This thesis work discusses the ability to change the attitudes of children from the majority society towards Roma children. The theoretical part describes the formation of the Roma minority in the Czech Republic and its development. It focuses on the forms of adaptation of minority societies into the majority society and also deals with the aspects that affect the coexistence of these two groups. The first part is also devoted to social work with the minorities and organizations that cooperate with the Roma. The empirical part describes the attitudes of children, from the majority society, of a predefined age in the selected location. It also discusses what influences their attitudes the most and on what basis they are able to change them. A survey also provided information about the differences children from the majority society see between themselves and the Roma children.

The aim of this thesis is to explore clustering algorithms of machine unsupervised learning, which can be used for image database classification by similarity. For chosen clustering algorithms is written up a theoretical basis. For better classification of used database this thesis deals with different methods of image preprocessing. With these methods the features from image are extracted. Next the thesis solves of implementation of preprocessing methods and practical application of clustering algorithms. In practical part is programmed aplication in Python programming language, which classifies the database of images into classes by similarity. The thesis tests all of used methods and at the end of the thesis is processed searches of results.

Le sujet central de cette thèse concerne les évolutions de la règle électorale dans les régimespost-communistes et traite de la contribution de ces évolutions à la démocratisation dessystèmes politiques de l’Europe du Sud-Est, à partir d’un échantillon d’Etats (Albanie,Bulgarie, Macédoine, Roumanie et Serbie-Monténégro). La transition démocratique et lechangement de régime impliquent la construction d’une nouvelle légitimité politique. Cettelégitimité passe par les élections qui sont au coeur de la démocratie. Ce travail cherche àcomprendre comment sont choisies les règles régissant ces élections. Le choix du systèmeélectoral est, dans une grande mesure, la conséquence de plusieurs processus. L’accent mis surles facteurs déterminants de l’adoption et de la réforme électorale permet de comprendre lesmotivations et les objectifs des évolutions de la règle électorale en Europe post-communiste.L’étude de la législation réformée et l’analyse du comportement des acteurs électorauxpermettent de constater que les leaders politiques ont très souvent contourné le sensdémocratique de la norme électorale. Dans cet échantillon d’Etats, les évolutions de la règleélectorale ont eu des conséquences relatives sur le nombre des partis politiques représentés auParlement. Le changement de régime a favorisé l’alternance des majorités électorales etparlementaires. Cette alternance démontre que les principes démocratiques des électionscontribuent à la stabilisation démocratique, même si le contexte et les enjeux politiques propresà cette région favorisent une relative instabilité des majorités parlementaires etgouvernementales. / The central subject of this thesis concerns the developments of the electoral rule in postcommunistregimes and discusses the contribution of these changes to the democratization ofpolitical systems of Southeast Europe, from a sample of states (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia,Romania and Serbia-Montenegro). Democratic transition and regime change involves theconstruction of a new political legitimacy. This legitimacy is through elections that are at theheart of democracy. This work seeks to understand how the rules are chosen these elections.The choice of electoral system is, to a large extent, the result of several processes. The focus onthe determinants of adoption and electoral reform to understanding the motivations and goalsof the developments of the electoral rule in post-communist Europe. The study of the reformedlegislation and behavior analysis of electoral allow players to see that the political leaders haveoften bypassed the democratic sense of the electoral standard. In this sample of countries,changes in the electoral rule had consequences on the number of political parties represented inParliament. Regime change has favored the alternation of parliamentary and electoralmajorities. This alternation shows that the democratic principles of elections contribute to thedemocratic stabilization, even if the context and the political stakes in this region favor a relativeinstability of parliamentary and government majority.

In my essay, I will explore how, as a primary teacher in a leisure home, I may try to communicate the value base we are to convey equal to the central content. It is in the sign of measurability that the school is now in the approach we applied to the students, that they have also begun to apply to themselves and their fellow human beings. They place their intrinsic value outside themselves and on results and other measurable things. I want to be able to work for them to attribute to them a self-worth and a good self-esteem, regardless of their study results or other measurable things. They live and breathe and it should suffice to acknowledge their existence and worth as fellow human beings. The questions that underlie this essay arose because I felt that we lack a dimension in discussions about the school that can highlight how we as teachers work with motivation or self-esteem. After all, trying to get students to approach new things they can't yet and trust in their own and the common life is, after all, perhaps the most important thing we can work on. I used two dilemmas where the students in their everyday situations at school express their despair and frustration at not really feeling that they are worth living as they are. I will then, through my questions, try to find out if there is any way to find a better way to equip them for life and its challenges. I start from a hermeneutic perspective to emphasize the importance of self-reflection as an important part of being able to meet and deal with myself, subject and object at the same time. I have chosen to use Gert Biesta's thoughts on what functions are at play when we talk about education. He wants us to focus on what these functions do for us so that we can discuss what is desirable based on it and not by simply looking at "what works" and what can be measured. Together with Biesta, Hannah Arendt's thoughts on the active life helps me in my search for an educational look at education that values people as complex beings and not just certain measurable parts of us. / I min essä kommer jag utforska hur jag som grundlärare inom fritidshem kan försöka kommunicera värdegrunden vi ska förmedla likställt med det centrala innehållet. Det är i mätbarhetens tecken som skolan nu befinner sig, och det mätbara synsätt vi applicerar på eleverna har de även börjat tillämpa på sig själva och sina medmänniskor. De lägger sitt egenvärde utanför sig själva, på resultat och andra mätbara saker. Jag vill kunna jobba för att eleverna ska tillskriva sig själva ett egenvärde och en god självkänsla oavsett studieresultat eller annat mätbart. De lever och andas, det borde räcka för att bekräfta deras existens och värde som medmänniskor. De frågor som ligger till grund för denna uppsats uppstod genom att jag ansåg att vi saknar en dimension i diskussioner om skolan som kan lyfta fram hur vi som lärare jobbar med motivation eller självkänsla.  Att försöka få eleverna att ge sig på nya saker de ännu inte kan och ha tillit till det egna och det gemensamma livet är trots allt kanske det viktigaste vi kan arbeta med. Jag har utgått från två dilemman där eleverna i deras vardagssituationer i skolan uttrycker sin förtvivlan och frustration över att inte riktigt känna att de duger som de är. Jag kommer sedan genom mina frågeställningar försöka undersöka om det finns något sätt att bättre rusta dem inför livet och dess utmaningar. Jag utgår från ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv för att poängtera vikten av självreflektion som en viktig del i att kunna möta och bemöta mig själv som subjekt och objekt samtidigt. Jag har valt att ta hjälp av Gert Biestas tankar om vilka funktioner som är i spel då vi pratar om utbildning. Han vill att vi ska fokusera på vad dessa funktioner gör för oss för att på så sätt kunna diskutera vad som är önskvärt och inte genom att enkom titta på ”vad som fungerar” och vad som kan mätas. Tillsammans med Biesta hjälper mig Hannah Arendts tankar om det aktiva livet mig i sökandet efter en pedagogisk blick på utbildning som värdesätter människor som komplexa varelser och inte bara vissa mätbara delar av oss.

Discussion of changes in the electoral system to the Senate of the Czech Republic The diploma thesis deals with the discussion of changes in the electoral system for the Senate. The work reflects draft laws to change the electoral system in the Senate from the past, interviews with representatives of political parties represented in both chambers of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, interviews with experts in the field of constitutional law and political science. The various proposals were analyzed and their principle and effects explained. The last part formulates the overall outputs of political parties and movements, experts and the opinion of the author of the diploma thesis. Key words: Senate, electoral systems, political system, constitutional system, change of electoral system, majority electoral systems, Czech Republic, parliament.

The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Private Law / unrestricted

Au Bhoutan, au Népal et au Québec, les religions minoritaires font l’objet de nombreux soupçons dans la population, par lesquels des acteurs de la scène publique et politique justifient leur encadrement, voire leur exclusion de l’espace national. Ces soupçons ne vont que s’amplifiant si la religion en question est étroitement associée à un groupe ethnique minoritaire. Ces craintes autour de la perception d’une élision ethnicité-religion perturbatrice de l’ordre social majoritaire reposent davantage sur des mythes nationaux construits autour de, et en réaction à certaines religions que sur une véritable contestation inhérente aux regroupements religieux. La contribution de la religion, particulièrement en contexte migratoire et minoritaire, à la participation pleine et active dans la nouvelle société-hôte a été amplement démontrée. La religion aide à faire sens des expériences migratoires, fournissant un ancrage notoire aux nouveaux arrivants dans leur milieu. Le groupe religieux fournit quant à lui aide matérielle, psychologique et social aux nouveaux arrivants. Cette étude, menée en région de Montréal, auprès de deux congrégations rassemblant des réfugiés Népalo-bhoutanais convertis au christianisme, fait la lumière sur le rôle de la religion en tant qu’espace de négociation entre les normes imposées – religieuses comme séculières – aux croyants et la subjectivité de leur expérience religieuse. En suivant le parcours migratoire forcé des Népalo-bhoutanais membres de ces congrégations, j’explore l’impact des impératifs d’intégration des localités, les environnements sociaux et matériels, géographiquement et historiquement situés, sur les négociations permises par la religion. Je fais voir que les tensions et les conflits qui peuvent émerger de ces négociations n’impliquent pas la fin de la cohésion sociale. Plutôt, ces négociations informent un vivre-ensemble caractérisé par une certaine convivialité. J’étudie deux manifestations de ces négociations et de leur impact sur le vivre-ensemble. La conversion au christianisme est la première de ces négociations. Performée en milieu hindou, elle fait voir comment la religion répond à un besoin de recomposition de soi à la suite d’expériences de souffrance, de perte de sens et d’exclusion. En dépit du défi qu’elle lance à l’ordre social hindou et du lot de conséquences qu’elle entraîne, la conversion permet de se projeter dans une identité dignifiée et un nouveau groupe de pairs. Performée en contexte québécois, la conversion est le point de départ d’une renégociation de sa lecture passée de la religion. Elle est l’occasion de réaliser un soi idéalisé, sans crainte de représailles sociales. Dans les deux contextes, la conversion constitue une négociation entre les impératifs d’intégration de la localité et les aspirations que le croyant porte. Le choix du groupe religieux, de la congrégation, est également le fruit de négociations. Les Népalo-bhoutanais chrétiens se rassemblaient initialement au sein d’une même congrégation multiethnique, l’Église Originelle. La majorité d’entre eux ont depuis quitté et fondé leur propre congrégation, Naya Mandali. Malgré le spectre ethnico-religieux qui plane sur cette décision en vertu de certains référents ethniques autour desquels s’est fondée Naya Mandali, ceux-ci n’expliquent pas à eux seuls le schisme. Le choix de langue, de style de célébration, et la division suivant les appartenances de jati recoupent effectivement des facteurs de divisions proprement sociologiques, tels qu’une transition de figure d’autorité, des styles de gouvernance préférés et des pressions d’acteurs extérieurs au groupe religieux. Des revendications proprement religieuses sont aussi évoquées, en dépit des référents ethniques. Ainsi, le choix du népali se veut davantage un outil facilitant la compréhension et la diffusion du message religieux. La langue vernaculaire de la localité ne s’en trouve pas pour autant évacuée de la présentation des cultes. La congrégation fait bel et bien de la visite de francophones une préoccupation. Ces visiteurs devraient pouvoir suivre minimalement le culte. L’objectif derrière la fondation de Naya Mandali est de s’actualiser en tant que chrétien bien plus qu’en tant que Népalo-bhoutanais. Chacune des congrégations issues du schisme traduit une façon de faire Église distincte. Plutôt qu’une menace à la cohésion de la société-hôte, la fondation de Naya Mandali est une manifestation des formes insoupçonnées d’incorporation permises par la religion. Fruit d’une des négociations entre les impératifs d’intégration inculqués par les sociétés-hôtes et les aspirations des croyants, la congrégation népalo-bhoutanaise a dû créer des contacts avec des chrétiens d’autres églises de la localité. Ainsi, ils ont tissé des liens avec des non-migrants qu’ils n’auraient autrement pas rencontrés. Par le biais de la religion, les schismatiques ont réalisé, de manière quelque peu subversive, différents impératifs d’intégration des localités traversées : l’autonomisation, la prise en charge et l’accomplissement de soi. / In Bhutan, in Nepal as in Quebec, minority religions are subjected to a number of suspicions justifying their regulations, if not their exclusion from national space. Those suspicions only increase if the religion in question is also closely associated with an ethnic minority group. Those fears concerned with a perceived ethnicity-religion elision disruptive of the majoritarian social order have more to do with national myths built around, and in reaction to, certain religions more than with any genuine contestation inherent to religious groupings. Religion’s contribution to, particularly in a migratory and minoritarian context, a full and active participation in a new host society has been amply demonstrated. Religion helps make sense of migratory experiences, contributing to a notable anchoring of newcomers to their surroundings. The religious group, for its part, contributes a material, psychological and social help to newcomers. This study, conducted alongside two congregations gathering Nepalo-bhutanese converts to christianity in a Montreal region, sheds light on religion’s role as a space of negociation between imposed norms – religious as well as secular – to believers and the subjectivity of their religious experience. By following the trajectory of the forced migration of the members of both congregations, I explore the impact of the integration imperatives of localities, the geographycally and historically situated social and material environnements, on the negociations enabled by religion. I show that tensions and conflicts which can arise from those negociations do not entail an end to social cohesion. Rather, they inform a vivre-ensemble caracterised by a certain conviviality. Two manifestations of these negociations and their impact on the vivre-ensemble are studied. Conversion to christianity is the first of them. Performed in a hindu context, it shows how religion answers a need for a recomposition of the self following experiences of suffering, loss of meaning and exclusion. Despite the challenge it levels at the hindu social order and of the consequences it carries, conversion enables to project oneself in a dignified identity and a new peer group. Performed in the Quebec context, conversion is the starting point of a renegociation with one’s past reading of religion. It is the occasion to realise an idealised self, without fear of social reprisal. In both contexts, conversion constitutes a negociation between the locality’s integration imperatives and the believer’s yearnings. The choice of the religious grouping, the congregation, is also the result of negociations. The Nepalo-bhutanese christians initially gathered in the same multiethnic congregation, l’Église Originelle. The majority of them have since left and created their own congregation, Naya Mandali. Despite the « ethnico-religious » spectre looming over their decision, the ethnic referents around which Naya Mandali was built cannot by themselves explain the division. Linguistic choice, celebrations’ style and Jati divisions intersect effectively with properly sociological divisive factors, such as a transition in authority figures, prefered leadership styles and pressure from figures external to the religious grouping. Properly religious claims are also made, despite ethnic referents. Thus, the choice of Nepali speaks more to the tools it represents in enabling a better understanding and transmission of the religious message. The locality’s vernacular language is not necessarily evacuated from the cult’s presentation for it, the congregation making the possibility of francophone visitors one of their preoccupation. The actualization of the self as a better christian is much more the objectif behind the creation of Naya Mandali than the actualization of a nepalese self. The two congregations that emerged from the schism translate a distinct way of doing Church. Instead of a meance to the host society,s cohesion, the creation of Naya Mandali is a manifestation of the unexpected modes of incorporation enabled by religion. The results of negociations between integration imperatives instilled by the host societies and the believers’ yearnings, the Nepalo-bhutanese congregation had to create contacts with the localities’ other christians. Thus, they established contacts with non-migrants who would have not met them otherwise. Through religion’s medium, the schismatics have fulfilled, in a somewhat subversive way, the integration imperatives of the localities they navigated across: autonomisation, responsabilisation and self-fulfilment.

Hate crime is an umbrella concept where the motive is to violate an individual or group based on their ethnicity, skin color, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or gender identity or expression. This study examined police reports from the year 2018, marked as hate crimes. The sample consisted of 8 cases of violent crimes containing, a completed interrogation, an identifiable hate motive and where the offense was made by either a majority offender on minority victim or a minority offender on minority victim. The study aimed to examine whether the police use stereotypes to enable quick and easy identification of an underlying motive. Athematic analysis was used to examine if stereotypes were being utilized and if any differences occurred between the handling of cases of majority-on-minority versus minority-on-minority. Two theoretical frameworks were used to understand the mechanism behind the use of stereotypes, and which victims who are assigned most sympathy from society and can thereby be defined as ideal victims of hate crime. The results indicated that the hate motive was expressed more explicitly in cases where the offender belonged to a majority group. These cases also contained more stereotypical traits, which could make it easier for law enforcement to recognize the hate motive. In the dominant part of the examined cases, both stereotypical and non-stereotypical traits were visible, indicating that law enforcement partly forgoes these stereotypes when identifying the hate motive. More training would be beneficial to stress the importance of a more detailed description of the hate motive in the report's criminal text - and how it determines the success of the investigation. / Hatbrott är ett paraplybegrepp och innebär brott där motivet är att kränka en individ eller grupp på grund av deras etniska ursprung, hudfärg, trosbekännelse, sexuella läggning eller könsöverskridande identitet eller uttryck. Studien undersökte brottsrapporter från polisens register år 2018 som blivit markerade som hatbrott. Urvalet bestod av 8 misshandelsfall som innehöll förhör, ett identifierbart hatmotiv och där förbrytelsen var utförd av antingen en majoritetsförövare på ett minoritetsoffer eller en minoritetsförövare på ett minoritetsoffer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om polisen använder stereotyper för att snabbt och lätt komma fram till rätt underliggande motiv. En tematisk analys användes för att undersöka om stereotyper användes, samt om det förekom skillnader mellan hanteringen av fall från majoritet-på-minoritetsgruppen och minoritet-på-minoritets gruppen. Två teoretiska ramverk användes för att förstå mekanismen bakom användningen av stereotyper samt vilka offer som kan anses definieras som ideala hatbrottsoffer. Resultaten indikerade att hatmotivet blev presenterat mer explicit i de rapporter där förövaren tillhörde en majoritetsgrupp. Dessa fall innehöll även fler stereotypiska drag, vilket kan innebära att polisen har lättare för att känna igen hatmotiven. I majoriteten av de undersökta fallen framkom det att de flesta innehöll både stereotypiska och icke stereotypiska drag, vilket visar att polisen faktiskt frångår stereotyperna till viss del i processen att identifiera motivet. Därtill skulle mer utbildning vara mer fördelaktigt för att betona vikten av en mer detaljerad beskrivning av hatmotivet i brottsrapportens fritext - och hur detta avgör undersökningsprocessens framgång.

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To remain relevant, even the successful social networks need to evolve. Vertical Social Networks (VSN) are the response of this, satisfying people who are seeking more niched and personalized content. However, this is a highly competitive environment where taking advantage of the first mover advantages is crucial for the future success. This study concerns diffusion of innovations and segmentation according to the technology adoption lifecycle to investigate how a VSN can reach user growth by understanding their current users better. We have built this study upon an explorative case study of a case company operating in the VSN landscape providing their users with an application. Building on extensive literature research, theory, surveys and conducting interviews, differences in user characteristics were identified. Theoretical and empirical evidence was further analyzed based on user behavior and level of satisfaction. Our recommendations suggest that considerations for different phases of the diffusion journey has to be made by targeting the appropriate users as this is vital for satisfying the existing users, and for reaching new ones. / För att bibehålla relevans, måste även de mest framgångsrika sociala nätverken utvecklas. Vertikala Sociala Nätverk (VSN) är svaret på detta, genom att tillfredsställa människor som söker mer nischade och personifierat innehåll. Detta landskap är dock präglat av hög konkurrens där vikten av att vara först på marknaden är avgörande för framtida framgång. Denna studie belyser Innovationsspridning och segmentering enligt Technology Adoption Lifecycle för att undersöka hur ett VSN kan nå användartillväxt genom att förstå sina nuvarande användare bättre. Vi har genomfört en undersökande fallstudie av ett företag inom VSN branschen som bistår sina användare med en applikation. Baserat på tidigare forskning, teori, enkäter och intervjuer identifierades olikheter i karaktärsdrag hos deras användare. Teoretiska och empiriska bevis beträffande olikheter i karaktärsdrag analyserades och diskuterades vidare baserat på användarbeteende och nivå av tillfredsställelse. De föreslagna rekommendationerna innefattar att ett övervägande för olika faser av diffusionsresan måste göras för att tilltala lämpliga målgrupper, då detta är avgörande för att tillfredsställa befintliga användare, och för att nå nya.