Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a percepção do cliente quanto ao esclarecimento para tomada de decisão referente à realização de procedimentos estéticos. O estudo, do tipo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa dos dados, foi realizado com amostra de 44 clientes, freqüentadores da Clínica de Estética e Cirurgia Plástica. A coleta de dados foi realizada por intermédio de um instrumento com base na Escala de Likert, constituída por 28 proposições, classificadas em três categorias: Informação, Competência e Liberdade. Completaram o instrumento, duas escalas, com a finalidade de medir a percepção global dos clientes quanto ao esclarecimento das informações e a liberdade para tomada de decisão. Os resultados mostraram que, em relação ao grau de instrução, houve predomínio dos clientes de nível superior. Quanto à profissão/ocupação, a maioria enquadrou-se nos níveis III, IV e V, que corresponderam aos cargos de ocupação manual especializada, cargos de supervisão e gerência e profissionais liberais e cargos de alta administração, respectivamente; em referência à renda familiar, houve predomínio dos clientes com renda superior a R$ 8000,00 ou mais. Verificou-se também predomínio da faixa etária de 41 a 50 anos, com a maioria dos clientes do sexo feminino e, estado civil casado. Quanto ao tipo de tratamento, o clínico predominou sobre o cirúrgico. Analisadas as três categorias, identificou-se uma discreta superioridade do escore médio atribuído à categoria Competência em relação ao atribuído às categorias Informação e Liberdade, porém a maioria dos escores das três categorias foi bastante homogênea, sendo os escores médios das categorias superiores a 4,5, ou seja, variando de concordante à alta concordância. Os escores para Informação, Competência e Liberdade estão associados com o tipo de tratamento, mas não com a idade dos clientes. Constatou-se também que, em média, os clientes que se submeteram a tratamento clínico atribuíram escores menores do que os clientes que tiveram tratamento cirúrgico. Quanto às questões globais referentes ao esclarecimento das informações e à liberdade para tomada de decisão para o procedimento, temos médias de 9,41 e 9,70 respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que os profissionais de saúde forneceram informações claras, suficientes e adaptadas às necessidades dos clientes, deixando-os livres e competentes para a tomada de decisão quanto ao procedimento estético / This paper aims at verifying client’s perception in relation to the information given for the decision making process relating to aesthetic procedures. The descriptive, exploratory, correlating, with a quantitative approach, was carried out with a sample of 44 clients of the Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Clinic. The data collection was carried out by means of an instrument based on the Likert Scales, consisting of 28 propositions, classified in three categories: Information, Competence and Freedom. Two other scales completed the instrument so as to measure clients’ global perception concerning the elucidation of given information and freedom to make a decision. The level of significance was 5% and the results revealed that as far as education was concerned, most clients had university degrees. Concerning profession/occupation, most clients were positioned in levels III, IV and V, which refer to skilled manual work, supervision and management positions, self-employed professionals and high administrative positions, respectively. As far as family income was concerned, most clients had a monthly income above R$ 8000,00. It was also suggested that there was a slight predominance of clients from the 41-50 year-old age group, being most of them married women. In relation to the treatment, there was a slight predominance of clinical treatments, when compared to the surgical ones, and the procedures chosen were first peeling, 22%, followed by botulinum toxin and filling, 16% each. Among the surgical procedures, the most common was liposuction - 14% of the clients, followed by breast surgeries, 12%. During the analysis of the three categories a slight superiority of the average score given to the ‘Competence’ category was identified, when compared to the scores given to the ‘Information’ and ‘Freedom’ categories, although the average scores for the three categories were quite homogeneous, being all above 4.5, that is, varying from ‘agree’ to ‘totally agree’. The ‘information’, ‘competence’ and ‘freedom’ scores are related to the type of treatment, but not to the clients’ age. The survey also confirmed that on average the clients who underwent clinical treatment gave lower scores than the ones who underwent surgical treatment. In relation to global questions, concerning elucidation of information and freedom to make the decision regarding the procedures, we have the average of 9.41 and 9.70 respectively. These results reveal that health professionals provided clients with clear, sufficient and relevant information based on their clients’ needs, leaving them free and competent to take the best decision in relation to aesthetic procedures

A escolha por fazer ou por comprar é um problema clássico enfrentado pelas empresas. Essa decisão diz respeito à opção de fazer internamente, optar por uma gestão hibrida (interna e externa ao mesmo tempo) ou terceirizar uma atividade. Por envolver diversos critérios, muitos responsáveis por ela utilizam métodos de decisão multicritério para que se obtenha melhores resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver uma estrutura para a tomada de decisão de fazer ou comprar e utilizar métodos de decisão multicritério para conferir maior confiabilidade à essa decisão. Para isso, os objetivos específicos são: (1) realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema (decisão de fazer ou comprar auxiliada por métodos de decisão multicritério), (2) propor um processo estruturado de decisão para o problema de fazer ou comprar, (3) propor métodos adequados aos propósitos de categorização ou ordenação nas diferentes etapas do processo, incluindo métodos que contemplem a possibilidade de decisão em grupo e (4) realizar um estudo comparativo de métodos de decisão multicritério para a decisão sobre Fazer ou Comprar. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram plenamente alcançados trazendo contribuições como: uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre métodos de decisão multicritério para o problema de fazer ou comprar; uma estrutura de decisão para dar suporte à decisão de fazer ou comprar; a aplicação de métodos ainda não utilizados para o problema de fazer ou comprar; aplicação de métodos que suportem a problemática da decisão em grupo e; a comparação entre dois métodos para o propósito de categorização e duas para o propósito de ordenação. / The make or buy decision is a classical decision problem in operations management and it is difficult to make because of its very nature (multiple criteria). To better contend with these challenges, many decision makers choose Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to support their decisions. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology to support the make or buy decision and the use of the multi-criteria decision methods in this context. The specific objectives are: (1) to conduct a literature research about multi-criteria decision making techniques to support the make or buy decision; (2) to propose a structured decision framework to the make or buy problem; (3) to propose appropriate methods for categorization or ordering at different stages of the process, including methods that support group decisions and; (4) to perform a comparative study of multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem. The objectives of this work were fully achieved by bringing contributions such as: a systematic literature review on multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem; A decision framework to support the make or buy decision; The application of methods that were not found in the systematic literature review for the problem of make or buy problem; Application of methods that support the group decision problem and; The comparison between two techniques for categorization purposes and two for ordering purposes.

A escolha por fazer ou por comprar é um problema clássico enfrentado pelas empresas. Essa decisão diz respeito à opção de fazer internamente, optar por uma gestão hibrida (interna e externa ao mesmo tempo) ou terceirizar uma atividade. Por envolver diversos critérios, muitos responsáveis por ela utilizam métodos de decisão multicritério para que se obtenha melhores resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver uma estrutura para a tomada de decisão de fazer ou comprar e utilizar métodos de decisão multicritério para conferir maior confiabilidade à essa decisão. Para isso, os objetivos específicos são: (1) realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema (decisão de fazer ou comprar auxiliada por métodos de decisão multicritério), (2) propor um processo estruturado de decisão para o problema de fazer ou comprar, (3) propor métodos adequados aos propósitos de categorização ou ordenação nas diferentes etapas do processo, incluindo métodos que contemplem a possibilidade de decisão em grupo e (4) realizar um estudo comparativo de métodos de decisão multicritério para a decisão sobre Fazer ou Comprar. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram plenamente alcançados trazendo contribuições como: uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre métodos de decisão multicritério para o problema de fazer ou comprar; uma estrutura de decisão para dar suporte à decisão de fazer ou comprar; a aplicação de métodos ainda não utilizados para o problema de fazer ou comprar; aplicação de métodos que suportem a problemática da decisão em grupo e; a comparação entre dois métodos para o propósito de categorização e duas para o propósito de ordenação. / The make or buy decision is a classical decision problem in operations management and it is difficult to make because of its very nature (multiple criteria). To better contend with these challenges, many decision makers choose Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to support their decisions. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology to support the make or buy decision and the use of the multi-criteria decision methods in this context. The specific objectives are: (1) to conduct a literature research about multi-criteria decision making techniques to support the make or buy decision; (2) to propose a structured decision framework to the make or buy problem; (3) to propose appropriate methods for categorization or ordering at different stages of the process, including methods that support group decisions and; (4) to perform a comparative study of multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem. The objectives of this work were fully achieved by bringing contributions such as: a systematic literature review on multi-criteria decision-making methods for the make or buy problem; A decision framework to support the make or buy decision; The application of methods that were not found in the systematic literature review for the problem of make or buy problem; Application of methods that support the group decision problem and; The comparison between two techniques for categorization purposes and two for ordering purposes.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / This thesis investigates the modelling and animation of virtual humans for real-time sign language visualisation. Sign languages are fully developed natural languages used by Deaf communities all over the world. These languages are communicated in a visual-gestural modality by the use of manual and non-manual gestures and are completely di erent from spoken languages. Manual gestures include the use of hand shapes, hand movements, hand locations and orientations of the palm in space. Non-manual gestures include the use of facial expressions, eye-gazes, head and upper body movements. Both manual and nonmanual gestures must be performed for sign languages to be correctly understood and interpreted. To e ectively visualise sign languages, a virtual human system must have models of adequate quality and be able to perform both manual and non-manual gesture animations in real-time. Our goal was to develop a methodology and establish an open framework by using various standards and open technologies to model and animate virtual humans of adequate quality to e ectively visualise sign languages. This open framework is to be used in a Machine Translation system that translates from a verbal language such as English to any sign language. Standards and technologies we employed include H-Anim, MakeHuman, Blender, Python and SignWriting. We found it necessary to adapt and extend H-Anim to e ectively visualise sign languages. The adaptations and extensions we made to H-Anim include imposing joint rotational limits, developing exible hands and the addition of facial bones based on the MPEG-4 Facial De nition Parameters facial feature points for facial animation. By using these standards and technologies, we found that we could circumvent a few di cult problems, such as: modelling high quality virtual humans; adapting and extending H-Anim; creating a sign language animation action vocabulary; blending between animations in an action vocabulary; sharing animation action data between our virtual humans; and e ectively visualising South African Sign Language. / South Africa

在全球化的潮流下，企業面臨全球經濟情勢的快速變化，及需要快速回應客戶需求的兢爭環境，企業想在所處的產業中勝出，就必須建立自己相對於其他競爭者的優勢，首先執行的因應之道便是尋找種種可能降低成本的方法，故此，要在這微利時代求生存，建立與管理供應商是當今企業面臨的重要課題。 本論文以零組件為主體，研究影響零組件自製與外購有那些因素，研究內容是以電子零組件公司為個案，採用訪談的方式，研究電子零組件公司在面對不同特性的零組件如何制定供應商管理策略之實務經驗，以提供其他業者之參考。並希望藉由本研究個案公司因應不同零組件特性，所採取供應商管理模式是：自製或是外購、是入主投資或是不涉入、或是緊密結合或是鬆散維持等策略，有助於了零組件產業在供應商的建立與管理供應商之實況、困難、因應之道，且從中獲得更多的啟示與重點。 本研究以訪談方式及蒐集其他相關文獻和資料進行探討，並將所獲得之內容進行分析。研究之架構則從零組件特性與環境、公司之競爭優劣勢與資源、及供應商特質這三部分進行探討，透過這三部分的分析結果，零組件的自製或外購的策略深受上述所影響。 藉由本個案研究之結果，提供下列數點評估步驟建議，以供電子零組件公司對於零組件自製與外購策略制定之參考： 1. 先挑選最重要的數個零組件分析。2. 資料收集與分析。3. 公司資源的了解。4. 公司競爭優劣勢。5. 供應商的特質。6. 資料的分析與歸納7. 決策的制定。 公司決策者可以透過以上步驟彙總整理，做出最適合公司利益的供應商管理策略。當管理策略訂定後，公司還是必須時時注意所處產業、零組件特性、公司資源及供應商特質是否有變化，管理策略須因其變化而調整。 關鍵字：零組件特性，公司資源，供應商特質，自製，外購。 / Under globalization, enterprises are facing rapid changes in global economic situation and they need to quickly respond to customer needs and contestants environment, companies want to win, must create their own advantages compared to other competitors in the industry in which, first is to find every possible ways to reduce costs, Therefore, in this era of lower profit to survive, the establishment and management of suppliers is an important issue for enterprises. In this thesis, as the components to study what were those factors impact of component made or buy, research is the way of electronic components for the case, the use of interviews, research electronic components in the face of the different characteristics components of practical experience of how to develop a supplier management strategy to provide a reference for other players. Taken by the case study company in response to the characteristics of different components, supplier management model: made or buy, entered the investment or not involved in or closely integrated or loose to maintain strategy, contribute to the components industry in the establishment and management of suppliers of the suppliers live, difficulties, should the road, and gain more insight and key points. In this study, interviews and collect other relevant documents and information to explore, and content analysis. The structure of the study from the component characteristics and the environment, the Company's competitive advantages and disadvantages, resources and supplier characteristics of these three parts to explore, through the analysis, the components of made or buy strategies deeply the impact. In case study, the following evaluation steps recommended for the electronic components company of made and buy strategy to reference: 1.Selection of the most important of several components analysis. 2.Data collection and analysis. 3.Understanding of the company's resources. 4.The company's competitive strengths and weaknesses. 5.The characteristics of suppliers. 6.Data analysis and induction. 7.Decision making. Decision-makers can be collected, prepared through the above steps to make the most suitable for the interests of the company's supplier management strategy. Management policies are established, the company still must always pay attention to which the industry component characteristics, resources and supplier characteristics change management strategy should change adjustment. Keywords: component characteristics, company resources, the characteristics of suppliers, make-or-buy.

<p>Stora Enso Hylte Bruk är ett tidningspappersbruk beläget i Hyltebruk.</p><p>De fyra pappersmaskinerna startades 1972(PM1), 1974(PM2), 1976(PM3) och</p><p>1989(PM4).</p><p>Produktionen 2005 från dessa pappersmaskiner var 800 000 ton papper.</p><p>För att tillverka papper åtgår stora mängder energi i form av värme och el, Hylte</p><p>Bruk gjorde 2005 av med 1 % av Sveriges totala elenergibehov.</p><p>Den 1/7 2004 höjdes processrelaterad elskatt från 0 till 0,5 öre/kWh vilket ledde</p><p>fram till den lag som trädde i kraft den 1/1 2005, ”lag om program för</p><p>energieffektivisering” (PFE)1.</p><p>Ändamålet är att främja en effektiv energianvändning och ger energiintensiv</p><p>industri möjlighet att delta i ett 5-årigt program för energieffektivisering. De</p><p>företag som är kvalificerade att ingå i programmet och klarar av de krav som ställs</p><p>befrias från elskatten.</p><p>Som en del av det här programmet ingår att utarbeta en lista med</p><p>elenergieffektiviseringar som ska överlämnas till Statens Energimyndighet.</p><p>Detta examensarbete kan efter beslut av ansvariga på Hylte Bruk ingå som en del</p><p>av denna lista.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten hos tolv pumpar på</p><p>PM2 genom mätning av effekt, flöde och tryck. En del av dessa har varit i drift i</p><p>upp till 32 år, under denna tid har slitage skett, vissa pumpar har gått mot delvis</p><p>stängda ventiler samt förutsättningarna i form av produktion har ändrats sedan de</p><p>dimensionerades.</p><p>För alla de berörda pumparna kan en effektivisering göras, den kan bestå av: lägre</p><p>tryckhöjd, mindre flöde, pump med bättre verkningsgrad, eller en kombination av</p><p>ovanstående exempel.</p><p>De förslag som har en återbetalningstid kortare än tre år ger tillsammans en</p><p>energibesparing på 1 375 000 kWh/år, vilket motsvarar mer än ¼ av vad</p><p>pumparna förbrukar idag.</p><p>Om istället alla de förslagen som är framarbetade och genomförbara skulle</p><p>realiseras kan energibesparingen ökas ytterligare till 2 302 000 kWh/år, detta</p><p>skulle dock innebära en större investeringskostnad vilket resulterar i en längre</p><p>återbetalningstid.</p>

<p>Om närstående ska orka leva tillsammans med en yngre demenssjuk partner behöver de erbjudas stöd som är utformat utifrån deras situation och behov. Syftet var att i samarbete med närstående till personer vars demenssjukdom debuterat före 65 års ålder planera ett närståendestöd. Metoden som användes var Participatory Action Research (PAR), en interaktiv forskningsmetod som innefattar reflektion, analys och handling. Fokusgruppssamtal genomfördes med två fokusgrupper vid vardera tre tillfällen. Samtliga deltagare var make eller maka som levde tillsammans med en yngre demenssjuk partner. Studien visade att närstående genomgår en process som har stora likheter med och följer den transitionsprocess som personen med demenssjukdom går igenom. Initialt upplevde närstående oro, ovisshet,ensamhet och osäkerhet och man upplevde brist på stöd. För att lindra dessa upplevelser krävs indirekt stöd riktat mot den sjuke och direkt stöd riktat mot den närstående. Tidigt i sjukdomsförloppet behövs individuellt anpassat stöd som bör förändras i takt med att sjukdomsprocessen fortskrider. Att ha tillgång till en person som kan fungera som lots mellan de olika övergångar närstående går igenom var betydelsefullt.</p> / <p>Living together with a younger spouse who is suffering from dementia requires that relatives are offered support. The aim of this Participatory Action Research (PAR) project was to, in collaboration with relatives, plan support for relatives to persons with dementia below 65 years of age. PAR is an interactive research method based on reflection, analysis and action. Two groups of relatives participated in focus groups at three occasions and data were content analysed. Relatives were wives or husbands to a younger person with dementia. Findings showed that relatives pass through a similar transition process as the person. It is important to offer individualized support initially, support that needs to be changed as the disease proceeds. Furthermore, the study showed that if relatives shall manage their own anxiety, uncertainty, and feelings of loneliness, emotional support is necessary. However, it is impossible to just offer direct support to the relatives without considering the sick persons’ needs. Finally, a personal guide that could follow the couple trough the entire process would be of importance.</p>

This Master’s thesis has been carried out within the subject area of Production Development and Management and aims to reduce internal lead times in make-to-order (MTO) and job-shop production environments with the use of identified theoretical methods. The reason this particular production environment was chosen was the flexibility and satisfaction it provides its customers. Today, customers expect customised products, a situation which causes problems for manufacturers as they are unable to produce such products in large amounts. In order to investigate problems with these kinds of environments and the causes for long lead times, we have conducted a literature study where we identified the problems these particular kinds of production environments experience regarding production planning and control which are related to the immense amount of time consumed by changeovers because of high demand variance and high requirements for customisation. To affirm the theoretical findings, we opted to undertake a case study and chose Talent Plastics Gislaved AB as our case, because this company utilises an MTO and job-shop production environment for its production of highly customised products with high demand variance. In the analysis of our case, we found that the wastes in the organisation were similar to those identified in the theoretical findings. The current planning system and the current state of the manufacturing lead time system were evaluated and a theoretical framework using a combination of lean production, work load control and constant work-in-process theories was suggested. We claim that concentrating on the reduction of setup times can lead the job-shop towards drastically decreased lead times and a much more effective use of time throughout the organisation. Because the organisation will continue to face problems due to the ever-increasing demand variance and requirements for customisation, there are plenty of opportunities for further research in these kinds of production environments. Emerging theories, such as quick response manufacturing, may also be tested to construct an efficient framework.

The paper aims to examine how the wives of men with dementia experience their lives and how they perceive support from the society. The paper also aims to highlight the family care consultants´ work and views on support for families of people with dementia. Three spouses of people with dementia and three family care consultants were interviewed and the results were analyzed using Antonovsky's (1991) three theoretical concepts; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness that comes from his theory Sense of coherence. The results show that the three wives whose men suffered from dementia spend most of their time, effort and energy on their husbands. They do not have time to think about their own needs and what support they feel they could use for themselves. They do not think about themselves as caregivers, they are spouses. Family care consultants are well aware of the importance of meeting and see the relatives in their lives, and denounces the importance of a support designed individually. Family care consultants understand that the most important and the best support society can provide a family care giver is that their close ones are well taken care of and given good care.

No description available.