatrice d’un Breg chez les patients lupiques est possible. Le compartiment LB mémoire fixe fortement le GA et la pré-sensibilisation par le GA permet d’augmenter le potentiel régulateur des LB mémoires mais n’affecte aucunement celui des LB matures. Le GA exerce deux actions majeures sur le LB mémoire. D’une part, il génère une meilleure capacité d’inhibition de la prolifération T, dont le mécanisme est associé à un contact cellulaire impliquant les molécules HLA-DR. D’autre part, il favorise un contrôle plus efficace de la polarisation Th1 qui est très probablement associé à sa capacité à induire la production d’IL-10 dans ces LB. Enfin, le GA modifie le phénotype des LB mémoires puisque l’expression de CD5, IL-21R, ou encore PD-1 est significativement augmentée, autant de molécules impliquées dans la fonction suppressive et dans la production d’IL-10. En conclusion, nous montrons qu’amplifier une fonction régulatrice et surtout la restaurer lorsqu’elle est défaillante chez les malades, est parfaitement possible in vitro. Face à l’engouement suscité par le développement de procédés favorisant l’expansion des Bregs chez la souris à des fins thérapeutiques, l’enjeu est aujourd’hui d’être en mesure d’extrapoler de telles démarches chez l’Homme. Ce travail, avec toute la modestie requise, contribuera à faire naître un nouvel élan vers de telles perspectives. / B cell in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is unresponsive to all methods described to date, to activate B cells regulatory (Breg) function. Therfore, it is an interesting model to study the Breg deficiency in Human, and highlights many questions: is there a way to restore a defect of the Breg activation ? If yes, how can we act more efficiently ? Or in contrast, is it an irreversible state of the B cell? Glatiramer Acetate (GA) is a synthetic polypeptide used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We show that Breg activity of SLE B cells can be restored after stimulation with GA. Interestingly, memory B cells bound high level of FITC-conjuated GA in contrast to mature B cells. We desmonstrate that GA can increased specifically the regulatory activities of memory B cells. GA exerts two major actions on the memory B cells. It generates an improved capacity of inhibition of the T cell proliferative response, whose mechanism is associated with a cellular contact involving HLA-DR molecules. In addition, GA supports a more effective control of the Th1 polarization which is most likely associated with its capacity to induce the production of IL-10 in these B cells. Finaly, GA modifies the memory B cell phenotype since the expression CD5, IL-21R, or PD-1 is significantly increased, all molecules involved in the suppressive function and the IL-10 production. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that amplification of Breg function and additionally its restoration when it is defective in patients, can be perfectly achieved in vitro. Currently, while the development of new process supporting the expansion of Bregs in the mouse model exist, the challenge is to extrapolate such methods in human. Through the control of their regulatory potential, regulatory B cells could be the targets of novel therapeutic approach in autoimmune diseases. This study might open up new horizons in this field.

Dans des modèles expérimentaux, une tolérance d'allogreffe a pu être induite en transférant des lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs (Treg) spécifiques d'antigènes (Ag) du donneur expandus ex vivo. Les données ont démontré l'importance des Treg d'allospécificité indirecte (Treg indirects) dans l'induction d'une tolérance à long terme. L'expansion de Treg indirects ex vivo est problématique, principalement à cause de la difficulté d'obtenir en grand nombre des cellules présentatrices d'antigène autologues (CPA)pour stimuler les Treg. Les lymphocytes B (LB) sont des APC accessibles, présentes en grand nombre et ont un fort potentiel régulateur. Cependant, l'utilisation de LB autologues comme APC est rendue problématique par leur incapacité à présenter les Ag dont ils ne sont pas spécifiques.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé une approche nanobiotechnologique permettant de transformer des LB polyclonaux autologues en puissants stimulateurs de Treg spécifiques de l'Ag.Des Ag particulaires synthétiques (SPAg) ont été générés en fixant sur des nanosphères fluorescentes de 400 nm de diamètre : (i) des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre un domaine constant de la chaine légère kappa du récepteur des LB, et (ii) des Ag modèles.Les SPAg se comportent comme des Ag particulaires naturels lorsqu'ils sont incubés in vitro avec des LB murins ou humains. Les SPAg se lient à la surface des LB kappa+, déclenchent un signal d'activation et sont internalisés dans leur endosomes. Les LB chargés en SPAg induisent l'activation et la prolifération des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques de l'Ag in vitro.Des propriétés régulatrices peuvent être conférées aux LB chargés en SPAg en les stimulant avec du CpG. Les LB régulateurs générés n'induisent pas de prolifération des T CD4+ effecteurs mais, au contraire, entrainent une prolifération importante des Treg.Cette approche apparait comme une alternative innovante pour expandre des Treg spécifiques de l'Ag ex vivo / Allograft tolerance has been obtained in experimental models with adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded regulatory T cells (Treg) specific for donor antigens. Preclinical data have shown that Treg specific for indirectly presented alloantigens (indirect Treg) are mandatory for long-term tolerance. However, the ex vivo expansion of indirect Treg faces limitations,related essentially to the source of autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) used to stimulate T cells in vitro. B cells are (i) potent regulatory cells and (ii) APCs able to establish a privileged crosstalk with CD4+ T cells. However, the use of B cells as APCs is made problematic due to their inability to internalize and present non-cognate antigens. We have developed a novel nanobiotechnology-based approach to turn autologous polyclonal B cells into potent stimulators of antigen-specific T reg.Synthetic particulate antigens (SPAg) were generated by immobilizing (i) monoclonal antibodies directed against a framework region of B cell receptor (BCR) kappa-light chains and (ii) model antigens on fluorescent nanospheres of 400 nm in diameter.SPAg behaved like genuine particulate antigens when incubated in vitro with polyclonal murine B cells. SPAg bound to surface BCR of any kappa-positive B cells, triggered activation signal and were internalized in late endosomal compartment of B cells. SPAgloaded B cells induced activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. This approach was transposable to humans’ cells. Importantly, regulatory properties could be conferred toSPAg-loaded B cells by CpG stimulation. SPAg-loaded regulatory B cells prevented proliferation of effector CD4+ T cells and induced proliferation of antigen-specific Treg in vitro.Autologous polyclonal B cells loaded with SPAg appear as an innovative platform to expand Treg ex vivo. This approach may improve the efficiency and costs of current procedures

No description available.

Introdução: A Imunodeficiência Comum Variável (ICV) faz parte de um grupo de imunodeficiências primárias na qual os pacientes apresentam defeitos na maturação e diferenciação dos linfócitos B (LB), resultando em distúrbios funcionais além de alterações na distribuição de seus subtipos. Consequentemente, estes pacientes apresentam hipogamaglobulinemia, susceptibilidade a infecções e ausência de produção de anticorpos a antígenos específicos. Na tentativa de reduzir os episódios de infecções recorrentes, alguns trabalhos têm recomendado a vacinação com patógenos mortos ou subunidades e em trabalho anterior demonstramos a eficácia clínica da vacinação de pacientes com ICV, porém, a experiência com a administração de vacinas em imunocomprometidos é limitada. Objetivos: Avaliar a cinética da distribuição das subpopulações de linfócitos B antes e após a vacinação com antígenos proteicos e polissacarídicos em pacientes com ICV acompanhados no Ambulatório de Imunodeficiências Primárias do Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, além da produção de anticorpos específicos aos antígenos vacinais. Pacientes e Métodos: Um grupo de 35 pacientes com ICV e 16 controles foram vacinados contra Influenza, H1N1 e S. pneumoniae. Após as coletas nos tempos pré e pós 1, 3 e 6 meses foram realizados a separação de PBMC e cultura de linfócitos com lisado viral e hemaglutinina de Influenza, além da citometria de fluxo para identificação das subpopulações de LB naive, zona marginal (MZB), memória com troca de isotipo (SMB) e plasmoblastos (PBL). Foram dosados os anticorpos específicos e no grupo dos pacientes foi aplicado um score de sintomas antes e após a imunização. Resultados: Apesar da redução significativa na pontuação do score de sintomas, a maioria dos pacientes não produziu anticorpos específicos para Influenza, H1N1 e S. pneumoniae. A análise da cinética das subpopulações de LB revelou que em indivíduos saudáveis, a resposta contra Influenza apresentou duração de 6 meses, observada por meio da redução da subpopulação naive e aumento gradual da frequência de SMB a partir do primeiro mês. Observamos também redução da população de memória por volta do 3º mês, com aumento da população de PBL que permaneceu elevada até o 6º mês. Por outro lado, a despeito de os pacientes apresentarem aumento de SMB no primeiro mês após a vacinação, sua frequência foi inferior ao observado nos controles, decaindo ao terceiro mês. A população de PBL apresentou aumento precoce no primeiro mês após a vacinação, também muito menor do que observado nos controles, não sendo mantido no terceiro mês. Ainda, observamos uma correlação entre o aumento da expressão destas duas subpopulações no primeiro mês. Apenas a população de MZB apresentou aumento significativo no terceiro mês nos pacientes quando comparados aos controles. Ao dividirmos os pacientes de acordo com a expressão de SMB e PBL após 1 mês da administração das vacinas, observamos que os pacientes que apresentaram aumento na expressão de células B de memória foram os que exibiram uma melhora clínica mais expressiva, soroconverteram e desenvolveram soroproteção para H1N1.Conclusões: Apesar de não apresentarem eficaz diferenciação em células de memória e efetoras, resultando na resposta precoce e de curta duração, observamos que os pacientes foram capazes de reconhecer e responder às vacinas. Além disso, a elevada expressão de MZB no terceiro mês após a vacinação pode sugerir a atuação desta subpopulação na apresentação para os LT. Estes achados reforçam a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão da ativação do sistema imune em pacientes com ICV, para uma adequada subdivisão de acordo com o perfil de resposta após a vacinação / Introduction: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary antibody deficiency characterized by defects in B lymphocyte maturation, resulting in disturbed differentiation, distribution and functional variations on its subtypes. As a result , CVID patients have hypogammaglobulinemia and poor antibody response to specific antigens with increased susceptibility to infections. In an effort to minimize the recurrent episodes of infections, some studies have recommended immunization with inactivated pathogens or subunits and in a former study we have shown the clinical improvement determined by immunization in CVID patients, but the experience with vaccines\' administration to immunodeficient patients is limited. Objectives: To evaluate the changes in distribution of B cell subtypes before and after vaccination of CVID patients followed at the Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy of University of São Paulo Medical School with protein and polysaccharide antigens, as well as specific antibody production . Methods: A group of 35 CVID patients and 16 controls were vaccinated against Influenza, H1N1 and S. pneumoniae vaccines. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 3 and 6 months post vaccination. PBMCs were stimulated with Influenza viral lysate and hemagglutinin peptide. Flow cytometry was performed to identify naïve B cells, marginal zone (MZB), switched memory B cells (SMB) and plasmablasts (PBL). Specific antibody production was measured and a symptoms score was applied for clinical evaluation before and after immunization. Results: In spite of the significant reduction in symptoms score after vaccination, most patients didn\'t produce specific antibodies to Influenza, H1N1 and S. pneumoniae. The analyzes of B cell subtypes changes in healthy individuals upon in vitro Influenza stimulation showed that the response endured up to 6 months post immunization. We observed a reduction in naïve B cell frequency while gradual increase in SMB frequency occurred already at 1 month after vaccination. Moreover, as the memory cell population declined, PBL population increased at the third month post vaccination until the sixth month. Although patients had an increase of SMB on the first month after vaccination, it was lower than that observed in controls, decreasing by the third month post vaccination. Plasmablast frequency had an early increase on the first month, also much lower than the observed in controls decreasing by the third month. In addition, we observed a correlation between the increased expression of SMB and PBL on the first month post vaccination. In patients, only MZB subtype presented a significant increase on the third month when compared to controls. We divided the patients according SMB and PBL expression after 1 month post vaccination and we observed that patients who were able to produce memory B cells showed a better clinical improvement, developed H1N1 seroconversion and seroprotection. Conclusion: Despite the defect on differentiation into memory and effector B cells resulting in early response with lowduration, we observed that patients were able to recognize and respond to vaccines. In addition, the over expression of MZB on the third month after vaccination may suggest the role of this subpopulation as an antigen presenting cell for T cells. These findings reinforce the need of a better understanding of immune system activation and response in CVID patients to propose a division according to vaccine (antigen) responders and non responders

La thrombopénie immunologique ou purpura thrombopénique immunologique (PTI) est une maladie auto-immune rare responsable d’une destruction périphérique immunologique des plaquettes associée à une production médullaire inadaptée. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous exposons les connaissances actuelles de sa physiopathologie ainsi que certaines données concernant la réponse immunitaire T, le rôle des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg), l’implication de la rate dans la réponse immunitaire ainsi que les modes d’action d’une thérapeutique anti-lymphocytaire B, le rituximab. Dans une seconde partie, nous rapportons les résultats obtenus chez 40 patients atteints de PTI. Nous avons montré que le taux des Treg circulants CD4+CD25HighFoxp3+ est similaire chez les patients et les témoins, avec une élévation de leur taux chez les sujets répondeurs aux traitements. A l’inverse, il existe un déficit quantitatif en Treg au sein de la rate des patients. L’analyse des sous-populations lymphocytaires B spléniques a montré une augmentation du taux de lymphocytes B de la zone marginale chez les patients. Concernant les mécanismes d’action du rituximab, nous avons montré qu’une déplétion lymphocytaire B sanguine et splénique n’est pas suffisante pour obtenir une rémission, et que les plasmocytes ne sont pas sensibles à cette thérapeutique. Par ailleurs, nous proposons un mécanisme d’échappement à ce traitement. En effet, nous avons montré que les patients résistants au RTX présentent une élévation du ratio Th1/Treg spléniques. Chez ces sujets non répondeurs, nous avons également observé une élévation du ratio lymphocytes T CD8+/CD4+, au sein de la rate, suggérant une participation des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques dans la physiopathologie du PTI. Ces résultats ouvrent donc de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie du PTI, notamment la possible implication des lymphocytes B de la zone marginale et le défaut de contrôle de la réponse immunitaire splénique par les Treg. Concernant le rituximab, son action sur la réponse immunitaire ne semble pas se limiter à une déplétion lymphocytaire B qui n’est pas suffisante pour obtenir une rémission. Un mécanisme d’échappement ou de résistance à cette thérapeutique passe par une orientation Th1 et une probable implication des lymphocytes T CD8+. / Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease responsible for a peripheral immune destruction of platelets associated with an inappropriate bone marrow production. In this work, we first review the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. We also focus on the T cell immune response, highlighting the key role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral tolerance. The implication of the spleen in the immune response and the effects of rituximab, a B cell depleting therapy, are discussed. Then, our results obtained from 40 ITP patients are reported. Despite the fact that CD4+CD25HighFoxp3+ circulating Treg levels are similar between patients and controls, a significant increase is observed in responder patients. In the spleen, the rate of Treg is lower in ITP patients. Analyses of the spleens also reveal an increase in the level of marginal zone B cells in ITP. Rituximab is responsible for a complete depletion of both circulating and splenic B cells, which is not sufficient to achieve a response. Moreover, plasma cells are still observed after treatment. An increase in the Th1/Treg ratio in the spleen of non responder patients after rituximab infusion could trigger an escape to this therapy. The involvement of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of ITP is highlighted by the increase in the CD8+/CD4+ ratio in the spleen after rituximab. New fields in the understanding of the pathogenesis of ITP are opened with these results, particularly by showing a quantitative deficiency in splenic Treg and the possible involvement of marginal zone B cells. Regarding rituximab effect on the immune response, we demonstrate on the one hand that complete circulating and splenic B cell depletion is not sufficient to achieve remission, and on the other hand that Th1 response and increase in CD8+ T cells level may represent an escape to this treatment.