No description available.

Den här avhandlingen tar till syfte att närmare förklara hur det i svensk 1700-talslitteratur vanligt förekommande satiriska porträtterandet av en landsman som har låtit sig påverkas av fransk kultur, i seder, språk och mode, på sådant sätt att han har blivit en ”sprätthök”, utgör en kritik av det franska kulturinflytandet. Avhandlingen visar också hur det kritiska förhållningssättet till det franska kulturinflytandet, som kanaliseras i beskrivningarna av sprätthöksfigurens förfranskade later, är inbegripet i diskurser om nationell tillhörighet, kultur, moral och språk. Det åberopade källmaterialet, till större delen från perioden 1720-1772, består av varjehanda moralsatirisk litteratur, varav sedekomedier och moraliska veckoskrifter utgör kärnan i analysen. Den analytiska delen av avhandlingen är indelad i tre större kapitel. Det första analsykapitlet tar itu med hur sprätthöksfiguren definieras i källmaterialet. Dessutom visar kapitlet hur resandet till Frankrike och i synnerhet till staden Paris, samtidigt som det ingår i tidens allmänt hållna kritik mot unga adelsmäns bildningsresande, utpekas som förklaringen till att svenskar omskapas till förfranskade sprätthökar. Det andra analyskapitlet visar hur sprätthökarna kan sägas förkroppsliga de stereotypiska föreställningarna om en moraliskt fördärvlig fransk nationalkaraktär och därigenom bidra till konstruktionen av motbilden till en svensk, dygdig och positiv nationalkaraktär. Det tredje analyskapitlet behandlar de språkideologiska motiv och den kritik mot en förfranskad umgängeskultur som kan utläsas i åsikterna om och beskrivningarna av sprätthökarnas språkbruk. / The subject of this dissertation concerns 18th century literary depictions of a certain satirical character, the fop, or in Swedish the “sprätthök”. The overall aim of this study is to investigate how the portrayals of the “sprätthök” are involved in the creation of a critical discourse on French cultural influence and how this, in turn, has a bearing on 18th century conceptions of national identity, morals, culture and language. The material referred to in this dissertation consists of Swedish 18th century literature during the period 1720-1772, mainly comedies of manners and moral weeklies. The analytical part of the dissertation is divided into three major chapters, each dealing with a certain theme. The first of these chapters addresses the question of how the “sprätthök” is defined in the source material and moreover how the criticism of educational travel abroad, to France and Paris, is part of the discussion of how young male Swedes are transformed into Frenchified fops. The second of these chapters deals with the concept of national character and how Swedish fops can be said to embody the negative image of the French national character. The third major analytical chapter concentrates on the language used by fops, and the underlying criticism based on language ideology which is thereby evoked.

This inter-disciplinary thesis addresses the long term continuity and change found in representations of Scottish royal authority through state ceremonial bridging the gap between medieval and early modern across four centuries. Royal ceremony in Scotland has received very haphazard research to date, with few attempts to draw comparisons that explore how these crucial moments for the representation of royal authority developed over the course of a number of centuries. Three key royal ceremonies – inaugurations/coronations, funerals and weddings (with consort coronations) – form the core of this study of the Scottish monarchy from c.1214 to c.1603, and were chosen due to their integral position in the reign of each monarch. The issues of succession and security of hereditary monarchy dictate that the ceremonies of death and accession are inescapably intertwined, and funerals and coronations have been studied in unison together for other European comparators. However, the frequency of minor accessions, early and violent deaths, absentee kingship and political upheaval in Scotland across the time period determined from an early stage that weddings – often the first occasion for Scottish monarchs to project their personal adult authority and the point at which Scotland had the widest European audience for their display – were essential to forming a rounded view of developments. By offering a detailed analysis of these ceremonial developments across time, this study will provide the framework from which further research into royal ceremony and its place as essential platform for the dissemination of royal power can be undertaken. The thesis focuses upon key questions to illuminate the developments of these ceremonies as both reflectors of a distinct Scottish royal identity and representative of their integration within a broader European language of ceremony. How did these ceremonies reflect the ideals of Scottish kingship? How were they shaped to function within the parameters of Scottish governance and traditions? How was the Scottish crown influenced by other monarchies and the papacy? How did it hope to be perceived by the wider European community and how was royal power exercised over its subjects in this transitional period of Scottish history? The focus upon Scotland’s visual forays on the international stage and varied relations with European actors has required a continual comparison with other European countries across this time period, with particular attention being paid to England, France, Ireland and the Low Countries. Within the context of a highly public and interactive era of display and posturing by great leaders across Europe, crucial points this thesis engages with include: what made the Scottish ceremonies unique? And how can this further our understanding of that which lay beneath such representations of royal authority?

- The Principle of Fair Business Transactions The submitted thesis called The Principle of Fair Business Transactions deals with assessment of impacts of private law's recodification on this principle and the issue of its application. The thesis consists of two main parts - theoretical and analytical. The theoretical part is divided into general and specific. The general theoretical part focuses on the specification of the business principle and its emplacement among other similar private law's principles such as principle of good faith and fair dealing and good manners. The aim of this part was to define divergences of each of the principles and the aftermaths of breaking these principles. It is impossible to go through the topic of the principle of fair business transactions globally, especially due to the extensiveness and variety of usage of the principle in business law relationships. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the principle of fair business transactions in the field of contractual penalty in the next theoretical part. In the analytical part, I endeavour to deal with the issue of the exercising of the right of a contractual penalty. In the first part, there is a short discourse on the contractual penalty itself, definition of an inadequate amount of the contractual penalty...

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier l'interaction existant entre connaissance de soi, des autres et du monde dans l'Histoire de ma vie de Casanova. Souvent considérée comme un immense « tableau de mœurs » de la société du dix-huitième siècle, on a pourtant peu évalué ses dimensions historiques, sociologiques et philosophiques. Or, elle constitue une étape intéressante dans l'histoire littéraire, tout en occupant une place à part : en effet, le Vénitien n'est ni un moraliste au sens classique du terme, ni un théoricien des mœurs comme Voltaire. Son œuvre parvient pourtant peut-être mieux que ces deux modèles à rendre compte de la complexité du réel, et ce grâce à une « science des mœurs » (telle qu'elle a par exemple été théorisée par Charles Duclos dans ses Considérations sur les mœurs de ce siècle) qu'il expérimente non seulement sur lui-même, mais aussi sur autrui. Casanova entretient néanmoins l'ambiguïté sur ses intentions : faut-il prendre au sérieux cet « instituteur de morale » qui prétend livrer à ses lecteurs un « miroir magique » pour qu'ils puissent s'y mirer et, éventuellement, se corriger ? Il convient d'examiner comment se crée cet ethos de l'instituteur dans les écrits philosophiques critiques de Casanova (l'Essai de critique sur les sciences, sur les mœurs et sur les arts, notamment) et dans quelle mesure cette construction de soi peut s'appliquer à l'Histoire de ma vie. Ceci nous amène à un troisième niveau d'analyse : celui qui met en jeu les interactions entre les fictions de soi (et, au premier chef, les modèles romanesques) auxquelles Casanova fait appel pour rendre compte de la réalité dans ses Mémoires et la théorisation qu'il fait de sa propre expérience. / This thesis surveys the connexion between three formes of knowledge: of self, of others and of the world in Casanova's Histoire de ma vie. Often regarded as a great “picture of manners” of 18th century society, its historical, sociological and philosophical dimensions have been slightly appraised, though. Nevertheless, his autobiographical work stands as an remarkable moment in the history of litterature, and in the same time merits a place of his own, for the Venitian is neither a moralist in the classical sense of the word, nor a theorist of manners such as Voltaire. However, he is maybe more gifted than these two models to give account of the complexity of real, thanks to a “science of manners” (as it had been theorized, for instance, by Charles Duclos in his Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle) that he implements not only in himself, but also in his fellow men. Nevertheless, Casanova remains unclear about his intentions: should we take seriously this “moral teacher” who wishes to offer his readers a “magical mirror” so they would gaze at -and eventually even correct- themselves? It is worth considering how this ethos of the teacher arises in the philosophical writings of Casanova (most of all, the Essai de critique sur les sciences, sur les moeurs et sur les arts) and in what degree this construction of self can be applied to Histoire de ma vie. This leads us to a third level of analysis: the connexion existing between the fictions of self used by Casanova (first of all, models out of novels) to give account of reality in his Mémoires and his theorisation of his own life.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Almeida de Andrade.pdf: 2104371 bytes, checksum: 41c65c2aae76e3d84ab21c9e2210ca71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The general objective of this thesis is to characterize the influence of the costing manners in the action of Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance, in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória and the specific objectives are: a) to approach elements that characterize the economic values used in the costing of the expenses of Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance; b) to know there are changes in Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance caused after agreements and "partnerships"; c) to verify those changes means to redirect in some way the action type developed by Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance; d) to identify effects of the amplification of the process of co-administration of public actions in Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance. I affirm as research hypothesis that the access to the costing influences in the conception, in the operation and in Services Social Attendance reach in Private Executioner. I opted for studying the institutions in that Region for existing in her a great concentration of population, as well as the largest social disparities of Espírito Santo State. In virtue of those aspects, it can be observed that is in that Region, where she meets great part of the Services Social Attendance implemented on the part of the civil society in the Espírito Santo . These Executioner is not created, nor administered for the State, but there is not any difficulty with relationship to the greeting of resources of him, of any company, of individuals or of another Executioner. In this study I used a qualitative methodology, without opening hand of elements of the quantitative research, because the relationship enters to them it is not of opposition, but complementarity and of articulation. I accomplished in the collect of data of this thesis: 1) a bibliographical research on the theme; 2) a documental research in cadasters, reports and public budgets; and 3) interviews, using questionnaire, with the entities receivers leaders and payers defined in the sample and with the responsible technicians for the agreements and for their partnerships. These interviews were recorded and later on transcribed. One of the characteristics of the rendered service is to be continuous; another is the transparency search and the respect in the use of the public resources. Starting from the partnership/coadministration it was possible to enlarge: the number of attentions of Executioner, the recruitings and the professionals' qualification. In function of the agreements the political positioning of Executioner, in the public sphere, was not altered or affected for they be receiving public resources. One of the discussions always exposed by the interviewees it went to relationship between the financing and the autonomy of the institutions, because the financing cannot be a "shirt of force" that plasters the work and/or the political positioning of the institutions. These have been receiving strong impact starting from the moment in that they began to participate in those partnership/co-administration politics, but great part of Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance sees in a positive way those changes and adaptations lived in the last years, because they got to increase and/or to qualify still more its actions. What doesn't want to move, starting from the partnership/co-administration, they are the values us which they believe. Any partnership type between State and Private Executioner of Services Social Attendance cannot release the first of its responsibilities in guaranteeing rights and social safety. The State needs to contribute so that the autonomy (beyond financial independence) and the critical attitude inherent of the own institutions they can be guaranteed / O objetivo geral desta tese é caracterizar a influência dos modos de custeio na ação dos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais, na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória e os objetivos específicos são: a) aproximar elementos que caracterizem os valores econômicos utilizados no custeio dos gastos dos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais; b) conhecer se há mudanças nos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais ocasionadas após acordos e parcerias ; c) constatar se essas mudanças significam redirecionar de alguma forma o tipo de ação desenvolvida pelos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais; d) identificar efeitos da ampliação do processo de co-gestão de ações públicas nos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais. Afirmo como hipótese de pesquisa que o acesso ao custeio influi na concepção, no funcionamento e no alcance dos Serviços Socioassistenciais nos Prestadores Privados. Optei por estudar as instituições nessa Região por existir nela uma grande concentração populacional, bem como as maiores disparidades sociais do Estado do Espírito Santo. Em virtude desses aspectos, pode-se observar que é nessa Região, onde se encontra grande parte dos Serviços Socioassistenciais implementados por parte da sociedade civil no Espírito Santo. Estes Prestadores não são criados, nem geridos pelo Estado, mas não há qualquer empecilho quanto ao recebimento de recursos dele, de qualquer empresa, de pessoas físicas ou de outros Prestadores. Neste estudo utilizei a abordagem qualitativa, sem abrir mão de elementos da pesquisa quantitativa, visto que a relação entre a elas não é de oposição, mas de complementaridade e de articulação. Realizei na coleta de dados desta tese: 1) uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema; 2) uma pesquisa documental em cadastros, relatórios e orçamentos públicos; e 3) entrevistas, utilizando questionário, com os dirigentes das entidades recebedoras e financiadoras definidas na amostra e com os técnicos responsáveis pelos convênios e pelas parcerias delas. Estas entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Uma das características do serviço prestado é ser contínuo; outra é a busca de transparência e o respeito na utilização dos recursos públicos. A partir da parceria/co-gestão foi possível ampliar: o número de atendimentos dos Prestadores, as contratações e a qualificação dos profissionais. Em função dos convênios firmados o posicionamento político dos Prestadores, na esfera pública, não foi alterado ou abalado por estarem recebendo recursos públicos. Uma das discussões sempre exposta pelos entrevistados foi a relação entre o financiamento e a autonomia das instituições, pois o financiamento não pode ser uma camisa de força que engesse o trabalho e/ou o posicionamento político das instituições. Estas têm recebido forte impacto a partir do momento em que começaram a participar dessas políticas de parceria/co-gestão, mas grande parte dos Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais vê de forma positiva essas mudanças e adaptações vividas nos últimos anos, pois conseguiram aumentar e/ou qualificar ainda mais suas ações. O que não estão dispostos a mudar, a partir da parceria/co-gestão, são os valores nos quais acreditam. Qualquer tipo de parceria entre Estado e Prestadores Privados de Serviços Socioassistenciais não pode desobrigar o primeiro de suas responsabilidades em garantir direitos e segurança social. O Estado precisa contribuir para que a autonomia (que não significa apenas independência financeira) e a atitude crítica inerentes às próprias instituições sejam garantidas

Bien qu’elle participe à une redéfinition de la pratique historiographique à l’Âge classique, l’œuvre historique de Voltaire a été peu étudiée. On s’est peu interrogé sur l’art de l’historien, et on a souvent résumé la conception de l’histoire et de la politique qui s’y exprime au rôle majeur joué par les « grands hommes ». Notre étude met à l’épreuve une telle conception et fait valoir la complexité de la lecture voltairienne de l’histoire, tant dans les ouvrages circonscrits à un règne que dans son histoire universelle, l’Essai sur les mœurs. Face aux apories des systèmes politiques élaborés par ses contemporains, et que Voltaire dénonce, l’écriture de l’histoire est le lieu privilégié où se déploie une conception réfléchie du pouvoir et des enjeux du politique. S’il est indéniable que Voltaire n’en propose pas de théorisation systématique, sa compréhension des ressorts du déroulement historique et l’interprétation qu’il en donne reposent sur un ensemble de principes relativement cohérents, tant du point de vue de l’appréciation des fondements du pouvoir – si importants au regard des enjeux de légitimation portés par l’écriture de l’histoire –, que de ses réalisations. L’œuvre historique ne s’intéresse ainsi pas seulement à l’action de quelques souverains ; elle prend aussi en compte l’action collective des peuples, et porte attention aux mutations des rapports de pouvoir qui infléchissent les politiques contemporaines. L’œuvre est alors en prise avec une actualité politique et polémique qui confère à l’écriture de l’histoire une tonalité spécifique, et qui conduit à s’interroger sur la délimitation même de ce qu’est le corpus voltairien des œuvres historiques. / Although the historical work of Voltaire takes part in a redefinition of Enlightenment historiography, the art of the historian or his conception of history have been little studied so far. His political view in his historical work has often been reduced to his praise of ‘great men’ and of their action in history. Our study puts this interpretation to the test and highlights the complexity of Voltaire’s reading of history, either in his works dealing with a single reign, or in his universal history, the Essay on the Manners. In order to face the shortcomings of the contemporary political systems, Voltaire uses history writing as a way to express considered conceptions of power and political issues. Voltaire does not expound a systematic theory of political facts; nonetheless, his understanding of historical progress relies on a coherent set of principles. Our study examines his appreciation of power and politics, of theirs foundations – where issues of legitimizing, so important in history writing, are at stake –, and of their achievements. The historical work does not exclusively focus on the action of a few monarchs; it takes also into account the collective action of peoples, and turns its attention to transformations which affect the balance of power and contemporary policies. Then, the work is in touch with current affairs and burning issues, which gives to history writing specific characteristics, and in particular a polemical tone. But it leads also to question the limits of his historical work as well as its definition.

Zugl.: Konstanz, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2005

Rural tourism is a long-established practice in the industrialised West, but it is a comparatively recent and on-going development in postsocialist contexts. This thesis examines the development of rural tourism in Romania and draws on fieldwork carried out in one of the oldest and most popular destinations of the country, as well as in a newer and less visited location. As homestays are central to rural tourism, my research has an extensive focus on what happens with guesthouses and their owners. Countryside tourism is a practice grounded in a discourse that praises images of unspoilt nature, close-knit communities, material and cultural heritage and natural healthy food. Discourses about rurality also suggest that for city dwellers, village stays in their own countries can provide a way of getting in touch with their national identity, building, at the same time a sense of belonging. In Romania, such discourses are promoted by NGOs, state institutions and tour operators that aim to develop rural tourism. In spite of their efforts, in the destinations that I studied, rural tourism has strayed away from the ideal model. Instead of bucolic cottages inspired by the vernacular architecture of the region, hosts welcome their guests into large, modern villas equipped with state-of-the art amenities. Tourists too show a strong concern with material aspects of their accommodation, they rarely venture in outdoor pursuits and have little interest in notions of ‘heritage’ or ‘traditions’. My findings show that the lived experiences of local entrepreneurs have shaped worldviews that in many respects are at odds with the ideal models and best tourism practices promoted by various institutions. I also show how hosts and guests share similar notions of achievement and success and how this has turned rural tourism into a house-centred event. In explaining why discourses have little grounding in reality, I pay close attention to the economics of tourism, trying to understand guesthouses as businesses interlinked both with the wider forces of the market and with the socio-economic history of rural Romania. I show how the development of pensiuni was influenced by specific material and social constraints, arguing that a long history of living under oppressive regimes actually endowed locals with qualities that made them ready to embark on entrepreneurial pursuits. I also examine how kinship can be both a catalyst for growth and a factor that contributes to the stagnation or decline of businesses. Most notably, however, it was the unstable and burdensome legislative environment that had perhaps the strongest impact over the evolution of guesthouses, determining over half of the owners to stay in the shadow economy. My findings raise questions about the effectiveness and utility of many of the norms currently imposed on tourist entrepreneurs and I conclude by discussing a few ways in which institutions could respond better to the needs of guesthouse owners.

The purpose with this essay was to examine how the European Union is working to transfer norms to states they signed an agreement with and provide support for in frame of the Barcelona process and the Tacis programme. The theory which we used was Ian Manners (PhD in Political Science) theory of "the EU as a unique normative power". The aim was to examine whether the EU - which Manners mean - has had a normative power to influence states to change. We used a qualitative approach through the use of a multiple case study and qualitative text and content analysis. The States which formed the basis of our study were within the Barcelona Process; Morocco and Tunisia as well as Azerbaijan and Armenia funded by the Tacis programme. To this end, we were to answer the following questions: Can we identify transfer of norms in the written bilateral agreements with these states, and are there any normative demands? Can we on the basis of our study answer whether the EU holds a normative power to influence these countries to change, in accordance with the normative theory? The agreements that we studied was the bilateral agreements that the EU signed with these States. In order to make Manners five norms (peace, freedom, democracy, rule of law and human rights), which he argues that EU is based on measurable; we used the Freedom House freedom index, and also by a historical study the development of the country. The results we found were the following; in all the studied bilateral agreements we found clear - but to varying degrees - the transfer of norms. Although it differs in degree of regulatory requirements and also in the formulation of how the country is committed to abide by and comply with the normative requirements differ according to the agreements, we can find the so-called "carrot and stick relationship" that Manners believes that the EU use in the transfer of norms. Three of the states that we investigated under the Freedom House freedom index did not developed in a democratic way did, and the positive steps taken cannot be directly traced back to the EU's efforts. It may also be due to other States or other forces influence. We can’t, through our study confirm that Manners is right in these states but we can’t either rule out the possibility that the EU through the written agreements has changed the norms of the state in question, although progress seems to go very slowly.