Cette étude concerne le développement de nanoparticules hybrides offrant de nouvelles stratégies pour la thérapie et le diagnostic médical. Elles sont constituées d’un cœur magnétique jouant le rôle d’agent de contraste pour l’IRM et d’inducteur de chaleur par hyperthermie, d’une couronne de polymère thermosensible permettant d’encapsuler des principes actifs et de peptides de reconnaissance biologique. Une grande partie de l’étude a consisté à étudier les processus d'adsorption de copolymères poly(éther)-b-poly(L-lysine) de composition variable sur les particules magnétiques et à comprendre le rôle de la conformation des chaînes polymère à la surface des particules sur la stabilité des colloïdes en milieu physiologique. Un agent antitumoral a été encapsulé puis libéré de façon contrôlée sous l’effet d’un champ magnétique alternatif en exploitant le caractère thermosensible des blocs polyéthers. Des séquences peptidiques ciblant les zones d’inflammation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique ont été greffées sur les copolymères. L’efficacité du ciblage a été validée par IRM et fluorescence sur un modèle animal démontrant ainsi la multifonctionnalité des nanoparticules. / This work deals with the development of hybrid nanoparticles that could offer new strategies for therapy and diagnostic. These are based on a magnetic core which can play the role of contrast agent for MRI as well as heat inductor in AC magnetic field. This inorganic core is surrounded by a thermo-responsive polymeric brush that controls the loading and the release of drugs, and can be functionalized by specific ligands ensuring the targeting specificity. A large part of this work consists in studying the adsorption mechanism of poly(ether)-b-poly(L-lysine) based block copolymers onto magnetic particle and to better understand the influence of the polymer chain conformation at particles surface on the colloidal stability under physiological conditions. An anticancer drug has been loaded and released in a controlled manner under alternative magnetic field by taking advantage from the thermosensitivity of the polyether block. Targeting peptides specific of inflammation sites at the blood brain barrier have been grafted onto copolymers. The targeting specificity has been demonstrated by MRI and fluorescence imaging in rats attesting the multifunctionality of such nanoparticles.

Ce travail concerne la modification de surface de nanoparticules magnétiques (MNP) par des copolymères réactifs renfermant des cycles azlactone, aux fins de l’élaboration de nano-supports destinés à l’immobilisation de biomolécules. Trois stratégies basées sur des techniques de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée ont été mises en œuvre.Dans la première, un copolymère poly(méthacrylate de poly(éthylène glycol)-stat-2-vinyl-4,4-diméthylazlactone) (poly(PEGMA-stat-VDM)) a été préparé par polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d’atome (ATRP) selon la technique « grafting from » à partir des MNP et utilisé pour la bioconjugaison de thymine peptide nucleic acid (PNA). La présence de l’écorce polymère et l’immobilisation du PNA ont été confirmées par différentes techniques complémentaires (FTIR, VSM).La deuxième stratégie est basée sur l’élaboration de MNP greffées pour la bioconjugaison de l’acide folique, via l’ARTP du PEGMA et de la VDM. L’analyse par microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM) a montré qu’après bioconjugaison les MNP possèdent une très bonne aptitude à la dispersion en milieu aqueux.La troisième stratégie met en œuvre la technique «grafting onto » de copolymères poly(oxyde d’éthylène)-bloc-poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PEO-b-PVDM) pour la préparation de nanosupports magnétiques recyclables. Des copolymères à blocs PEO-b-PVDM ont été préparés par la technique de polymérisation RAFT puis greffés sur des MNP fonctionnalisées amino-silane. Les analyses en TEM et par spectroscopie de corrélation de photons ont révélé l’aptitude à la dispersion aqueuse et à la formation de nanoclusters. Les clusters ainsi obtenus ont été utilisés en tant que nanosupports magnétiques recyclables pour l’adsorption d’anticorps. / We herein report the surface modification of magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) with copolymers containing active azlactone rings via a grafting ‘from’ and grafting ‘onto’ controlled radical polymerization (CRP) for use as a nano-solid support for immobilization with biomolecules. Three different approaches were presented as following. First, synthesis of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-stat-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PEGMA-stat-VDM)-grafted MNP via a grafting ‘from’ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and its application as a platform for conjugating thymine peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomer were presented. The presence of polymeric shell and the immobilization of thymine PNA on MNP core were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The second strategy is based on the synthesis of MNP grafted with PEGMA and VDM via ATRP for conjugation with folic acid (FA). The existence of PEGMA and VDM in the structure was characterized by FTIR, TGA and VSM. After the FA conjugation, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the FA-conjugated MNP having high VDM content exhibited good dispersibility in water.Third, the synthesis of MNP grafted with poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PEO-b-PVDM) block copolymer via a grafting ‘onto’ strategy and its application as recyclable magnetic nano-support for adsorption with antibody were studied. PEO-b-PVDM diblock copolymers were first synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and then grafted onto amino-functionalized MNP. TEM images and photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS) indicated an improvement in the particle dispersibility in water after coating with the copolymers. The nanoclusters with PEO-b-PVDM copolymer coating were used as recyclable magnetic nano-supports for adsorption with antibody.

L'industrie alimentaire est de loin l'industrie la plus grande consommatrice d'eau potable et elle rejette environ 500 millions de m3 d'eaux usées par an contenant une charge organique très élevée. Un simple traitement de ce flux par des technologies conventionnelles échoue souvent en raison de facteurs de coûts. Aussi, récemment, l'accent a été largement mis sur la valorisation de ces effluents par récupération des éléments d'intérêt et la production d'eau de bonne qualité en utilisant des procédés à membrane intégrés. Les procédés membranaires couvrent pratiquement toutes les opérations unitaires utiles et nécessaires qui sont utilisés dans les usines de traitement des eaux usées. Ils apportent souvent des avantages comme la simplicité, la modularité, le caractère innovant, la compétitivité et le respect de l'environnement. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est le développement d'un procédé à membrane intégré comprenant microfiltration (MF), osmose directe (FO), ultrafiltration (UF) et nanofiltration (NF) pour la valorisation des eaux usées d'origine agro-alimentaire dans une logique de " zéro effluent liquide ". Nous avons pris les eaux de végétation provenant de la production d'huile d'olive comme support d'étude. Les défis associés au traitement des eaux usées de végétation sont: la variabilité des charges hydrauliques ou organiques, la présence de composés bio phénoliques, le colmatage des membranes et le rejet périodique de grands volumes d'eaux usées. En particulier, la présence de composés bio phénoliques rend ces eaux usées nocives pour l'environnement. Toutefois, la récupération de ces composés phytotoxiques peut également apporter une valeur ajoutée, car ils ont des activités biologiques intéressantes qui peuvent être exploitées dans les industries cosmétique, alimentaire et pharmaceutique. / The food industry is by far the largest potable water consuming industry that releases about 500 million m3 of wastewater per annum with very high organic loading. Simple treatment of this stream using conventional technologies often fails due to cost factors overriding their pollution abating capacity. Hence, recently the focus has been largely centered on valorization through combinatorial recovery of valuable components and reclaiming good quality water using integrated membrane process. Membrane processes practically cover all existing and needed unit operations that are used in wastewater treatment facilities. They often come with advantages like simplicity, modularity, process or product novelty, improved competitiveness, and environmental friendliness. Thus, the main focus of this PhD thesis is development of integrated membrane process comprising microfiltration (MF), forward osmosis (FO), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) for valorization of food based wastewater within the logic of zero liquid discharge. As a case study, vegetation wastewater coming from olive oil production was taken. Challenges associated with the treatment of vegetation wastewater are: absence of unique hydraulic or organic loadings, presence of biophenolic compounds, sever membrane fouling and periodic release of large volume of wastewater. Especially presence of biophenolic compounds makes the wastewater detrimental to the environment. However, recovering these phytotoxic compounds can also add economic benefit to the simple treatment since they have interesting bioactivities that can be exploited in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Le travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude numérique de nanoparticules (NPs) magnétiques core@shell Fe3O4@CoO présentant des propriétés d'échange bias (EB) en utilisant la méthode Monte Carlo (MC). En particulier, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'étude de l'effet des réponses collectives (interactions inter-particules telles que les interactions dipolaires (ID)) sur les propriétés magnétiques de ces structures. Des résultats expérimentaux préliminaires, montrant l'existence d'une relation entre le décalage du cycle d'hystérésis et l'interaction entre NPs, ont motivé le travail numérique mené dans le cadre de cette thèse.La première partie de ce mémoire est une étude méthodologique visant à trouver les conditions optimales pour simuler les cycles d'hystérésis d'une façon correcte par MC.Les résultats révèlent une dépendance linéaire entre le champ coercitif Hc et la constante d'anisotropie effective pour des conditions non biaisées (algorithme libre, algorithme du cône, algorithme mixte). La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude, à l'échelle atomique, des nanostructures présentant l'EB dont nous avons reproduit les deux caractéristiques (un décalage du cycle d'hystérésis, une augmentation importante de Hc).Nous avons également proposé une méthode permettant l'évaluation de la valeur de l'anisotropie effective.En passant à l'échelle d'une assemblée de NPs, plusieurs modèles furent étudiés. Nous arrivons à interpréter les résultats expérimentaux selon le degré d'agrégation des NPs. Nous montrons que l'agrégation (interactions d'échanges entre les NPs) a un effet direct sur le champ d'échange bias, mais le rôle d'ID sur le champ d'échange mérite des études complémentaires. / This thesis is dedicated to the numerical study by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of core@shell Fe3O4@CoO magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) presenting exchange bias properties (EB). In particular, we focused our study on the effect of collective responses (inter-particle interactions as dipolar interactions (DI)) on the magnetic properties of these structures. Our numerical work is motivated by some preliminary experimental results showing the existence of a relationship between the hysteresis loop shift (exchange bias field) and the interaction between NPs. The first part of this thesis is a methodological study to figure out the optimal conditions to simulate hysteresis loops correctly by MC. The results reveal that the coercive field Hc is linearly related to the effective anisotropy constant for non-biased conditions (free algorithm, cone algorithm, mixed algorithm). The second part is dedicated to the study of exchange-biased nanostructures at the atomic scale. We have been able to reproduce both characteristics of EB (hysteresis loop shift, significant increase in Hc). A method allowing the evaluation of the effective anisotropy has been proposed. Considering an assembly of nanoparticles, several models are studied. The experimental results are interpreted according to the degree of aggregation of NPs. It was shown that the aggregation (exchange interactions between NPs) has a direct effect on the exchange bias field, but the role of the ID on the exchange field requires complimentary calculations to be clarified.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5706.pdf: 7869131 bytes, checksum: 3a35e736b3418ca357ef4fc2e657c0af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-16 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Enzymes are potent catalysts, but operationally fragile, expensive and soluble. Industrial applications of enzymes, often, are possible only using immobilized enzyme. Nowadays, various studies have been performed aiming to immobilize enzymes onto magnetic carriers, which allow the selective recovery of the derivative by applying an external magnetic field even in complex reaction media containing other suspended solids. There are many studies using magnetic carriers in enzymes immobilization procedures, however there are no commercially available enzymes immobilized onto magnetic materials. In these studies usually are used carriers with not ideal characteristics for applications in industrial processes. The present study aimed to develop new magnetic carriers and methods for immobilization of enzymes in these carriers, penicillin G acylase (PGA) and cellulases have been used as model enzymes. The thesis was divided into five parts, in the first part (Chapter 1) the state-of-art is presented. The second part (Chapter 2) describes the synthesis of magnetic carriers robust, cheap and with good characteristics for applications in bioprocesses. For this purpose were tested the synthesis of silica magnetic microparticles (SMMps) in water-in-oil micro-emulsion using sodium silicate as silica source and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic core. Materials with good magnetic properties, high surface area and mesoporous structure were obtained. SMMps structure was characterized, it was possible to control the final structure of the material according to the synthesis conditions. In the third part of this study (Chapter 3) was evaluated a new concept in enzymes immobilization using magnetic materials. Magnetic tags were co-aggregated with PGA and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, producing magnetic cross-linked enzymes aggregates (M-CLEAs). Several reaction conditions were tested producing M-CLEAs with different characteristics and strong response to external magnetic fields. Derivatives with good recovered activity and increased thermal and methanol 50% (v/v) stabilities were obtained. M-CLEAs presented superior performance, in comparison with the free enzyme, in penicillin G hydrolysis experiments, being reused for three reaction cycles without loss of activity. In the fourth part of this study (Chapter 4) the immobilization of the Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic complex onto 17 carriers using 60 different immobilization conditions was evaluated. Covalent methods to cellulases immobilization resulted in total loss of the enzymatic activity. The immobilization by adsorption allowed preserving a portion of the enzymatic activity, however, the enzyme was desorbed from the carrier with the increase in the ionic strength. The best results were achieved for adsorption in MANAE-agarose followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Hydrolysis experiments using insoluble substrates showed that it is possible to hydrolyze such substrates even using immobilized enzyme onto porous carriers. The derivative was reused for ten reaction cycles (hydrolysis of filter paper) saving more than 90% of its activity. Finally, in Chapter 5, the T. reesei cellulolytic complex was immobilized by adsorption onto SMMp activated with amino groups followed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking achieving good results in terms of recovered activity. / Enzimas são potentes catalisadores, porém frágeis operacionalmente, caras e solúveis. Aplicações industriais desses catalisadores, muitas vezes, são possíveis apenas com o uso de enzima imobilizada. Estudos indicam que o uso de suportes magnéticos para imobilizar enzimas pode permitir a recuperação seletiva do derivado através da aplicação de um campo magnético externo mesmo em meios complexos contendo outros sólidos em suspensão. Apesar de existirem muitos estudos empregando suportes magnéticos para imobilização de enzimas, não existem enzimas imobilizadas em materiais magnéticos disponíveis comercialmente. Nestes estudos geralmente são utilizados suportes magnéticos com características não ideais para aplicações em bioprocessos. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de novos suportes magnéticos e métodos para imobilização de enzimas nestes suportes, a enzima penicilina G acilase (PGA) e celulases foram utilizadas como modelo. O estudo foi dividido em cinco partes, no Capítulo 1 é apresentada uma introdução indicando o estado da arte. O Capítulo 2 apresenta o preparo de novos suportes magnéticos robustos, baratos e com características ótimas para aplicações em bioprocessos. Nesta etapa foi testada a síntese de micro-partículas magnéticas de sílica (SMMps) em micro-emulsão água-em-óleo, empregando silicato de sódio como fonte de sílica e nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro como núcleo magnético. Os materiais obtidos apresentaram excelentes propriedades magnéticas, alta área de superfície e estrutura mesoporosa. A partir da caracterização físico-química e morfológica das SMMps foi possível controlar a estrutura final do material de acordo com as condições de síntese. No Capítulo 3 foi avaliado um novo conceito em imobilização de enzimas empregando materiais magnéticos. Neste estudo etiquetas magnéticas foram co-agregadas com PGA e entrecruzadas com glutaraldeído, gerando agregados enzimáticos entrecruzados com propriedades magnéticas (M-CLEAs). Várias condições reacionais foram testadas rendendo M-CLEAs com diferentes características e com resposta robusta a campos magnéticos externos. Derivados imobilizados com boa atividade recuperada e incremento na estabilidade térmica e frente a metanol 50% (v/v) foram obtidos. M-CLEAs apresentaram desempenho superior ao observado para a enzima livre em experimentos de hidrólise de penicilina G, sendo reutilizados por três ciclos reacionais sem perda de atividade. No Capítulo 4 foi avaliada a imobilização do complexo celulolítico de Trichoderma reesei em 17 suportes, empregando 60 diferentes condições de imobilização. Os experimentos de imobilização realizados empregando técnicas de imobilização por união covalente ocasionaram perda total de atividade enquanto métodos de imobilização por adsorção permitiram conservar boa atividade enzimática, porém a enzima dessorveu do suporte com o aumento na força iônica do meio. Os melhores resultados foram alcançados para adsorção em MANAE-agarose seguido de entrecruzamento com glutaraldeído. Experimentos de hidrólise de substratos insolúveis mostraram que é possível hidrolisar este tipo de substrato mesmo com enzima imobilizada em suportes porosos. O derivado foi reutilizado por dez ciclos (hidrólise de papel filtro) conservando mais de 90% de sua atividade. Por fim, no Capítulo 5, o complexo celulolítico de T. reesei foi imobilizado por adsorção em SMMp ativado com grupos amino seguido de entrecruzamento com glutaraldeído apresentando bons resultados em termos de atividade recuperada.

Les particules des polymères avec des propriétés magnétiques sont utilisées dans des applications thérapeutiques in vivo, comme des agents de libération contrôlée de principes actifs, pour des applications ex vivo, dans l’extraction de cellules cancéreuses dans le corps, et finalement pour le diagnostic in vitro. La nécessité de matériaux biocompatibles et intelligents, comme agent d’encapsulation de nanoparticules magnétiques, conduit à l’utilisation de polymères hydrophiles, biodégradables, biocompatibles et dans certains cas stimulables. Dans les applications thérapeutiques, cette technologie est basée sur le déplacement des particules en appliquant un champ magnétique et sur la concentration du médicament dans la zone d’intérêt. Cette étape est suivie par la libération du médicament, en utilisant les propriétés des polymères stimulables. Ainsi, cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la préparation de nanoparticules composées d’une matrice polymère sensible aux stimuli et des particules d’oxyde de fer (γ-Fe2O3 et Fe3O4). Tout d’abord, nous avons étudié l’obtention de nanogels à base de poly(NVCL-co-AA) en utilisant la polymérisation par précipitation. La poly (N-vinylcaprolactama) (PNVCL)et un polymère qui possède une température critique inférieure de solubilité (LCST), proche de la température physiologique (35-38°C). Ce polymère est connu pour avoir une bonne biocompatibilité plus haute, par rapport à des autres polymères sensibles à la température. En plus, le poly (acide acrylique) (PAA) est un polymère qui présente la sensibilité au pH. Dans cette étape, on a étudié l’influence de quelques paramètres de synthèse sur les diamètres des particules, la distribution de la taille des particules et la sensibilité à la température des nanogels. La sensibilité au pH a été également évaluée en fonction de la concentration d’AA ajouté dans les synthèses. Ensuite, nous avons effectué l’étude de l’incorporation de nanoparticules magnétiques stabilisées par le dextran dans les nanogels de PNVCL réticulé en utilisant la technique de polymérisation en mini-émulsion inverse. Les nanogels magnétiques thermosensibles ont été caractérisés en termes de taille (DP), distribution de la taille des particules (DTP) en utilisant la diffusion de la lumière. Le caractère thermosensible des nanogels magnétiques a également été étudié en mesurant le diamètre hydrodynamique en fonction de la température. Les propriétés magnétiques (aimantation spécifique et la magnétisation) ont été examinées en utilisant un magnétomètre à échantillon vibrant (VSM). L’analyse par infrarouge (GTIR) et par diffraction des rayons X ont montré qualitativement l’incorporation des nanoparticules magnétiques dans la matrice polymère. L’efficacité d’encapsulation de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer a été étudiée par l’analyse thermo-gravimétrique (TGA) et par les mesures d’aimantation. Les caractéristiques morphologique des nanogels magnétiques et stimulables ont été examinées par la microscopie électronique en transmission (TEM). / Polymeric particles with magnetic properties can be useful for in vivo therapeutic applications, as agents for controlled drug release, for ex vivo applications, as agents for the extraction of cancer cells, and finally, for the diagnosis in vitro. The search for biocompatible and smart materials as agents for the encapsulation of magnetic particles, leads to the use of stmuli-responsive polymers. In therapeutic applications, this technology is based on the localization and the concentration of the particles containing the drug in the area of interest by applying a magnetic field. This step is followed by the release of the drug, using the sensitive properties of the polymers. In this context, this thesis is devoted to the preparation of nanoparticles constituted by a stimuli-responsive polymer matrix and particles of iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3 e Fe3O4). First of all, we performed the synthesis of poly(NVCL-co-AA)-based nanogels using the precipitation polymerization method. Poly(N-vinilcaprolactama) (PNVCL) is a thermo-responsive polymer which presents the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) near the physiological temperature (35-38 °C) and it is well known by its greater biocompatibility, in comparison with other themallysensitive polymers. On the other hand, the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is known by its sensibility to changes in the enviromental pH. In this stage, the influence of some synthesis parameters on the particles diameter, polydispersity and themally-sensitive behavior of the nanogels was evaluated. The pH-sensibility behavior was also studied as a function of the AA concentration in the synthesis. As a second step, the study of the incorporation of dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles in the PNVCL-based nanogels using the inverse miniemulsion polymerization was preformed. The thermo-responsive magnetic nanogels were characterized in terms of particles diameter (PD) and particles size distribution (PSD) using light scattering. The temperature sensitivity of the magnetic nanogels was also studied by light scattering, with measurements of particles diameter as a function of temperature. The magnetization measurements were obtained on a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Analysis of infra-red (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction revealed qualitatively the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles. The incorporation efficiency of iron oxide nanoparticles was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic measurements. The morphological characteristics of the magnetic nanogels were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). / Partículas poliméricas com propriedades magnéticas podem ser utilizadas tanto em aplicações terapêuticas in vivo, como agentes de liberação controlada de princípios ativos, ex vivo, na extração de células cancerígenas do organismo, ou ainda in vitro, em diagnósticos. A necessidade de materiais inteligentes e biocompatíveis, como agentes de encapsulação destas partículas magnéticas, leva ao uso de polímeros sensíveis a estímulos. Em aplicações terapêuticas, esta tecnologia é baseada na localização das partículas através da aplicação de um campo magnético e na concentração da droga na área de interesse. Esta etapa é seguida pela liberação da droga, utilizando-se as propriedades sensíveis dos polímeros. Dessa forma, este trabalho de tese se dedica ao estudo da obtenção de nanopartículas constituídas de uma matriz polimérica sensível a estímulos e de partículas de óxido de ferro (γ-Fe2O3 e Fe3O4). Inicialmente, nanogéis à base de poli(NVCL-co-AA) foram obtidos através do método de polimerização por precipitação. A Poli(Nvinilcaprolactama) (PNVCL) é um polímero termo-sensível, que possui temperatura crítica inferior de solubilização (LCST) próxima à temperatura fisiológica (35-38 ºC) e é conhecida, ainda, por possuir maior biocompatibilidade, em comparação a outros polímeros do gênero. O poli(ácido acrílico) (PAA), por sua vez, é um polímero que apresenta sensibilidade ao pH. Nesta etapa estudou-se a influência de alguns parâmetros de síntese nos diâmetros de partículas, na polidispersidade e na sensibilidade à temperatura dos nanogéis. A sensibilidade ao pH também foi estudada em função da concentração de ácido acrílico adicionado nas sínteses. Em seguida, realizou-se o estudo da encapsulação de nanopartículas magnéticas complexadas com dextrana em nanogéis de PNVCL, utilizando-se a técnica de polimerização em miniemulsão inversa. Os nanogéis magnéticos sensíveis à temperatura foram caracterizados quanto ao diâmetro de partículas (DP) e distribuição do diâmetro de partículas (DDP), pela técnica de espalhamento de luz. A sensibilidade à temperatura dos nanogéis magnéticos também foi estudada por espalhamento de luz, através de medidas de diâmetro de partículas em diferentes temperaturas. As medidas de magnetização foram obtidas em um magnetômetro de amostra vibrante (MAV). Análises de infravermelho (FTIR) e de difratometria de raios X revelaram qualitativamente a encapsulação das nanopartículas magnéticas. A eficiência de incorporação das nanopartículas de óxido de ferro foi estudada através de análi ses termogravimétricas (TGA) e medidas de magnetização. As características morfológicas dos nanogéis magnéticos foram observadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / In this work we investigated the encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles into the nanopores of anodic alumina membranes using atomic force microscopy (AFM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and electron magnetic resonance (EMR). Three biocompatible magnetic fluids, with different nanoparticle diameters, stably dispersed in water at physiological conditions, were used. The nanoparticles were obtained through the coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, from which we obtained the nanoparticle size and confirmed the crystal structure. The Scherrer´s relation revealed a nanoparticle diameter of 10.1nm, 12.3nm and 13.8nm. The alumina membrane were prepared through anodization process. The nanopores were arranged on a hexagonal lattice with an alumina thickness of 4 μm, a distance between pores (center to center) of 105 nm, and samples containing nanopores with diameter of 35 nm or 80 nm. The method of encapsulation of nanoparticles consisted of depositing a drop of magnetic fluid into the surface of alumina. The fluid enters the nanopores through capillarity carrying the nanoparticles into it. AFM images prove that we had success in encapsulating nanoparticles only for the alumina samples with nanopores with a size of 80 nm. Magnetization data of the alumina sample containing nanoparticles with a diameter of 13.8nm encapsulated into nanopores of 80 nm, revealed an increase, with respect to the first procedure of encapsulation, of 48 % of the nanoparticles internalized into the nanopore after the second process of encapsulation. Further, different from all the samples investigated, EMR data for the alumina containing nanopores of 80 nm and nanoparticles of 13.8 nm, after the first procedure of encapsulation, had shown perpendicular magnetization with respect to the alumina surface. The EMR spetra were curve fitted using two Gaussian lines, one representing the nanoparticles with magnetization parallel to the surface and the other perpendicular. AFM images suggest, in our sample, that residues on the alumina surface are responsible for the parallel component. The magnetic resonance field data, for the perpendicular contribution, were analyzed taking into account in the energy density terms with uniaxial and cubic symmetry. The uniaxial energy contribution had a term due to magnetic dipolar interaction, between nanoparticles forming a linear chain, a magnetostatic term, due to the nanostructures self-organization, and also a magnetoelastic contribution, which came from the stress generated by the packing of nanoparticles, whose origin were related to the dipolar interaction between nanoparticles forming the linear chain. Indeed, the theoretical analysis allowed us to conclude that the mean size of the chain could vary from 4 to 9.5 nanoparticles. Finally, after heating the alumina, at 300°C for one hour, which contained nanoparticles with a size of 10.1 nm, and dissolving it in NaOH aqueous solution, AFM data were obtained. The AFM images confirmed the existence of nanowires. The diameter distribution, obtained from the AFM images, were curve fitted with a lognormal distribution revealing a modal diameter for the nanowires of 25,8 0, ± 4nm and diameter dispersity of 0,30 ± 0,02nm . / Neste trabalho investigamos o encapsulamento de nanopartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) em nanoporos de alumina anódica utilizando as técnicas de Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM), Magnetometria de Amostra Vibrante (VSM) e Ressonância Magnética Eletrônica (RME). Utilizamos três fluidos magnéticos com nanopartículas de diâmetros diferentes dispersas em solução fisiológica. As nanopartículas foram sintetizadas pelo método da coprecipitação e foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-x, de onde confirmamos sua estrutura cristalina e obtivemos o diâmetro. A relação de Scherrer forneceu os seguintes diâmetros: DRX=10,1nm, DRX=12,3nm e DRX=13,8nm. As membranas de alumina foram preparadas pelo método da anodização de um filme de alumínio puro, gerando nanoporos em um arranjo hexagonal, sendo a espessura da alumina de 4μm com distância entre poros centro a centro de 105nm e amostras contendo diâmetros de nanoporos de 35nm ou 80nm. O método de encapsulamento das nanopartículas consistiu em depositar uma gota do fluido magnético sobre a alumina, que penetra nos nanoporos por capilaridade, carreando as nanopartículas. Imagens de AFM mostraram que obtivemos sucesso no encapsulamento das nanopartículas em alumina somente nas amostras com nanoporos de 80nm. Uma comparação entre as curvas de magnetização da amostra com nanopartículas de DRX=13,8nm em nanoporos de 80nm, encapsuladas uma vez e duas vezes, mostrou um acréscimo de 48% no número de nanopartículas encapsuladas do primeiro para o segundo processo de encapsulamento. Além disso, diferentemente de todas as outras amostras estudadas, os dados de RME para alumina com nanoporos de 80 nm e nanopartículas com diâmetro de 13,8 nm, após o primeiro processo de encapsulamento, apresentaram magnetização perpendicular ao plano da membrana de alumina. O espectro de RME foi ajustado por duas gaussianas, uma representando uma componente com magnetização paralela e outra perpendicular. Imagens de AFM sugerem, na nossa amostra, que resíduos na superfície são responsáveis pela componente paralela. A análise dos dados do campo de ressonância para a componente perpendicular foram ajustados considerando termos de simetria uniaxial e cúbica para a densidade de energia. Na contribução uniaxial foi explicitado o termo devido à interação dipolar magnética, entre nanopartículas formando uma cadeia linear, o termo magnetostático, devido à autoorganização das nanoestruturas, e um magnetoelástico, proveniente do stress gerado pelo empacotamento das nanopartículas, cuja origem foi atribuída à interação dipolar entre as nanoestruturas formando a cadeia. A análise teórica permitiu, ainda, concluir que o tamanho médio das cadeias lineares formadas no interior dos nanoporos corresponde a 6,0 nanopartículas, podendo variar entre 4 e 11. Essas cadeias podem existir não somente em nanoporos diferentes, mas também no interior de um mesmo nanoporo. Por fim, após aquecermos a membrana de alumina, a 300°C por 1 hora, que continha nanopartículas com DRX=10,1nm e a dissolvermos em uma solução aquosa de NaOH, obtivemos imagens de AFM dos nanofios. Uma distribuição de tamanho construída a partir das imagens e ajustada por uma lognormal nos forneceu um diâmetro modal para os nanofios de 25,8 0, ± 4nm e uma dispersidade de 0,30 ± 0,02nm.

A tese de doutorado tem como foco o desenvolvimento de nanopartículas superparamagnéticas (Fe3O4 - magnetita) hidrofílicas e lipofílicas aplicadas à nanotecnologia do petróleo. Inicialmente, os objetivos foram voltados para a elaboração e transferência de tecnologia envolvendo uma rota de síntese de nanopartículas lipofílicas, em escala semi-industrial. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios piloto num reator com capacidade de uma tonelada, visando a produção de nanopartículas magnéticas recobertas com ácido esteárico. Mais tarde, esse trabalho foi otimizado, permitindo sua execução em laboratório, prosseguindo depois, com um escopo mais amplo, incluindo a síntese de nanopartículas recobertas com polímero hidrofílico. Nesse sentido, foram desenvolvidas duas rotas inéditas para produção desses nanomateriais. Em um segundo estágio, as investigações foram voltadas para a utilização das nanopartículas sintetizadas, em estudos de avaliação das condições dos reservatórios de petróleo. Para isso, a técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) foi explorada, monitorando o efeito da concentração dessas nanopartículas superparamagnéticas sobre o tempo de relaxação dos prótons, e o consequente efeito de contraste nas imagens em função da magnetização. A aplicação desse tipo de ferramenta (RMN) já vem sendo feita (sem nanopartículas magnéticas) pelas empresas prestadoras de serviço ao setor de petróleo e gás, na avaliação e perfilagem de reservatórios. Isso motivou o estudo dos nanomateriais magnéticos como sondas para melhorar o mapeamento de fluidos em meio poroso. Eles seriam aplicados como aditivos em fluidos de injeção em reservatórios, tanto para imageamento, como para a obtenção de parâmetros petrofísicos. Por fim, devido à presença de grupos carboxílicos na superfície das nanopartículas hidrofílicas, foram investigadas suas interações com microcristais de carbonato de cálcio, pensando no modelo de reservatório petrolífero do tipo carbonáceo. Explorando técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de microscopia Raman confocal, a presença das nanopartículas magnéticas sobre a superfície da matriz mineral foi constatada, confirmando sua interação efetiva com o CaCO3. Abordando a síntese, caracterização e aplicações das nanopartículas superparamagnéticas, esta tese proporciona uma base para estudos de aplicação de nanomateriais, assunto cada vez mais relevante, diante dos inúmeros problemas e desafios enfrentados pelo setor de petróleo e gás. / The Ph.D thesis is focused on the preparation of hydrophilic and lipophilic superparamagnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 - magnetite) for application in oil nanotechnology. The initial efforts have been directed to the upscaling of a laboratory route of synthesis of lipophilic nanoparticles, aiming technology transfer to the industry. Accordingly, a pilot process, involving a one ton reactor, has been tested for the production of magnetic nanoparticles coated with stearic acid. After this, the research has evolved, allowing the production in the laboratory scale, and continued, pursuing the development of nanoparticles coated with a hydrophilic polymer. Two new routes for the production of these nanomaterials have been developed. In a second step, the investigations were directed to the application of these nanoparticles to the evaluation of oil reservoirs, by monitoring the proton relaxation times, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the consequent contrasting effects observed on the images, as a function of the magnetization and the concentration of these particles. Currently, NMR tools are being employed in the oil and gas sector for the evaluation and profiling of reservoirs. This fact has stimulated the use of such nanomaterials for improving the mapping of the fluids in porous media. Introduced as additives for fluid injection into reservoirs, they can enhance the imaging and also perform the rating of petrophysical parameters. Finally, the presence of carboxylic groups on the surface of the hydrophilic nanoparticles has been explored in studies of interaction with calcium carbonate, simulating a carbonaceous type reservoir. Based on electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal Raman microscopy, the presence of magnetic nanoparticles on the surface of the mineral matrix has confirmed the interaction of these particles with the CaCO3 surface. By developing the synthesis, characterization and application of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, this work provides a useful starting point for further research on the use nanoparticles, for solving problems and challenges in the oil and gas sector.

En dépit de leur importance, la caractérisation des communautés bactériennes dans l’environnement reste encore très incomplète. Les principales raisons sont, d’une part, la difficulté d’appréhender la totalité de la communauté bactérienne quand plus de 99% des bactéries demeurent récalcitrantes à la culture in vitro et ne peuvent donc être étudiées par les approches classiques de microbiologie. D’autre part, la métagénomique, censée contourner cette méthode de culture en s’intéressant à l’ensemble des génomes extraits des milieux d’études, demeure elle aussi imparfaite du fait de limitations techniques (biais d’extraction de l'ADN, de clonage, de PCR, de séquençage et d’assemblage des génomes etc.) et conceptuelles, inhérentes à la complexité et l’hétérogénéité des environnements. Pour compenser les limites de chacune de ces techniques, des méthodes de tri cellulaire appliquées en conjonction avec les deux premières pourraient aider à un meilleur décryptage de la diversité microbienne. Basée sur la sélection spécifique (taxonomique et/ou fonctionnelle) et l’isolement direct des cellules bactériennes ciblées à partir d’un échantillon environnemental complexe, l’étude est restreinte à une population spécifique, voire à une cellule isolée. Pourront alors être appliquées les approches classiques de mise en culture ou d’extraction de l’ADN pour une étude restreinte à l’ADN ou l’ARN, leur répétition sur les différentes populations devant à terme (lointain) approcher l’exhaustivité. C’est dans ce contexte que s’est positionné ce travail de thèse visant dans un premier temps à mettre au point un nouvel outil de tri cellulaire basé sur l’intégration de micro-aimants permanents dans un canal microfluidique. A partir de ce système de tri magnétique miniaturisé, offrant de nombreux avantages (dispositif portable, peu coûteux, nécessitant de faibles volumes réactionnels et potentiellement intégrable en « laboratoire sur puce »), une technique d’isolement sélectif de cellules bactériennes marquées magnétiquement a alors été développée. Ciblées sur des critères taxonomiques après hybridation in situ avec des sondes d’acides nucléiques biotinylés complémentaires d’une région spécifique du gène 23S rRNA, des cellules bactériennes ont été marquées magnétiquement après réaction de la sonde avec des nanoparticules magnétiques fonctionnalisées par des molécules de streptavidine. Les premiers résultats montrent l’établissement d’une méthode de tri suffisamment spécifique et sensible pour piéger les cellules marquées diluées (0,04%) au sein d’une suspension, à des niveaux compatibles avec l’isolement futur de populations d’intérêt à partir de communautés d’environnements complexes. Sur un principe comparable, l’approche a été adaptée à l’étude des transferts horizontaux de gènes in situ. Les applications d’un tri cellulaire grâce au marquage par des nanoparticules magnétiques et l’emploi de micro-aimants intégrés dans des microsystèmes fluidiques semblent donc très prometteuses pour le développement de la microbiologie environnementale. / Despite their importance, bacterial communities in the environment remain poorly characterized. On the one hand, it is difficult to gain knowledge of the community as a whole because over 99% of bacteria are recalcitrant to in vitro culture, rendering classic microbiological approaches imposible to carry out. On the other hand, metagenomics, which can be used to circumvent culture-based approaches by extracting all the genomes from a given environment, is also problematic given the associated technical limitations (biases related to DNA extraction, cloning, PCR, genome sequencing and assembling etc.), and conceptual difficulties related to the complexity and the homogeneity of the environments. In order to overcome some of the limitations of these approaches, bacterial cell selection methods have been developed and can be used to improve our understanding of microbial diversity. Based on taxonomic and/or functional selection and the direct isolation of bacterial cells from an environmental sample, bacterial cell selection can be used to reduce microbial community complexity by targeting specific populations, or even an isolated cell. A variety of classic approaches such as cultivation or DNA/RNA extraction can then be carried out. This cycle can theoretically be repeated until all members of the community are characterized. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to design a novel cell selection tool based on the permanent integration of micro-magnets into a microfluidic canal. In conjunction with a new miniaturized magnetic selection system that provides several advantages over larger systems (portable, low cost, requiring smaller reaction volumes and can be potentially integrated on “laboratory on a chip” systems), a method for selective bacterial cell isolation using magnetic labeling was developed. The bacterial cells were targeted based on taxonomic criteria; biotin-labeled probes were developed for a specific region of the 23S rRNA gene. Following in situ hybridization with the probes, baceterial cells were labeled with streptavidin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. First results showed that the tool was specific and sensitive enough to trap labeled and diluted (0,04%) cells from a suspension at levels that are comparible to populations of interest found in complex environmental communities. This tool has also been adapted to study in situ horizontal gene transfer as well. The application of a cellular selection tool that labels targets with magnetic nanoparticles coupled to fluidic microsystems with integrated nano-magnets looks very promising for future studiesin environmental microbiology.

The study of bulk and nanoparticles of perovskite rare earth manganites has been an extensive area of research in the recent past due to their rich and interesting physics and potential applications [1-5]. Manganites have potential applications in the emerging field of spintronics because of their colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) [6] and half-metallic [7] properties. Nano sized materials exhibit enhanced and different electronic and magnetic properties and expected to behave quite differently compared to their bulk counterparts due to quantum confinement effects and high surface/volume ratio. Magnetic nanoparticles in particular have great potential for use in a wide range of applications including magnetic recording media, various sensors, catalysts, magnetic refrigeration, medicine etc. In this thesis we study changes in the magnetic ordering of certain bismuth based manganites Bi1-xAxMnO3 (A = Ca and Sr) using various experimental probes when we reduce their particle size to nano scale. The general formula for doped manganites is R1-xAxMnO3 where R is a trivalent rare-earth ion such as La, Nd, Pr, Sm and A is a divalent alkaline earth ion such as Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb. They became interesting due to their many intriguing properties like CMR (Colossal Magnetoresistance), phase separation, charge ordering (CO), orbital ordering (OO) and many more. These properties depend sensitively on many factors like temperature, magnetic field, pressure and doping concentration x. There is a strong coupling of spin, orbital and lattice to each other in manganites. The complex interplay of all these couplings make them strongly correlated systems. In the parent compound RMnO3 Mn ion is in Mn3+ state while it is present as Mn4+ in the compound AMnO3. The manganites with x = 0 and x = 1 are both antiferromagnetic insulators, magnetism in them being mediated by superexchange through oxygen. On doping with a divalent alkaline earth ion in RMnO3, there is a transition The properties of nanoparticles of manganites show strong surface effects. The magnetic behavior is strongly governed by the free surface spins in nanoparticles. And as the size reduces, there is suppression of charge ordering which can also disappear in very small particles [11]. Antiferromagnetism in bulk gives way to ferromagnetism in nanoparticles [12-14]. In the following we give a chapter wise summary of the results reported in the thesis. Chapter 1: This chapter of the thesis consists of a brief introduction to the physics of manganites. Further we have written a detailed overview of bismuth based manganites, properties of nano manganites and the technique of EPR. There is a section about different line shapes observed in EPR of manganites, their origin and how to fit them to appropriate lineshape function [15]. This chapter also includes a detailed account of experimental methodologies used in thesis which are: EPR spectrometer, SQUID magnetometer, X-ray diffractometer and TEM and the analysis procedure adopted in this work. Chapter 2: This chapter deals with the magnetic and EPR studies of nanoparticles (average diameter ~ 30 nm) of Bi0.25Ca0.75MnO3 (BCMO) and their comparison with the results on bulk BCMO. Bulk Bi0.25Ca0.75MnO3 (BCMOB) shows charge ordering at 230 K followed by a transition to an antiferromagnetic phase at 130 K [16]. The bulk and the nanoparticles (D ~ 30 nm) of Bi0.25Ca0.75MnO3 were prepared by solid-state reaction method and sol-gel method respectively. The two samples were investigated by using XRD, TEM, SQUID and EPR techniques. Our magnetization and EPR results show that the charge ordering disappears in nanoparticles of this composition and there emerges a ferromagnetic phase similarly to the rare earth manganites. The nanoparticles of the rare earth based manganites are found to consist of an antiferromagnetic core and a ferromagnetic shell/surface region [3, 17] and thus are expected to exhibit the ‘exchange bias (EB) effect’ [18-22] resulting in a shift of the magnetic hysteresis loop. Indeed many nanomanganites do show EB effect. However, contrary to this expectation, we find that in BCMON samples the EB effect is absent. Chapter 3: In this chapter, we report the results of temperature dependent magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on bulk and nanoparticles of electron (x = 0. 6, BCE) and hole (x = 0.4, BCH) doped Bi1-xCaxMnO3 (BCMO) and the effect of the size reduction on the electron-hole asymmetry observed in the bulk sample. Bulk sample of Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3is a paramagnetic insulator at room temperature with Tco = 330 K and TN ~ 120 K while BiCaMnO3 undergoes a charge ordering transition at TCO = 315 K with TN ~ 150 K [16]. All the four samples were investigated by using XRD, TEM, SQUID and EPR techniques. It is shown that antiferromagnetism and charge order persist in the hole doped nano sample while ferromagnetism has emerged in the electron doped nano sample. Our magnetization and EPR results show that spin glass phase exists in bulk BCE, bulk BCH and nano BCE whereas no sign of either spin glass state or ferromagnetism is seen in nano BCH. We have shown that electron-hole asymmetry in terms of ‘g’ parameter has reduced in the nanoparticles but it has not completely disappeared in contrast with the results on Pr1-xCaxMnO3 [23]. We understand these interesting results in terms of the presence of the highly polarizable 6s2 lone pair electrons on bismuth which is known to cause many interesting departures from the behavior of rare earth manganites. We study the temperature dependence of the linewidth behavior by fitting it to the different models [24¬27] and find that Shengelaya’s model [25, 26] fits well to all the four samples describing the spin dynamics satisfactorily in the present samples. Chapter 4: In this chapter, we present the fabrication, characterization and the results obtained from the magnetization and EPR measurements carried out on bulk and nanoparticles of Bi0.1Ca0.9MnO3. We prepared the nanoparticles of BCMO by standard sol¬gel technique and bulk samples by solid state reaction method. We investigated magnetic ordering by doing temperature dependent magnetic and EPR studies on both the samples and compared the properties with each other. Bulk Bi0.1Ca0.9MnO3 (BCMB) shows mixed phase of antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism without any charge ordered state. Our results show that the ferromagnetism exists in the bulk BCMO which is present in the nano sample as well but with somewhat weakened strength with the size reduction. The nanoparticles of the rare earth based manganites are found to consist of an antiferromagnetic core and a ferromagnetic shell/surface region and thus are expected to exhibit the more uncompensated spins on the surface which reduce the magnetization in the nanoparticles. We calculated activation energy for the two samples by fitting the intensity behavior to the Arrhenius equation [28]. Activation energy was found to decrease for nano BCMO which indicates the weaker intracluster double-exchange interaction in it. Chapter 5: This chapter deals with the comparative study of the temperature dependent magnetic properties and EPR parameters of nano and bulk samples of Bi0.2Sr0.8MnO3 (BSMO). Nanoparticles and bulk sample of BSMO were prepared by sol-gel technique and solid state reaction method respectively. Bulk BSMO has high antiferromagnetic transition temperature TN ~ 260 K and robust charge ordering (TCO ~ 360 K) [29]. We confirm that the bulk sample shows an antiferromagnetic transition around ~ 260 K and a spin-glass transition ~ 40 K. For nano sample we see a clear ferromagnetic transition at around ~ 120 K. We conclude that mixed magnetic state exists in the bulk sample whereas it is suppressed in the nano sample and strong ferromagnetism is induced instead. Chapter 6: This chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the thesis, also pointing out some future directions for research in the field.