This study aims to examine the EU’s normative power through the Common Commercial Policy (CCP) before and after the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force. The study is a comparative study and was carried out through a document study of official documents and treaties. To pursue the aim the following questions were asked: What are the differences and similarities within the EU's common trade policy before and after the introduction of the Treaty of Lisbon and does the Treaty of Lisbon increased the normative ambition of the EU?   In this study Ian Manners theory Normative Power Europe has been categorized into direct normative actions and indirect normative actions. The empirical material is based on literature, primary document, Official Journal of the European Union and EU: s webpage.   The conclusions of this study show that the Treaty of Lisbon has changed the constitutional basis for the common commercial policy in several ways. The CCP has more room after the Treaty of Lisbon to develop and take on direct normative actions. The major difference is that the CCP now endorse all the Union’s objectives, principles and values which give the CCP more opportunities to set normative requirements and gain normative power.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-10Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000768117.pdf: 1284864 bytes, checksum: 808e8ff0d64ff956bfb9dc15cb9d12ef (MD5) / A pesquisa teve o propósito de investigar a caminhada como um elemento característico de um estilo de vida, direcionado para a qualidade de vida e o lazer. A partir de uma perspectiva histórica foi possível localizar a caminhada no âmbito social e, assim, determinar uma trajetória de seus usos e apropriações culturais no Brasil. Estabelecido o percurso desta prática e das atividades adjacentes, foi possível estabelecer relações entre a caminhada, os modos de vida e os estilos de vida que emergem desses contextos. Posteriormente à elaboração desse panorama histórico, buscamos, nos domínios eletrônicos, verificar a existência de grupos de caminhantes que atendessem ao perfil procurado, encontrando o grupo Peregrinosrp, de Ribeirão Preto/SP, que evidenciou elementos que consideramos adequados ao propósito da investigação, ou seja, a caminhada como forma de lazer, expressão de um estilo de vida e reverberando na qualidade de vida, porém, como algo compreendido além do contexto do exercício físico. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada durante um evento do grupo, uma caminhada entre os municípios de Analândia/SP e São Carlos/SP, em percurso rural de, aproximadamente, dezenove quilômetros, onde, ao final da atividade, foi feita a coleta dos dados a partir de uma amostra de quinze sujeitos, via questionário e, posteriormente, uma entrevista via e-mail com os idealizadores e organizadores da proposta. Os resultados obtidos das análises das informações, fundamentados nos conceitos e definições de lazer, qualidade de vida e estilo de vida, apontaram que a caminhada do Peregrinosrp manifesta característica que, a princípio, podemos interpretá-las como expressão de estilo de vida voltado para a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, sugerimos que outras investigações se sucedam, com tal proposta e em maior escala, pois a amostra considerada nos permitiu apenas interpretações parciais do fenômeno abordado, inviabilizando... / The research aimed to investigate the walk as a feature of a lifestyle, focused on quality of life and leisure. From a historical perspective be found walking in the social sphere and thus determine a trajectory of its uses and cultural appropriations in Brazil. Established the route of this practice and adjacent activities, it was possible to establish relationships between walking, livelihoods and lifestyles that emerge from these contexts. Subsequent to the preparation of this historical overview, we seek, in the electronic domain, check for groups of hikers who met the profile sought. Peregrinosrp found the group of Ribeirão Preto / SP, which revealed elements that we consider appropriate to the purpose of the investigation, ie, walking as leisure, expression of a lifestyle and reverberating quality of life, but as something understood beyond the context of the exercise. The field research was carried out for a group event, a hike between the towns of Analândia / SP and São Carlos / SP, rural route in approximately nineteen kilometers, where, at the end of the activity, was taken to collect data from a sample of fifteen subjects via questionnaire and later an interview via email with the creators and organizers of the proposal. The results of the analysis of information, based on the concepts and definitions of leisure, quality of life and lifestyle, showed that walking Peregrinosrp expresses the feature that, in principle, we can interpret them as an expression of lifestyle focused on quality of life. However, we suggest that further investigation is succeeding with this proposal and on a larger scale, for the considered sample allowed us only partial interpretations of the phenomenon addressed, preventing generalizing considerations

This thesis represents the most detailed investigation into English royal funeral ceremonies 1570-1625 yet undertaken. It builds on earlier scholarship dealing with the French royal funeral and with the social history of death and burial in early modern England. When gathering my source material I consulted manuscript and early printed material at the British Library, the Bodleian Library, the Library of Westminster Abbey, the College of Arms and the Bibliothèque Nationale. My approach is to consider royal funeral rituals in terms of performance. I endeavour to place each of the royal funerals in its immediate performance and broader cultural context. The evidence is analysed using an approach which seeks to take account of both the political and affective implications of ritual. Preliminary chapters establish the form of the English heraldic funeral and the French royal funeral, and assess the impact of the English Reformation on funeral ritual. I go on to discuss the funerals of Mary Stuart, Elizabeth I, Prince Henry Stuart, Anne of Denmark and James I respectively. Included is a bridging chapter which briefly summarises the religious and cultural changes which took place under James I and their impact on funeral ritual. Royal funerals are seen as flexible rather than fixed. They were modified to meet changing political needs but such modifications were always in accord with broader cultural trends. My thesis demonstrates that royal funeral rituals were highly dependent on their performance and cultural contexts. The Epilogue looks at the implications my research has for readings of stage representations of funeral ritual and funeral symbolism in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. I show that royal funerals formed an important aspect of playhouse audience experience. Dramatists exploited that experience to show the operative nature of funeral ritual performance and the potency of its symbols for political propaganda.

In tropical and subtropical areas, especially, where there is the dry period occurrence, the acidity subsurface (below the 10 cm) it has been pointed as one of the limitation causes to the growth of roots and the agricultural productivity. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the last years, reports exist that areas under no tillage that don't present exchangeable aluminum in the layer of 0-10 cm. However, in the inferior layers, they are found high content of Al and low saturation by bases (Martinazzo, 2006). However, information that allows inferring about the relevance of these conditions in subsurface in the productivity of the cultures doesn t exist. This work was elaborated with the objective of evaluating the occurrence of high saturation with aluminum and low saturation with bases, in subsurface in the no tillage, it can represent a restrictive atmosphere for the growth and productivity of the cultures, as well as to evaluate techniques for correction of the acidity in subsurface. The experiment was implanted in Tupanciretã, RS, in Rhodic Hapludox, of sandy loam texture. The area came being driven under no tillage, and the initial condition, in the layer of 0-10 cm was of pH 5,5, saturation for Al of 0% and saturation of bases of 65%; in the layer of 10-20 cm it presented pH 5,1, saturation for Al of 24% and saturation for bases of 39%. In July of 2005, the following treatments were implanted: without tillage and without limestone; without tillage and with limestone, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; plowing without limestone; plowing with limestone, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; chiseling without limestone; chiseling, with limestone, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; based on the sample of 0-20 cm. The accomplished evaluations were: productivity of grains, matter dries, cycling of nutrients (Ca, Mg, P, K e N) distribution of the system root and economical analysis for the soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) and the corn (Zea mays L.). In soil samples collected to the 9 and 24 months after the implantation of the experiment, in the layers of 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20; 20-30 cm, they were certain the exchangeable content of Ca, Mg and Al, pH H2O, saturation for bases and saturation for Al, besides the content of P and K and organic carbon. All the variables were submitted to the analysis of the variance and when significant, the averages were compared by the test of Tukey to 5%. The results show that acidity in subsurface (10-20 cm) it was not limit to the productivity of the soybean and of the corn when the superficial layer was in levels recommended by CQFS-RS/SC (2004), what didn't allow the definition in the best way of limestone application under the point of view of productivity of grains and economical viability, however, the limestone incorporation for plowing was the most efficient way of correction of the acidity in subsurface. / Em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, especialmente onde há a ocorrência de veranicos, a acidez subsuperficial (abaixo dos 10 cm) tem sido apontada como uma das causas de limitação ao crescimento de raízes e à produtividade agrícola. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos anos, existem relatos de que muitas áreas sob plantio direto não apresentam alumínio trocável na camada de 0-10 cm, mas nas camadas inferiores, são encontrados elevados teores de Al e baixa saturação por bases. Contudo, não existem informações que permitem inferir sobre a relevância destas condições em subsuperfície na produtividade das culturas. Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de avaliar se a ocorrência de alta saturação por alumínio e baixa saturação por bases em subsuperfície no plantio direto, pode representar um ambiente restritivo para o crescimento e produtividade das culturas, bem como avaliar técnicas para correção da acidez em subsuperfície. O experimento foi implantado em Tupanciretã, RS, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico (Embrapa, 2006), de textura franco-arenosa. A área vinha sendo conduzida sob plantio direto, sendo que a condição inicial, na camada de 0-10 cm era de pH 5,5, saturação por Al de 0% e saturação de bases de 65%; na camada de 10-20 cm apresentava pH 5,1, saturação por Al de 24% e saturação por bases de 39%. Em julho de 2005 foram implantados os seguintes tratamentos: sem revolvimento e sem calcário; sem revolvimento e com calcário, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; lavração sem calcário; lavração com calcário, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; escarificação sem calcário; escarificação com calcário, 1 SMP - pH 6,0; baseado na amostra de 0-20 cm. As avaliações realizadas foram: produção de matéria seca, ciclagem de nutrientes (Ca, Mg, P, K e N), produtividade de grãos, distribuição do sistema radicular e análise econômica para a soja e o milho. Em amostras de solo coletadas aos 9 e 24 meses após a implantação do experimento, nas camadas de 0 5, 5 10, 10-15, 15 20 e 20 30 cm foram determinados os teores trocáveis de Ca, Mg e Al, pH H2O, saturação por bases e saturação por Al, além dos teores de P disponível, K trocável e carbono orgânico. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise da variância e quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 %. Os resultados mostram que acidez em subsuperfície (10-20 cm) não foi limitante à produtividade da soja e do milho quando a camada superficial (0-10 cm) estava em níveis recomendados pela CQFS-RS/SC (2004), o que não permitiu a definição do melhor modo de aplicação de calcário sob o ponto de vista de produtividade de grãos e viabilidade econômica, porém, a incorporação de calcário por lavração foi o modo mais eficiente de correção da acidez em subsuperfície.

Orientador: Carmen Maria Aguiar / Banca: Paulo Roberto da Silva / Banca: Sara Quenzer Matthiesen / Resumo: A pesquisa teve o propósito de investigar a caminhada como um elemento característico de um estilo de vida, direcionado para a qualidade de vida e o lazer. A partir de uma perspectiva histórica foi possível localizar a caminhada no âmbito social e, assim, determinar uma trajetória de seus usos e apropriações culturais no Brasil. Estabelecido o percurso desta prática e das atividades adjacentes, foi possível estabelecer relações entre a caminhada, os modos de vida e os estilos de vida que emergem desses contextos. Posteriormente à elaboração desse panorama histórico, buscamos, nos domínios eletrônicos, verificar a existência de grupos de caminhantes que atendessem ao perfil procurado, encontrando o grupo Peregrinosrp, de Ribeirão Preto/SP, que evidenciou elementos que consideramos adequados ao propósito da investigação, ou seja, a caminhada como forma de lazer, expressão de um estilo de vida e reverberando na qualidade de vida, porém, como algo compreendido além do contexto do exercício físico. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada durante um evento do grupo, uma caminhada entre os municípios de Analândia/SP e São Carlos/SP, em percurso rural de, aproximadamente, dezenove quilômetros, onde, ao final da atividade, foi feita a coleta dos dados a partir de uma amostra de quinze sujeitos, via questionário e, posteriormente, uma entrevista via e-mail com os idealizadores e organizadores da proposta. Os resultados obtidos das análises das informações, fundamentados nos conceitos e definições de lazer, qualidade de vida e estilo de vida, apontaram que a caminhada do Peregrinosrp manifesta característica que, a princípio, podemos interpretá-las como expressão de estilo de vida voltado para a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, sugerimos que outras investigações se sucedam, com tal proposta e em maior escala, pois a amostra considerada nos permitiu apenas interpretações parciais do fenômeno abordado, inviabilizando... / Abstract: The research aimed to investigate the walk as a feature of a lifestyle, focused on quality of life and leisure. From a historical perspective be found walking in the social sphere and thus determine a trajectory of its uses and cultural appropriations in Brazil. Established the route of this practice and adjacent activities, it was possible to establish relationships between walking, livelihoods and lifestyles that emerge from these contexts. Subsequent to the preparation of this historical overview, we seek, in the electronic domain, check for groups of hikers who met the profile sought. Peregrinosrp found the group of Ribeirão Preto / SP, which revealed elements that we consider appropriate to the purpose of the investigation, ie, walking as leisure, expression of a lifestyle and reverberating quality of life, but as something understood beyond the context of the exercise. The field research was carried out for a group event, a hike between the towns of Analândia / SP and São Carlos / SP, rural route in approximately nineteen kilometers, where, at the end of the activity, was taken to collect data from a sample of fifteen subjects via questionnaire and later an interview via email with the creators and organizers of the proposal. The results of the analysis of information, based on the concepts and definitions of leisure, quality of life and lifestyle, showed that walking Peregrinosrp expresses the feature that, in principle, we can interpret them as an expression of lifestyle focused on quality of life. However, we suggest that further investigation is succeeding with this proposal and on a larger scale, for the considered sample allowed us only partial interpretations of the phenomenon addressed, preventing generalizing considerations / Mestre

The analysis of the manuals of etiquette in the |new| social settings was the research object of the present study, specifically, with regard to forms of discipline of behavior in contemporary society. We assumed that the speeches contained in these manuals of etiquette generate senses and meanings among the social groups producing interchangeable roles in manners and behaviors of individuals who supposedly coexist harmonically in any spheres of social conviviality. Thus, we investigated if the printed label manuals would occupy some space in contemporary Brazilian society amid a media information multidimensional universe, where face-to-face interaction can be mediated by virtual interactions. And why the manuals of etiquette? By performing as the more traditional means of teaching and playing rules of civility. In a large universe of information within the virtual space and networked, they continue to be extensively published in Brazil, even with quick reprints and code updates. Analyzing the forms of aesthetic and functional discipline of the body in the society of consumption, with empirical reference manuals of etiquette in the 21st century, was the general objective that has guided this study. We opted for the bibliographical research supported in AD-discourse analysis, because it enabled us to understand what the speeches of etiquette manuals have to say about the society in which it operates, since it´s a parcel her that legislates these codes and extends the exercise of reproduction. Finally, we consider that the manuals of etiquette more than a |tom| providential used today are not simply certain rules; for everything there is an argument. A range of options is shown to readers. Fitting the same mediate the right decisions. If there is a concept of right; There are preconditions. If the editorial market invests in segment, is because there are expansive consumers, even with the widespread speech of the individualities, subjectivities, the freedom of action. / A análise da influência dos manuais de etiqueta nas novas configurações sociais constituiu o objeto de pesquisa do presente estudo, especificamente, no tocante às formas de disciplinamento dos comportamentos na sociedade contemporânea. Partimos do pressuposto que os discursos contidos nesses manuais de etiqueta geram sentidos e significações entre os grupos sociais engendrando papéis intercambiáveis nos modos e comportamentos dos indivíduos que, supostamente, coexistem harmonicamente em quaisquer esferas do convívio social. Desse modo, investigamos se os manuais de etiqueta impresso ocupariam ainda algum espaço na sociedade brasileira contemporânea em meio a um universo midiático de informações multidimensionais, onde a interação face a face pode ser mediada pelas interações virtuais. E por que os manuais de etiqueta? Por se apresentar como o mais tradicional meio de ensinamento e reprodução de regras de civilidade. Num amplo universo de informações dentro do espaço digital e em rede, eles continuam sendo extensivamente publicados no Brasil, inclusive com rápidas reedições e atualizações de códigos. Analisar as formas de disciplinamento estético e funcional do corpo na sociedade do consumo, tendo como referência empírica os manuais de etiqueta do século XXI, foi o objetivo geral que norteou esse estudo. Optamos pela pesquisa bibliográfica apoiada na AD - Análise do Discurso, porque nos possibilitou compreender o quê os discursos dos manuais de etiqueta tem a dizer sobre a sociedade em que se insere, já que é uma parcela dela que legisla esses códigos e amplia o exercício da reprodução. Por fim, consideramos que os manuais de etiqueta muito mais do que um tom providencial utilizado na atualidade, não são regras simplesmente determinadas; para tudo existe uma explicação, uma informação a mais, uma argumentação. Pois, um leque de opções é demostrado aos leitores. Cabendo aos mesmos mediar às decisões certas. Se existe um conceito de certo, existem predeterminações. Se o mercado editorial investe no segmento, é porque há público consumidor expansivo, mesmo com o propagado discurso do respeito às individualidades, às subjetividades, á liberdade de ação.

Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes Batalha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_Uassyrde_D.pdf: 1675389 bytes, checksum: bcd6615b82eb72fee17d8b56d7a46ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo dessa tese é estudar algumas das associações fundadas e freqüentadas pelos trabalhadores paulistanos, entre 1890 e 1920, como os sindicatos e os clubes recreativos, e também os espaços de lazer, como os armazéns e os botequins. Dessa maneira, é possível perceber diferentes identidades ¿ sejam as articuladas em torno do trabalho, sejam as articuladas em torno de outras categorias, como italianos e negros ¿ e também os conflitos que marcaram o processo de formação da classe trabalhadora paulistana / Abstract: This thesis intend to study some associations created and attended by workers of São Paulo City, between 1890 and 1920. Through those associations such as the trade unions and recreational clubs, and also other leisure places such as the bars and grocery stores, is possible to perceive different identities ¿ whether around work or other identities categories, like italians and blacks groups ¿ as well as the conflicts that marked the working class formation process in São Paulo city / Doutorado / Historia Social / Doutor em História

Throughout this investigation we have tried to contribute to studies on the different ways of organizing and processing the Curricular Internships (CIs) in Teacher Training Courses, especially the CIs that were developed in Language and Literature (Letters) Courses. The focus of the study was the characterization of the orientation conductions that were used by professors from the Teacher Training Courses in Language and Literature (Letters) from the University Institutions (UI) of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, which were responsible for the CIs. In order to collect the necessary information together with these subjects we have made Individual Structured Interviews. There are 08 (eight) CI advisor professors from Teacher Training Courses in Language and Literature (Letters) that have been interviewed: 03 (three) professors from the National University of Santa Maria/UFSM, 03 (three) from the Franciscan College Center/UNIFRA and 02 (two) from the Methodist Complex of the South/FAMES. Furthermore, we have analyzed the courses Political-Pedagogical Projects (PPP) and the legal normatives that rule the Curricular Internships in Teacher Training Courses. Starting from the analysis of the collected data, we have learnt that the three Language and Literature (Letters) Courses do follow the orientations set up in the Resolutions CNE/CP 1/2002 and CNE/CP 2/2002 concerning the hour load designated to CI activities, even though the Elementary Schools (ES) in general do not join the evaluation process of the interns. Considering the Portuguese and English Teacher Training Course from UFSM, the ones who are responsible for the initial contact to the schools are the advisors, while in the Spanish Course these are the interns. At UNIFRA, there is a CI coordinator, who jointly to the course coordinator assumes this responsibility; at FAMES, the responsibility is shared by the CI coordinator and the advisors. The CI advisors and coordinators schedule meetings with the pedagogical coordination and the teachers who are responsible for the ES classroom groups in order to have guidance, limitation, restriction and conditions for the development of the internship activities. After the initial encounter, the advisors only return to make contact with the regent teachers during the visits to the interns. Taking the ES teachers participation in the progress and following of the CI activities into account, we come to face two very distinct realities: those who set free the classroom group to the interns to put their work into practice as they wish and the ones who follow through the planning and/or the development of the classes. Bearing in mind guidance methods, we have checked that all advisors have weekly meetings (from 15 minutes to 1 hour) with presentation and discussion of the planning, expositions and reflections upon the regency experiences and resolution of difficulties that have been brought up in the development of the CI. The evaluation of the interns is made only by the advisor professors considering the following aspects: activities developed in the ES, activities developed in the UI, final reports, projects and/or article handing-ins. This way, it is possible to conclude that the 03 (three) Teacher Training Courses in Language and Literature (Letters) from Santa Maria have shown both similarities and differences as to the guidance methods and processing of the CI, which have been carefully presented during this study. / Mediante esta investigação, procuramos contribuir com os estudos sobre as diferentes formas de organização e desenvolvimento de Estágios Curriculares (EC) em Cursos de Licenciatura, em particular dos EC realizados em Cursos de Licenciatura em Letras. O estudo teve como foco a caracterização das formas de orientação utilizadas por docentes responsáveis pelo EC em Cursos de Licenciatura em Letras das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Para coletar as informações necessárias a esse estudo, utilizamos junto a esses sujeitos Entrevistas Estruturadas Individuais. Foram entrevistados 08 (oito) docentes orientadores de EC em Cursos de Licenciatura em Letras: 03 (três) docentes da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/UFSM, 03 (três) do Centro Universitário Franciscano/UNIFRA e 02 (dois) da Rede Metodista do Sul/Faculdade Metodista de Santa Maria/FAMES. Além disso, analisamos os Projetos Político-Pedagógicos (PPP) dos cursos e as normativas legais nacionais referentes aos Estágios Curriculares em Cursos de Formação de Professores. A partir da análise das informações coletadas, constatamos que esses três Cursos de Letras seguem as orientações dispostas nas Resoluções CNE/CP 1/2002 e CNE/CP 2/2002 quanto à carga horária destinada às atividades de EC, porém as Escolas de Educação Básica (EEB), em geral, não participam do processo de avaliação dos estagiários. No Curso de Letras Português e Inglês da UFSM, os responsáveis pelo contato inicial com as escolas são os orientadores e no Curso de Espanhol são os estagiários. Na UNIFRA, há um coordenador de EC que juntamente com o coordenador do curso assume essa responsabilidade; na FAMES a responsabilidade é dividida entre o coordenador de EC e os orientadores. Os orientadores e coordenadores de EC marcam reuniões com a coordenação pedagógica e com os professores responsáveis por turmas das EEB buscando receber orientações, limitações, restrições e condicionantes para o desenvolvimento das atividades de estágio. Após esse encontro inicial, os orientadores somente voltam a ter contato com os professores regentes durante as visitas aos estagiários. Em relação à participação dos professores das EEB no desenvolvimento e acompanhamento das atividades de EC, nos deparamos com duas realidades bem distintas: desde aqueles que liberam a turma para o estagiário desenvolver seu trabalho como quiser, até aqueles que acompanham os planejamentos e/ou o desenvolvimento das aulas. Quanto às formas de orientação, constatamos que todos os orientadores realizam encontros semanais (de 15 minutos a 1hora), com apresentação e discussão de planejamentos, relato e reflexão sobre experiências de regência e resolução de dificuldades surgidas no desenvolvimento do EC. A avaliação dos estagiários é realizada somente pelos docentes orientadores considerando os seguintes aspectos: atividades desenvolvidas nas EEB, atividades desenvolvidas nas IES, entrega dos relatórios finais, dos projetos e/ou dos artigos. Ao finalizar nosso estudo, concluímos que embora tenhamos normativas legais específicas para o desenvolvimento dos EC, essas não são de fácil cumprimento. As IES estudadas têm cumprido algumas delas (400 horas e início do EC a partir da 2ª metade dos cursos), mas falta estabelecer um contato maior, mais integrado com as EEB. Não basta o mero cumprimento das horas de EC nas escolas, mas sim, estar articulado com as demais atividades propostas nas EEB e trabalhar de forma conjunta, buscando estabelecer vínculos e mecanismos que auxiliem o processo de formação dos futuros professores.

Native American women played a key role in negotiating relations between settler and Native society, especially through their relationships with white men. Yet they have traditionally languished on the sidelines of Native American and colonial American history, often viewed as subordinate and thus tangential to the key themes of these histories. This dissertation redresses the imbalance by locating women at the centre of a narrative that has been dominated by discourses in masculine aspirations. It explores the variety of relations that developed between men and women of two frontier societies in eighteenth century North America: the Creeks of the Southeast, and the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. This dissertation complicates existing histories of Native and colonial America by providing a study of Indian culture that, in a reversal of traditional inquiry, asks how Native women categorised and incorporated white people into their physical and spiritual worlds. One method was through ritualised violence and torture of captives. As primary agents of this process women often selected, rejected or adopted men into the tribes, depending on factors that ranged from nationality to religion. Such acts challenged contemporary Euro-American wisdom that ordained a nurturing, auxiliary role for women. However, this thesis shows that ‘anomalous’ violent behaviours of Indian women were rooted in a femininity inculcated from an early age. In this volatile world, women were not shielded from the horrors of war. Instead, they became one of those horrors. Therefore, viewing anomalous actions as central to the analysis provides an understanding of female identities outwith the straitjacket of the Euro-American gender binary. With violence as a legitimate and natural expression of feminine power, the Indian woman’s character was far removed from depictions of the sexualised exotic, self-sacrificing Pocahontas or stoic Sacagawea. The focus on women’s violent customs, which embodied several important and unusual manifestations of Native American femininity, reveals a number of jarring behaviours that have found no home within colonial literatures. These behaviours included sanctioned infanticide and abortions, brutal tests for adolescents, scalp dancing and death rites, cannibalism, mercenary wives and sadistic grandmothers. With limited means of incorporating such female characteristics into pre-existing gender categories, the women’s acts were historically treated as non-representative of regular Indian lifeways and thus dismissed. Colonial relations are therefore analysed through an alternative lens to accommodate these acts. This allows women to construct their own narrative in a volatile landscape that largely sought to exclude those voices, voices that challenged dominant ideologies on appropriate male-female relations. By constructing a new gender framework I show that violence was a vehicle by which women realised, promoted and reinforced their tribal standing.

The object of this thesis is to explore the representation of ‘ Thainess ’ in Thai wedding magazines. The thesis adopts semiotic and multimodal analysis as methods to examine how cover pages, photographs, editorial contents and advertisement s in the magazines communicate their denotative and connotative meanings through primary markers and modality markers such as pose, objects, setting, framing, lights, shadow and colour tone. Subsequently , each image is examined through its depiction of people in the image to determine any st ereotypical cultural attributes that highlight a distinction between the traditionalised Thai and modernised Thai bride. This thesis argues that the legacy of Thailand ’ s semi colonial history constructs an ambivalent relationship with the West and Thailand ’ s self - orientalising tendency, as well as the diffusion of hybrid cultures and modern Thai beauty ideals. Self - orientalising tendencies and the desire to encapsulate ‘ Thainess ’ are thusly observed in the magazines ’ representation of traditional ‘ Thainess ’ with a nostalgic overtone, by linking the ideals of traditional beauty to the imagined qualities of heroines in Thai classic literature and aristocratic ladies from pre-modern Siam through fashion and traditional beautifying remedies.