A presente tese tem o intuito de apresentar o ciclo de confrontos em junho de 2013 sob uma ótica específica: a espacialidade dos protestos. Os objetivos são, portanto, dar conta de uma importante carência na teoria dos movimentos sociais que só lateralmente tem tratado a questão do espaço e sua influência no volume e caracterização dos eventos de protesto. Outro objetivo é mais restrito e limitado. Os confrontos em junho de 2013 tomaram de assalto as ruas das cidades brasileiras e invadiram todos os espaços físicos possíveis no intuito de celebrar a revolta do poder popular contra tudo isso que estava aí. Parte das análises adotou o espaço como fator decisivo na formação de eixos de motivação para os manifestantes. O direito à cidade apareceu como ponto motivador para os atores coletivos presentes no ciclo de junho. A tese não rejeita essa hipótese, mas acredita que ela deva ser qualificada. Isso porque o espaço físico é formado segundo os mais variados padrões urbanos no Brasil. Existem diversos brasis urbanos. E, dentro dessa diversidade, é fundamental olhar para o trivial da cena do protesto. Isto é, todo protesto é realizado em um lugar. Lugar, com traços e características específicas. No espaço físico onde se encontram manifestantes vestidos com os mais diversos matizes verde-amarelos, vermelhos e o punk anarquista também interagem cidadãos comuns, jornalistas, policiais e autoridades políticas. Isto é, se a espacialidade do protesto importa para além da formação das carências urbanas, de que modo esses espaços influenciam os ativistas nas tomadas de decisão? Quais mecanismos favorecem ou impedem a mobilização em determinados espaços físicos dentro das cidades? A hipótese da tese é de que é possível identificar cenários políticos definidos por práticas socioespaciais que conectam os atores políticos. Fez-se uso tanto de material da imprensa da época, dando um tratamento qualitativo, como também de abordagens metodológicas quantitativas, a fim de traçar o processo de difusão do ciclo de confrontos e sua relação com os espaços, a Análise de Eventos de Protesto (AEP) foi mobilizada. Entre os achados está a identificação de dois cenários definidos de protesto. Até 2013, a cidade de São Paulo era marcada pela existência de dois tipos de cenários de mobilização e protesto: cenários de negociação (com a presença de sindicatos, socialistas outros atores na região central) e cenários de confronto e pressão (tanto autonomistas quanto socialistas fazendo uso do vetor sudoeste da cidade). Esses cenários foram fundamentais na criação de laços e alianças e, portanto, fundamentais para a evolução do ciclo de junho de 2013. Ao contrário de determinadas narrativas, os espaços ativados em junho não podem ser caracterizados como novos. Os protestos recuperaram as ocupações em cenários estabelecidos de protesto. / The present thesis aims to present the cycle of confrontations in June 2013 under a specific perspective: the spatiality of the protests. The objectives are therefore to account for an important lack in the theory of social movements that only laterally has dealt with the issue of space and its influence on the volume and characterization of protest events. Another goal is more restricted and limited. The clashes in June 2013 took over Brazilian cities and invaded all possible physical spaces in order to celebrate the revolt of popular power against all that was there. Part of the analysis adopted space as a decisive factor in the formation of motivation axes for demonstrators. The right to the city appeared as a motivating point for the collective actors present in the June cycle. The thesis does not reject this hypothesis but believes that it should be qualified. This is because; the physical space is varied according to the most varied urban patterns in Brazil. There are several urban Brasils. And within this diversity, it is fundamental to look at the trivial of the protest scene. That is, every protest is held in one place. Place, with specific features and characteristics. The physical space in which demonstrators dressed in the most varied shades - yellow-green, red and anarchist punk - are also interacting with ordinary citizens, journalists, adherents, police officers and political authorities. That is, if the spatiality of protest matters in addition to the formation of urban needs, how do these spaces influence activists in their decision-making? What mechanisms favor or prevent mobilization in certain physical spaces within cities? The hypothesis of the thesis is possible to identify political scenarios defined by socio-spatial practices that connect political actors. The thesis made use of both press material of the time, giving a qualitative treatment, as well as using quantitative methodological approaches. In order to trace the process of diffusion of the confrontation cycle and its relation to space, Protest Event Analysis (AEP) was mobilized. Among the findings is the identification of two defined protest scenarios. Until 2013, the city of São Paulo was marked by the existence of two types of mobilization and protest scenarios: negotiation scenarios (with the presence of unions, socialists and other actors in the central region) and scenarios of confrontation and pressure (both autonomist and socialist making use of the southwestern vector of the city). These scenarios were fundamental in the creation of bonds and alliances and therefore fundamental to the evolution of the cycle of June 2013. Unlike certain narratives, the spaces activated in June cannot be characterized as new. The protests recovered occupations in established protest scenarios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Rafael Vieira Caxile.pdf: 3498718 bytes, checksum: b95cd7d6ee1050c932e063ac12806102 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Through certain typology sources analysis such as journals, Historical Institute magazines, official documents, epoch chronicles and interviews, we had as main objective to scrutinize some cultural events in this study, namely, carnivals, congos and maracatus. We understand them as salutary sociability moments of the lower classes. Accordingly, we seek to identify these events as an integration possibility, circularity and a contestation of a particular society segment. We also pursue to understand the authorities posture in disciplining the urban space with measures and techniques to adjust the common people in a social way, mostly African descendants, through body control, gestures and behaviors. Specifically, we look for understanding the maracatu practice in Fortaleza as a reference for the construction of identities belonging narratives in what is to be considered African / Através da análise de determinadas tipologias de fontes como: periódicos, revistas do Instituto Histórico, documentos oficiais, crônica de época e entrevistas, tivemos como objetivo principal nessa pesquisa perscrutar algumas manifestações culturais dentre elas, carnavais, congos e maracatus, as entendendo como momentos salutares de sociabilidade das classes menos favorecidas. Nesse sentido buscamos: a) identificar essas manifestações como possibilidade de inserção, circularidade e contestação de determinado segmento da sociedade; b) perceber a postura das autoridades em disciplinar o espaço urbano com medidas e técnicas para reajustar socialmente as camadas populares, principalmente os afro-descendentes, por meio do controle voltado para os corpos, gestos e comportamentos; c) especificamente, entender a prática do maracatu na cidade de Fortaleza, enquanto referencial para a construção de narrativas de pertencimento identitários naquilo que se considera afro

Thesis (M.Sc. (Optometry)) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010 / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are major public health concerns worldwide and present socioeconomic burden to many governments. To combat this scourge, a deep knowledge about this pandemic is required as one of the preventive methods. Also, the knowledge can serve as a tool to help those who are infected. HIV/AIDS is common among adolescents; therefore, one of the aims of this study is to establish the knowledge of basics of HIV/AIDS among high school learners in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.HIV/AIDS also affects the eye; identification of the ocular problem can sometimes help with the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS the condition. Therefore may have both sight and life-saving implications. The school curriculum and HIV/ AIDS awareness campaigns in South Africa do not include basic knowledge of the effects of HIV/AIDS on the eye; therefore an additional aim of this study was to establish the basic knowledge of the effects of HIV/AIDS on the eye among the participants, so that an informed recommendation can be made for the inclusion of the eye component in the awareness campaign and school curriculum. Methodology Following relevant research and ethics approval of the proposal, relevant permissions were obtained before the study commenced. A quantitative survey design was used for the study. Stratified random sampling method was used to select high schools and students that took part in the research. The participants were learners from 18 selected high schools in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo Province. A questionnaire containing demographic data, information on general and ocular effects of HIV/AIDS was used to collect information from the learners, following a pilot study involving 20 high school learners. Data was analyzed with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program version 16. Descriptive statistics (range, mean, standard deviations and frequencies) was used to describe the findings, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model was used to model the scores on each of the dependent variables i.e. general knowledge of HIV/AIDS and basic knowledge of the effects of HIV/AIDS on the eye. Results The participants were 2659 black South African learners in grades 10 to 12 in the high schools. Eighty eight percent were from rural high schools and (12%) were from a semi-urban high school. Their ages ranged from 14 to 28 years with a mean age of 17.82 and SD of ±1.766 years. The participants included (46.4%) males,(53.1%) females, and (0.5%) learners did not indicate their gender.The meaning of the acronym HIV was known by 63.6% of the participants, and these included 65.8% of the females and 61.5% of males. A lesser proportion (61.5%) knew what the acronym AIDS stands for. They included 70.9% of the females and 60.8% of the males. Knowledge about the different modes of HIV transmission varied from 87.0% (transmission through unprotected sex) to 62.5% (transmission from mother-to–child during pregnancy). Regarding the misconception on the modes of HIV/AIDS transmission, a majority (81.5%) of the learners knew that HIV/AIDS could not be transmitted from one person to another through hugging a person infected with HIV; this percentage includes 82.6% of the females and 80.3% of the males.Only two respondents (0.1%) out of the total population knew the meaning of window period in HIV and they were both females. Only about a third (33.2%) knew the difference between HIV positive and negative results. Majority (85.9%) knew that it is important for one to know his or her HIV status. However, only 5.6% knew the reason why people should know their HIV status. Many (60.1%) knew that the manifestation of HIV symptoms can take many years to develop on an HIV infected person, and 54.9% knew that immune system suppression is the first effect of HIV on the body. Knowledge of the effects of HIV on the body during the seroconversion phase (acute phase), varies from 29.9% (HIV can cause continuous nausea) to 73.0% (HIV can cause tiredness). On the facilities that can be used to test for HIV status, knowledge of the participants varied from 93.4% (knew that HIV test can be done at a hospital) to 34.2% (HIV test can be done at the offices of family general medical practitioner). Only a few (27.8%) knew that HIV/ AIDS can affect the eye. Many (65.5%) of the participants knew that an ophthalmologist or an optometrist should be consulted for ocular problems that are related to HIV/AIDS. Knowledge on the effects of HIV on the eye ranges from 20.6% (HIV can cause an itching and burning sensation in the eye) to 58.6% (HIV can cause severe headaches). Forty six percent knew that HIV can cause blindness. Less than half of the participants (46.9%) knew that exchanging contact lenses with the infected person could not transmit HIV from an HIV positive person. Generally the performance was poor on the ocular manifestation of HIV/AIDS. Young learners were more knowledgeable than the older ones, for both general knowledge of HIV/AIDS and knowledge of the effect of HIV/AIDS on the eye (p < 0.05). Gender of the participants was not statistically significant for both components of the survey (p > 0.05). The pattern of performance among the grades across the schools was not consistent for both components of the survey. Also ages of the learners and their grades did not correspond in terms of performance in this study. Conclusion and recommendations General knowledge of HIV/AIDS was fairly good, but the basic knowledge of the effects of HIV/AIDS on the eye was poor. Therefore, to improve the knowledge about HIV/AIDS of the target population people, there is a need for more awareness campaigns in the rural areas of South Africa. Also, it is recommended that basic knowledge of the effects of HIV/AIDS on the eye should be included in the awareness campaigns (e.g. TV, newspapers, radio, magazines, fliers and HIV/AIDS workshops) and should also be integrated into HIV education syllabus as early as primary level. Educators teaching life orientation and life skills should have regular continuing educational programmes to increase their knowledge on the subject of HIV/AIDS and its effects on organs of the body such as the eye. / University of Limpopo

<p>Within the context of South Africa&lsquo / s diverging religious, cultural and social backgrounds, new questions on the nature of a multicultural society are raised from the perspective of human rights.&nbsp / The universality and indivisibility of human rights are challenged by this diversity and consequently implies that standards, concepts and structures for implementation have to be reconsidered.&nbsp / International and national standards are being (re)interpreted and attention is not only focused on the contents of the norms but on the limitations imposed thereupon. The debate on whether limits should be set in permitting or accommodating cultural or religious pluralism is becoming extremely relevant. The manner in which these questions are responded to&nbsp / is even more prominent in the light of our history of apartheid which has disregarded respect for religious and cultural diversity. In the scope of this research emphasis will be placed on the&nbsp / right to freedom of religion and in particular the limitation of the right to religion in an attempt to balance conflicting rights and accommodates religious diversity. The right to freedom of religion&nbsp / albeit constitutionally entrenched is subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations. However, no clear guidelines have been formulated on the criteria for limiting the right to freedom of&nbsp / religion. The main aim of this research is to find guiding criteria to facilitate the imposition of limitations on the right to freedom of religion. The limitations of the right to freedom of religion are&nbsp / interrelated with the following research questions: Firstly, the definition afforded to the right to freedom of religion in accordance with national and international standards / secondly, the relationship between culture and religion and any interconnection that exists between these rights. This is followed by the influence of the particular value framework or normative commitments&nbsp / f the judiciary on the interpretation of the right to religion, as well as the relationship between the state and religion. The above issues will be researched both on a national and&nbsp / an international level. The aim is to conduct research that will build on an appreciation of the guidelines that should be employed in ensuring the protection of the right to freedom of religion. To this end comparisons will be drawn with other legal&nbsp / systems, which on the one hand acknowledge the protection of the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand have to find ways in which the right can be balanced in the event of conflict. It is envisaged that the research of the criteria imposed on the limitation of the right to religion both on a national and an international level will assist in suggesting criteria that will influence&nbsp / scholarly debate on the topic. In addition that this debate will allow for the formulation of a transformative approach within the South African context that sanctions the celebration of diversity in all&nbsp / its aspects and in particular the right to freedom of religion.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

<p>Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one&rsquo / s home, one&rsquo / s community and rebuilding one&rsquo / s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called &ldquo / Die Vlakte&rdquo / during that time. Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently&nbsp / manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr. Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event / and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim&rsquo / s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to&nbsp / family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim&rsquo / s home (van der Merwe &amp / Vienings, 2001). So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line.</p>

Ce mémoire porte sur le « mouvement populaire haïtien » des années 1980-1990 qui force la démission du dictateur Jean-Claude Duvalier le 7 février 1986 et déclenche une transition démocratique qui prend fin avec les élections du 16 décembre 1990 par lesquelles Jean-Bertrand Aristide accède au pouvoir. Nous voulons comprendre les pratiques et les perspectives analytiques de ce « mouvement populaire ». Il met en scène des exclus posant des actions radicales et non-conventionnelles telles que les émeutes de la faim, les veillées de prière, les funérailles symboliques du régime, les foules gigantesques dans les rues, les notes de presse ou not pou laprès, les barricades et les slogans hostiles au régime. Ce sont des actions spontanées, non-violentes et sans organisation, par lesquelles les exclus défient la possible intervention brutale de l'armée et des forces paramilitaires en vue de réclamer l'accès au système politique et de dénoncer la monopolisation de la richesse nationale par une petite minorité qui se fait passer pour héritière naturelle. L'étude de cette période historique et mouvante s'appuie sur une synthèse de la littérature des principaux auteurs haïtiens et étrangers qui ont déjà analysé ce « mouvement populaire ». Nous présentons le contexte sociohistorique de 1804 à nos jours dans lequel nous tirons des catégories permettant de décrire les contradictions sociales et le fonctionnement de l'État et la dictature duvaliériste en particulier. Ensuite, nous présentons l'ensemble des événements que les différents auteurs qualifient de « mouvement populaire haïtien » des années 1980-1990. Nous étudions le thème de « mouvement populaire haïtien » des années 1980-1990 à l'intérieur d'un cadre d'analyse qui le saisit d'une part, comme un cycle d'actions collectives (Tarrow, 1989) et d'autre part, comme une action collective typique des sociétés dictatoriales (Wieviorka, 1995). Enfin, nous nous situons dans une perspective sociohistorique et notre analyse s'appuie sur une démarche méthodologique et des techniques de la revue de la littérature et d'analyse de contenu. L'analyse du corpus nous a permis de vérifier que le « mouvement populaire haïtien » des années 1980-1990 est un cycle d'actions collectives rendu possible par une combinaison de trois facteurs structurels, précipitants et idéologiques. Grâce à la conscience collective acquise dans les niveaux social, politique et culturel et moral, les acteurs formulent des revendications s'opposant à la dictature et à l'exclusion sociale. Quand la hiérarchie de l'Église catholique vers les années 1980, dans sa lutte en faveur du respect des droits de la personne se positionne contre la dictature, elle devient une alliée incontournable des exclus qui profitent de cette opportunité politique pour passer à l'action. Elle participe, à travers les comités ecclésiaux de base (théologie de la libération), à la sensibilisation et à l'émergence d'un nouveau cadre de pensée. Avec l'appui de la presse indépendante, un cycle de protestations et d'actions collectives s'ouvre entre 1980 et 1990. L'assassinat des trois jeunes lycéens aux Gonaïves, en 1985, radicalise et élargit l'agitation au niveau national avec l'entrée en scène de nouveaux acteurs. L'entrée des exclus en scène donne lieu à la formulation d'un ensemble de revendications sociales (les émeutes de la faim), culturelle (la langue créole, le vaudou) et politique (l'accès au système politique). ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Haïti, Dictature, Mouvements populaires, Action collective Démocratie.

This study examined how the expulsion process works for seven male ninth grade students identified as emotionally disturbed and in particular, the perceptions students, their parents, five district representatives, and five high school administrators involved in an expulsion have of the process. Furthermore, the study investigated through in-depth interviews possible differences in perceptions between those students who are expelled, parents, and key education personnel involved in expulsion decisions. Computer-based qualitative data analysis software was used to organize and analyze the collected data. Results of the study indicate that the two primary key stakeholder participants; students and their parents, shared predominately similar perceptions of the expulsion process. These perceptions differed from the secondary key stakeholders, high school administrators and district representatives, whose perceptions were also predominately similar to each other. The students and parents' responses indicate that they did not understand the expulsion procedures and did not feel as though the expulsion decision was unanimous. District representatives and high school administrators' responses indicated that they felt trained and familiar with expulsion procedures; they understood the expulsion procedures and perceived that the placement options and decisions were made by a unanimous group decision.

Bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose daugėja vaikų ir paauglių elgesio nukrypimų apraiškų, todėl yra palankios sąlygos vykdyti mokinių elgesio stebėseną ir jos pagrindu modeliuoti prevencinę veiklą. Stebėsenos metu sukauptos medžiagos apie vaikų elgesio nukrypimus psichopedagoginė analizė leidžia įvertinti vaikų ir paauglių elgesio grupių mikrosocialinės bei makrosocialinės aplinkos įtaką jų elgesiui, atpažinti delinkventinio elgesio pasireiškimo formas, tirti pedagoginių prevencijos priemonių bei modelių efektyvumą siekiant sumažinti vaikų negatyvaus elgesio pasireiškimus socialinėje institucijoje. Tyrimo objektas - prevencinės veiklos ugdymo institucijoje modeliavimas, siekiant teigiamai paveikti vaikų elgesio nukrypimų prevenciją. Tyrimo tikslas - parengti vaikų elgesio nukrypimų prevencijos mokykloje veiklos modelį. Darbe keliama hipotezė, jog kryptingai modeliuojant vaikų elgesio nukrypimų prevenciją ugdymo institucijoje įmanoma pozityvi vaikų elgesio kaita. Tyrimas naudojant kompiuterinę stebėsenos programą STEBIS vykdytas Panevėžio rajono Smilgių vidurinėje mokykloje, stebėta 20 vaikų besimokančių 5 – 10 klasėse. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad septyni iš dvidešimties stebėtų mokinių elgesio normas pažeidė epizodiškai, o likusieji yra linkę sistemingai pažeidinėti nustatytas mokyklos ir viešosios tvarkos taisykles. Daugiausia vaikų stebėta dėl egresijos elgsenos atvejų (valkatavimo – 13, bėgimo iš pamokų – 12), cheminės priklausomybės (dažniausiai rūkymo – 11) ir kitų negatyvaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Due to an increase in children’s and teenagers’ negative behaviour manifestation in comprehensive schools, there are favourable conditions of carrying out children’s hehaviour observation and on the basis of it to model preventive activity. The data gathered under the observation of children behaviour deviance, using psychopedagogical analysis, enables to evaluate the impact of microsocial and macrosocial environment on the behaviour in groups of children and teenagers as well as to recognize delinquent behaviour manifestation forms. Besides, psycho- pedagogical analysis makes it also possible to examine the efficiency of pedagogical preventive measures and models in order to reduce manifestation of children’s negative behaviour in a social institution. The object of study is to model preventive activity in educational institutions seeking to affect positively children’s behavioural deviance prevention. The aim of the research is to prepare a preventive activity model concerning children’s behaviour deviance in a school environment. The study also poses a hypothesis stating that purposefully modelling prevention of children’s behaviour deviance in an educational institution makes it possible to result in positive change in terms of children’s behaviour. The research was conducted using a computer observation programme STEBIS in the secondary school of Smilgiai (a small town in Panevėžys region) There were twenty pupils observed. The research shows that seven of the... [to full text]

Šiame darbe analizuojama tema „Vaikų prievartos bei smurto paplitimo problemos Šiaulių mieste“. Aptartos sąvokos: „smurtas“, „prievarta“, „vaikas“, prievartos rūšys, smurto ir prievartos pasireiškimo būdai. Pagrindinis dėmesys buvo skiriamas tam, kad visai visuomenei būtų atskleistas vaikų naudojamo smurto ir prievartos problemos aktualumas. Teorinės literatūros, Šiaulių miesto policijoje turimų duomenų ir tyrimo analizė atskleidė, jog vaikai naudoja smurtą, emocinę, seksualinę ir egzistencinę prievartas. Dažniausiai šių neteisėtų veiksmų objektais tampa moksleiviai ir kiti asmenys, su kuriais vaikai praleidžia savo laisvalaikį. Vaikai smurtą ir prievartą naudoja savo gyvenamojoje, mokyklos aplinkose, kieme ar gatvėje. Minėtų duomenų analizė parodė, jog vaikai smurtauja ar (ir) naudoja prievartą dėl socialinių ar psichologinių priežasčių. Jų tokius veiksmus įtakoja priklausymas neformalioms jaunimo grupuotėms, skatinančioms smurto ir prievartos naudojimą, girdėta muzika, matyti kino filmai, plakatai, perskaitytos knygos ir kiti šaltiniai, kuriuose demonstruojamos smurto ir prievartos scenos, alkoholio, narkotinių, psichotropinių ir kitų svaiginančiųjų medžiagų poveikis, galima teigti – tokius veiksmus išprovokuojantis aukos elgesys bei visų mūsų, t.y. visuomenės, rodomi elgesio pavyzdžiai. Autorius įsitikinęs, jog vaiko elgesį labiausiai lemia artimiausia socialinė aplinka: šeima, mokykla, formali ir neformali aplinkos, todėl jų analizei darbe buvo skirtas didžiausias dėmesys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work deals with the topic “Problems of the spread of children‘s violence and coercion in Šiauliai city“. It discusses the terms “violence“, “coercion“ and “child”, as well as types of coercion and ways of their manifestation. Emphasis is laid on revealing the problem of children‘s violence and coercion as a matter of great relevance to our society. The analysis of the literature on the topic and the data of the police of Šiauliai city, as well as the research performed have revealed that children use violence, emotional, sexual and existential coercion. The objects of these illegal actions are usually schoolchildren or other people, with whom children spend their leisure time. Children use violence and coercion in their living or school surroundings, in the yard or in the street. The analysis of the mentioned data has demonstrated that children‘s violence or (and) coercion is caused by social or psychological reasons. Such actions are conditioned by belonging to informal youth groups, which induce the use of violence and coercion, the music children have listened to, the movies they have watched, posters, books and other sources which demonstrate scenes of violence and coercion, the effect of alcohol, narcotics, psychotropic substances and other intoxicants, also, presumably, the provocative behaviour of the victim and the behaviour patterns of all of us, i.e. the society. It is our strong conviction that a child‘s behaviour is mostly determined by the nearest social... [to full text]

<p>Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one&rsquo / s home, one&rsquo / s community and rebuilding one&rsquo / s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called &ldquo / Die Vlakte&rdquo / during that time. Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently&nbsp / manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr. Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event / and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim&rsquo / s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to&nbsp / family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim&rsquo / s home (van der Merwe &amp / Vienings, 2001). So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line.</p>