A tese propõe uma análise multidisciplinar e dogmática da arbitragem societária, notadamente do processo de inclusão de cláusula compromissória no estatuto social de sociedades anônimas fechadas, com base em uma deliberação assemblear tomada pela regra da maioria (fase pré-arbitral). O ponto de partida do trabalho é o exame da dimensão jurídica do contrato de sociedade aliado à verificação dos limites da autonomia privada dos sócios na definição da estrutura do negócio jurídico societário, à compreensão da categoria dos direitos subjetivos e dos traços fundamentais que formam a tipologia das anônimas fechadas, incluindo o tratamento dado aos direitos individuais dos acionistas. Ato contínuo, desloca-se a discussão para as esferas arbitral e constitucional, com especial atenção para os pressupostos da arbitragem como método de resolução de conflitos. O cerne do trabalho reside na relação entre a situação subjetiva ativa do acionista de manifestar sua vontade favorável ou contrariamente à escolha da arbitragem e a eficácia da regra da maioria como pilar de funcionamento das sociedades anônimas. Sustenta-se que a escolha da arbitragem constitui um direito fundamental de todo o acionista, cuja renúncia depende de manifestação, expressa ou tácita, de sua vontade, a qual não pode ser elidida ou alterada pelo estatuto ou pela assembleia geral majoritária sem o seu consentimento. Após examinar as correntes doutrinárias sobre o tema no Brasil e as possíveis alternativas para resolver o imbróglio, o estudo concluiu que a alteração legislativa que cria uma hipótese adicional de recesso representa a melhor solução para a problemática. / The thesis examines arbitration in corporate law, namely the inclusion of a statutory arbitration clause in the by-laws of a closely held corporation based on a deliberation taken by the majority rule (pre-arbitration phase). The study starts by analyzing the legal aspects of the corporate contract together with the limits of shareholders autonomy in defining the structure of such contract and the characteristics that form the typology of corporations, including shareholders individual rights. The discussion then moves on the arbitration and constitutional spheres, particularly to the premises of arbitration as a form of settling conflicts. The core of the thesis is the relation between the prerogative of a shareholder to express its will in favor of or against arbitration and the incidence of the full effects of the majority rule as an essential element in the structure of a corporation. The study sustains that the choice for arbitration is a fundamental right of all shareholders, which is why renunciation depends on their express or tacit individual manifestation and therefore, majority deliberation cannot in itself insert or remove it from by-laws. Finally, the thesis provides different scholars understandings on the issue as well as the main possible alternatives to dealt with it. The creation of an additional hypothesis of appraisal right within the existing law is suggested as the best solution to solve this conundrum.

Collective decision making can be seen as a means of designing and understanding swarm robotics systems. While decision-making is generally conceived as the cognitive ability of individual agents to select a belief based only on their preferences and available information, collective decision making is a decentralized cognitive process, whereby an ensemble of agents gathers, shares, and processes information as a single organism and makes a choice that is not attributable to any of its individuals. A principled selection of the rules governing this cognitive process allows the designer to define, shape, and foresee the dynamics of the swarm.We begin this monograph by introducing the reader to the topic of collective decision making. We focus on artificial systems for discrete consensus achievement and review the literature of swarm robotics. In this endeavor, we formalize the best-of-n problem—a generalization of the logic underlying several cognitive problems—and define a taxonomy of its possible variants that are of interest for the design of robot swarms. By leveraging on this understanding, we identify the building-blocks that are essential to achieve a collective decision addressing the best-of-n problem: option exploration, opinion dissemination, modulation of positive feedback, and individual decision-making mechanism. We show how a modular perspective of a collective decision-making strategy allows for the systematic modeling of the resulting swarm performance. In doing so, we put forward a modular and model-driven design methodology that allows the designer to study the dynamics of a swarm at different level of abstractions. Successively, we employ the proposed design methodology to derive and to study different collective decision-making strategies for the best-of-n problem. We show how the designed strategies can be readily applied to different real-world scenarios by performing two series of robot experiments. In the first series, we use a swarm of 100 robots to tackle a site-selection scenario; in the second series, we show instead how the same strategies apply to a collective perception scenario. We conclude with a discussion of our research contributions and provide futuredirection of research. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Notion fondamentale du droit des sociétés, la collégialité est souvent réduite aux organes sociaux, voire cantonnée au processus de formation des décisions collectives. L'étude tend à dépasser la dimension institutionnelle du pouvoir collégial. Il s'agit de rechercher, en dépit de la diversité des collèges, les fondements, l'unité, le régime, les limites et la valeur de la collégialité en tant que notion et pratique. À cette fin, il convient d'envisager autant l'organisation collégiale que le fonctionnement collégial. Il en résulte que toute collégialité suppose une pluralité de personnes ou des collèges (au moins deux) (1) qui ensemble et à égalité par voie de délibération en concertation (2), poursuivent la réalisation d'un projet commun ou l'exécution d'une mission commune (3). Toutefois il existe deux catégories de collégialité selon ce qui fait l'unité du collège: projet commun (associés) ; fonction ou mission commune (autres organes). Ce qui fait l'unité du collège influence la nature et l'intensité des droits et obligations que toute organisation collégiale suppose pour ses membres. Il en est de même du fonctionnement. Unitaire en ce qu'il renvoie au processus de formation de l'acte collectif unilatéral, le fonctionnement collégial suppose des techniques variables selon chaque figure. Enfin, la collégialité est-elle un principe du droit des sociétés ? Pour les associés, cela est certain : la collégialité renvoie au groupement qu'ils forment, organisation et fonctionnement, sans qu'une prévision en ce sens ne soit nécessaire. Pour les autres organes la réponse est variable. Elle n'est un principe d'organisation et de fonctionnement qu'autant qu'une norme l'impose. / Collegiality, as the pivotal concept in corporate law, is often limited to the corporate bodies, if not confined to the collective decision-making process. The study tends to go beyond the institutional dimesion of the collegial authority. The aim is to investigate the foundations, the unity, the ambit, the limits and the value of collegiality as both a notion and a practice, in spite of the variety of colleges. To this end, the collegial organization and function should be considered equally. As a result, collegiality means a plurality of persons or colleges (at least two) (1) who, together and equally by conciliated deliberation (2), promote the realization of a collaborative project or the performance of a shared mission (3). However, there are two types of collegiality as defined by the college's unity itself: there are collaborative projects (partners) ; and shared missions or functions (other bodies). The essence and the strength of rights and obligations to each of the members is influenced by what makes the unity of a college. The same thing goes for the way in which the collegial organization functions. It will function in a unitary manner for unilateral establishment and collective acts. A collegial functioning, on the other hand, supposes flexible and adjustable techniques. Finally is collegiality a principle of corporate law ? For the partners this is obvious: collegiality is intrinsic to the group they constitute, to the organization and to their functioning, without having to plan it. For the other bodies the answer may vary. Collegiality is only a principle of organization and functioning if a norm requires it to be.

Internationalisation is high on the agenda of Higher Education in the UK, with the promotion of the students’ intercultural capabilities seen as key for their future careers and lives as global citizens. Within this agenda international study visits are considered beneficial for student teachers, giving those with limited exposure to cultural diversity an opportunity to learn first-hand about education in other countries. Taking a postmodern approach and using Facet Methodology, the research investigated the extent to which the pattern of study visits in a School of Education in a University in the South West of England was conducive to promoting the intercultural capabilities of the participants. Drawing on perspectives from Bourdieu and postcolonial theory, analysis of the University policies on Internationalisation and Teaching and Learning revealed a variety of positions towards international study visits and interviews with Associate Deans of a Faculty explored how far these were being manifested for the different professional disciplines of Education, Health and Social Care. The perspectives, views and attitudes of the student and tutor participants on a range of study visits were then captured through focus groups, interviews and writing frames. The study found that neither the students nor the tutors showed an awareness of the nature and importance of intercultural capabilities and therefore the approaches to study visits were patchy in developing them. It suggests that though such visits can be beneficial in promoting such capabilities in the participants, they will only do so consistently if there is in place a transformational pedagogy, informed by postcolonial theory, and implemented by knowledgeable tutors. This approach would include a planned programme of pre-trip, in-trip and post-trip activities encouraging reflection upon experiences, whether positive or disturbing, based upon an explicit contract with students to engage in intercultural learning as a central aspect of the visit.

Malgré leur fréquence, les gouvernements minoritaires au Canada n’ont pas souvent fait l’objet d’études. En particulier, peu d’attention a été portée à la question de comment un gouvernement minoritaire réussi à obtenir l’appui d’un ou de plusieurs partis d’opposition dans le but de rester au pouvoir (viabilité) et de faire passer ses propositions législatives (efficacité). Notre étude examine les dynamiques parlementaires qui se déploient dans ses situations. Plus précisément, elle cherche à les comprendre à la lumière d’un modèle de stratégies menant au consensus sur un vote parlementaire. Ce modèle est fondé sur trois perspectives théoriques, soit la tradition du choix rationnel, le nouvel institutionnalisme et le rôle de la politique partisane et du système de partis. Nous étudions quatre gouvernements minoritaires des cinquante dernières années : 1- Diefenbaker (1957-1958), 2- Pearson (1963-1965), 3- Clark (1979-1980) et Harper (2006-2008). Nous avons accumulé nos données sur ces gouvernements minoritaires à partir de documents d’archives, de la transcription des débats et des votes à la Chambre des communes, d’études canadiennes sur les gouvernements minoritaires, d’autobiographies politiques et des souvenirs de tierces parties présentes lors du déroulement des événements que nous étudions. Notre étude identifie deux variables liées à la création de majorités législatives au Parlement, soit : 1- le pouvoir de négociation (la dynamique entre les partis et la cohésion à l’intérieur des partis) et, 2- le contrôle de l’agenda parlementaire (affaires découlant de la Chambre, les motions de confiance et d’autres facteurs institutionnels). De plus, elle identifie l’importance des concessions gouvernementales dans l’atteinte de ses objectifs. Notre étude souligne l’importance de la capacité et du doigté des joueurs parlementaires particuliers dans l’exercice de la politique législative en général et dans la manipulation des composantes institutionnelles et partisanes en particulier pour garantir la longévité et l’efficacité de leur gouvernement. Notre étude contribue à ajouter à notre connaissance de l’expérience minoritaire au Canada et nous offre un modèle nous permettant de mieux comprendre la politique législative et sa contribution au succès des gouvernements minoritaires au Canada et ailleurs. / Despite their prevalence, the study of Canadian minority governments has been the object of few published studies. In particular, the issue of how governments that must rely on the support of one or more opposition parties in Parliament manage to remain in power (viability) and pass their legislative proposals (effectiveness) has not been thoroughly investigated. This study examines the parliamentary dynamics at play in these situations by applying a majority building framework grounded in and supported by three theoretical perspectives, namely the rational choice tradition, new institutionalism, and the role of party politics and party systems, to four minority governments that have occurred in the last 50 years or so: 1- Diefenbaker (1957-1958), 2- Pearson (1963-1965); 3- Clark (1979-1980); and, 4- Harper (2006-2008). The data on the specific circumstances that held during these minority governments has been gathered from archival records, from the recorded debates and votes in the House of Commons, from previous Canadian studies on minority government, from political autobiographies, and from third party accounts of the events at the time. The study finds that majority building is a function of primarily two interrelated variables: 1- bargaining power (interparty dynamics and intra-party cohesion) and 2- agenda control (House business, confidence tests, other institutional features). It also stresses the importance of government concessions as an effective means of achieving desired goals and outcomes. Furthermore, this study highlights the capacity and skill of individual parliamentary actors in the exercise of legislative politics generally and in manipulating institutional and party system levers specifically, as a contributing factor to their government’s duration and legislative output. This study adds to the empirical knowledge of the minority experience in Canada and provides a conceptual framework to better understand legislative politics and its impact on the success of minority governments in Canada and elsewhere.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

The first chapter defines the liquidity and determines the cost forming the illiquidity discount. The second chapter assesses the various methods and studies relating to estimation of the discount for lack of marketability for minority interests within the U.S. markets. The third chapter identifies the effects of factors that influence the discount in the in the Czech Republic differently from the U.S. markets. The fourth chapter focuses on factors affecting the level of the discount within převiously observed range and determines the basic method for calculating the discount for lack of marketability for minority interest in the Czech Republic. The fifth chapter deals with the possibility of converting the discount for lack of marketability into risk premium in the CAPM model. The last chapter focuses on determination of the discount for lack of marketability for majority interests.

Ce projet de recherche avait pour but de faire la lumière sur les représentations sociales de jeunes hommes qui sont placés sous la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse jusqu’à l’atteinte de leur 18e anniversaire. Il met à jour les représentations quant aux services reçus en lien avec la préparation à la vie autonome une fois les services de protection prenant fin. Dans un premier temps, nous allons brosser un portrait d’un jeune hébergé par la DPJ en découvrant un peu plus les facteurs ayant mené à son placement jusqu’à la majorité. Ensuite, nous tentons d’en découvrir davantage sur l’appréciation des services reçus et la dépréciation ou tout simplement les facteurs à améliorer pour aider davantage d’autres jeunes dans la même situation qu’eux. De cette façon, il nous sera possible d’émettre des hypothèses sur ce qui serait éventuellement à travailler dans les Centres jeunesse de la province pour répondre plus adéquatement aux besoins spécifiques à cette clientèle en vue de leur préparation à la vie autonome. Le sujet a pu être exploré avec la participation de 10 jeunes âgés de 16 à 18 ans auprès de qui nous avons fait des entrevues semi-dirigées. / This research project aims to shed light on the social representations of young men who are placed under the Youth Protection Act until their 18th birthday. Representations on services received in relation to preparation for independent living after the end of protective services. At first, we will paint a portrait of the young persons by discovering a little more about the factors that led to an investment of the government until their majority. Then, we try to find out more about the appreciation of services received and the depreciation or simply the factors to improve to help more young people in the same situation as themselves. In this way, we will be able to make assumptions about what would eventually work in the province's Youth Centers to better respond to the needs that are specific to their situations. The topic was explored with the participation of 10 young people between the ages of 16 and 18 with whom we conducted semi-directed interviews.

Ett sedan länge betraktat problem inom politisk ekonomi är om, och i så fall i vilken utsträckning, politiska partier påverkar ekonomiska policyutfall. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det rådande politiska majoritetsförhållandet i kommunfullmäktige har en effekt på kostnaderna för och kvaliteten inom en verksamhet som kommit att hamna allt högre på den politiska dagordningen under coronapandemin – äldreomsorgen. Studien tar avstamp i teoretiska utgångspunkter i form av medianväljarteoremet och citizen candidate-modellen. I syfte att estimera effekten av den politiska majoriteten på äldreomsorgen tillämpas en skarp regression discontinuity (RD) design för två kostnadsmått och två kvalitetsmått; antalet fallskador bland personer 80 år och äldre per 1 000 invånare samt brukarbedömning avseende äldreomsorg i särskilt boende. Resultatet visar att en vänsterblocksmajoritet är associerad med drygt 23 procent högre kostnader för äldreomsorg i kronor per invånare samt drygt sex procentenheters lägre nivå i fråga om brukarbedömning än jämfört med andra partikonstellationer. Resultaten är dock inte stabila över olika ekonometriska specifikationer och ytterligare studier skulle därmed behövas för att säkrare kunna belägga ett eventuellt samband.

This case study has looked at the significance transition from petitions to e-petitions has have for the proportion of approved proposals in the municipal council within Östersund municipality. The study has used a deliberative approach to how conversations are conducted between institution and citizen, this has been tested using a quasi-experiment and included a comparison with an after-before scenario with petitions and possible effects within different social groups that can be affected. The results of the study show that the difference between petitions and e-petitions is small, but that the color of the political majority in the council has a decisive factor behind whether proposals are approved more or rejected. Gender turns out to have a certain factor in how decisions are approved or rejected, where women received more approval than men which is interesting as it goes against previous research. / Denna fallstudie har tittat på vilken betydelse som en övergång från petitioner till e-petitioner har fått för andelen bifallna förslag i kommunfullmäktige inom Östersund kommun. Studien har använt sig av ett deliberativ tillvägagångsätt för hur samtal förs mellan institution och medborgare, detta har prövats med hjälp av ett kvasi-experiment och en jämförelse med ett efter-före scenario för möjliga effekter inom olika sociala skikt som kan påverkas med en ändrad petition. Resultatet av studien visar att skillnaden mellan petitioner och e-petitioner är små, men att den politiska majoritetens färg i fullmäktige har en avgörande faktorn bakom om förslag bifalls eller avslås. Kön visar sig även ha en viss faktor för hur beslut bifall eller avslås där kvinnor fick fler bifall än män, vilket är intressant då den går emot den tidigare forskningen. / <p>2021-06-04</p>