Legalmente, foi implementado pelo Governo Federal, o Programa Nacional de Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB). Entretanto, sua produção gera o glicerol. Para os pesquisadores, caso disposto indevidamente, esse coproduto poderá acarretar problemas ambientais. Assim, se o intuito é alcançar a sustentabilidade com a implantação do biodiesel na matriz energética, tornase relevante sua adequada gestão, uma vez que não há controle sobre sua produção e destinação. Falhas de mercado geralmente coexistem com as chamadas falhas de regulação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi analisar alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas por produtores de biodiesel que podem contribuir no âmbito das medidas compensatórias e mitigadoras. Os métodos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo para se estudar a teoria e a prática que envolvem o tema. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada com o uso do software MAXQDA®. Além das unidades estudadas, compostas por grandes e pequenos produtores de biodiesel, foram entrevistados engenheiros químicos e pesquisadores na área. Como resultados tem-se que as alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas pelos pequenos produtores estudados parecem evidenciar alocação eficiente de recursos. Assim, dentre os aspectos sustentáveis, o econômico se destaca na forma de oportunidade de negócios e geração de renda para o pequeno produtor. Ao contrário, nos grandes produtores, uma vez que poderá demandar maiores custos de transação a destinação é ineficiente e transferida para terceiros. Assim, buscando perpetuar o sistema econômico e proteger o meio ambiente, espera-se que os resultados possam fornecer subsídios para a implantação de políticas que visem remediar ineficiências relacionadas à preservação ambiental e sustentabilidade nos negócios. / Legally, the Federal Government implemented the National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB). However, its production generates glycerol. For researchers, if improperly disposed of, this co-product could lead to environmental problems. Thus, if the intention is to achieve sustainability with the implementation of biodiesel in the energy matrix, it becomes relevant its adequate management, since there is no control over its production and destination. Market failures generally coexist with so-called regulatory failures. In this context, the objective was to analyze which alternatives of destination of glycerol carried out by biodiesel producers can contribute in the scope of the compensatory and mitigating measures. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and field research to study the theory and practice that involve the theme. Content analysis was performed using MAXQDA® software. In addition to the units studied, composed of large and small biodiesel producers, were interviewed chemical engineers and researchers in the area. As a result, the alternatives of destination of the glycerol carried out by the small producers studied seem to show efficient allocation of resources. Thus, among the sustainable aspects, the economic stands out in the form of business opportunity and income generation for the small producer. On the contrary, in large producers, the destination is transferred to third parties, since it may demand higher transaction costs. Thus, a system is proposed to encourage, discipline and facilitate alternatives that may contribute to the perpetuation of the economic system in conjunction with environmental protection, attributing functionality to compensatory and mitigating measures. It is hoped that the results could contribute to the implementation of policies aimed at increasing subsidies, especially for small producers.

The aim of work – evaluate the Effect of the CAP Reforms on the Development of Multifunctional Agriculture. Seeking the aim, the tasks are: 1) analyze the objective presumptions and essence of the formation of the concept of multifunctional agriculture; 2) analyze the reforms of the CAP and evaluate their effect on the development of multifunctional agriculture; 3) reveal the possibilities of the development of multifunctional agriculture in Tauragė region; 4) analyze the measures of the CAP support, stimulating multifunctional agriculture in Tauragė region and evaluate their practice; 5) evaluate the ways and perspectives of the development of multifunctional agriculture in Lithuania. Methods of research – the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and the EU and Lithuanian agricultural and rural development documents, comparable analysis, induction, deduction, questionnaire survey, correlation, statistical analysis, graphical depiction methods. On the bases of positive and normative concept of multifunctional agriculture, the analysis of the EU regulations of the CAP and their reforms, analyzed the main stages of the CAP reforms, designated their effect on the development of multifunctional agriculture. Thereby, designated the main CAP measures stimulating multifunctional agriculture and evaluated their practice in Tauragė region and revealed the possibilities of the development of multifunctional agriculture in this region.

Atsinaujinantys energijos ištekliai tampa vis svarbesne energetikos plėtros gaire Europoje ir pasaulyje. Kadangi atsinaujinantys energijos ištekliai yra neriboti, alternatyviai pakeičiantys kurui reikalingas žemės iškasenas, todėl jų panaudojimas iš esmės atitinka darnaus vystymosi koncepciją. Aprūpinimas saugia, nebrangia, aplinkai nekenksminga ir neišsenkančia energija yra darnios energetikos pagrindas. Taigi, atsinaujinantys, arba darnūs, energijos ištekliai yra reikšminga darnios plėtros dalis. Darbo objektas – „žalioji“ elektra. Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių vartojimą ir perspektyvas Lietuvoje, bei įvertinti įmonių pasiryžimą už „žaliąją“ elektrą mokėti brangiau. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai atskleisti darnaus vystymosi koncepciją, išnagrinėti darnų energetikos vystymąsi, išanalizuoti rinkos trūkumų plėtros sąsajas ekonominėse teorijose, įvertinti energijos rinkų liberalizavimo naudą, apibrėžti atsinaujinančių išteklių rūšis, ištirti elektros energijos gautos iš atsinaujinančių energijos rūšių vartojimo tendencijas, įvardinti kliūtis trukdančias atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių vartojimo didėjimą, apžvelgti valstybės paramą skatinančią šių išteklių vartojimą, atlikti Kauno gamybinių įmonių tyrimą, įvertinant jų pasiryžimą už „žaliąją“ elektrą mokėti brangiau. Darbe iškeltos šios hipotezės: H1 - AEI negali konkuruoti elektros energijos rinkoje, dėl nesugebėjimo valdyti išorinių kaštų; H2 - Dėl nepakankamų AEI skatinimo priemonių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Renewable energy resources are becoming an increasingly important energy development milestone in Europe and the world. Because renewable energy resources are unlimited, alternatively, replacing the fuel required for the mineral resource land, and therefore their use is broadly consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Provision of a safe, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and the unrelenting energy of a sustainable energy base. Thus, the renewable or sustainable energy resources is a significant part of sustainable development. Subject matter of the thesis – "green" electricity. Aim of the thesis – to examine the use of renewable energy resources and the prospects of Lithuania, and to assess readiness for the "green" electricity to pay a higher price. The main tasks of the work to reveal the concept of sustainable development, to consider sustainable energy development, to analyze weaknesses in the development of market linkages to economic theory, to evaluate the benefits of the liberalization of energy markets, to define the types of renewable resources, to investigate the electricity produced from renewable energy consumption trends, identify the obstacles hindering the use of renewable energy resources increase in the stock of public support to promote the use of these resources, to make Kaunas a study of industrial enterprises, to assess their readiness for the "green" electricity to pay a higher price. The paper raised the following hypotheses: H1 -... [to full text]

Legalmente, foi implementado pelo Governo Federal, o Programa Nacional de Produção do Biodiesel (PNPB). Entretanto, sua produção gera o glicerol. Para os pesquisadores, caso disposto indevidamente, esse coproduto poderá acarretar problemas ambientais. Assim, se o intuito é alcançar a sustentabilidade com a implantação do biodiesel na matriz energética, tornase relevante sua adequada gestão, uma vez que não há controle sobre sua produção e destinação. Falhas de mercado geralmente coexistem com as chamadas falhas de regulação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi analisar alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas por produtores de biodiesel que podem contribuir no âmbito das medidas compensatórias e mitigadoras. Os métodos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo para se estudar a teoria e a prática que envolvem o tema. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada com o uso do software MAXQDA®. Além das unidades estudadas, compostas por grandes e pequenos produtores de biodiesel, foram entrevistados engenheiros químicos e pesquisadores na área. Como resultados tem-se que as alternativas de destinação do glicerol realizadas pelos pequenos produtores estudados parecem evidenciar alocação eficiente de recursos. Assim, dentre os aspectos sustentáveis, o econômico se destaca na forma de oportunidade de negócios e geração de renda para o pequeno produtor. Ao contrário, nos grandes produtores, uma vez que poderá demandar maiores custos de transação a destinação é ineficiente e transferida para terceiros. Assim, buscando perpetuar o sistema econômico e proteger o meio ambiente, espera-se que os resultados possam fornecer subsídios para a implantação de políticas que visem remediar ineficiências relacionadas à preservação ambiental e sustentabilidade nos negócios. / Legally, the Federal Government implemented the National Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB). However, its production generates glycerol. For researchers, if improperly disposed of, this co-product could lead to environmental problems. Thus, if the intention is to achieve sustainability with the implementation of biodiesel in the energy matrix, it becomes relevant its adequate management, since there is no control over its production and destination. Market failures generally coexist with so-called regulatory failures. In this context, the objective was to analyze which alternatives of destination of glycerol carried out by biodiesel producers can contribute in the scope of the compensatory and mitigating measures. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and field research to study the theory and practice that involve the theme. Content analysis was performed using MAXQDA® software. In addition to the units studied, composed of large and small biodiesel producers, were interviewed chemical engineers and researchers in the area. As a result, the alternatives of destination of the glycerol carried out by the small producers studied seem to show efficient allocation of resources. Thus, among the sustainable aspects, the economic stands out in the form of business opportunity and income generation for the small producer. On the contrary, in large producers, the destination is transferred to third parties, since it may demand higher transaction costs. Thus, a system is proposed to encourage, discipline and facilitate alternatives that may contribute to the perpetuation of the economic system in conjunction with environmental protection, attributing functionality to compensatory and mitigating measures. It is hoped that the results could contribute to the implementation of policies aimed at increasing subsidies, especially for small producers.

Questo lavoro prende in esame le connessioni fra economia e politica in Italia nel periodo compreso tra il 1987 e il 2006. Tale filone di studi si situa all’interno del sempre più variegato e crescente interesse per il legame fra corporate governance, potere di mercato, struttura finanziaria e performance dell’impresa. Dopo una prima parte volta a mettere in luce alcuni principali lineamenti teorici ed istituzionali del tema in oggetto, segue una seconda parte, di natura prettamente empirica. In primo luogo si vogliono mettere in luce quali siano state le società quotate connesse nel periodo considerato e le modalità con cui ha avuto luogo la connessione, nonché illustrare alcuni aspetti descrittivi dei soggetti e delle società connesse che costituiscono il campione. In secondo luogo, seguendo la letteratura internazionale in materia, viene svolta un’analisi empirica al fine di testare se esistano particolari differenze tra società politicamente connesse e società non connesse in termini di leverage, redditività, efficienza produttiva e potere di mercato. In particolare, il terzo capitolo contiene una puntuale esposizione delle fonti e delle metodologie che hanno portato alla definizione dei database utilizzati ed implementati, fornendo alcune prime evidenze di tali connessioni. Nel capitolo IV si forniscono le statistiche descrittive del campione preso in esame relativo alle società italiane industriali ed holding di partecipazione quotate sul MTA e MTAX nel periodo 1987-2006, in termini sia di capitalizzazione di mercato, sia di redditività, struttura proprietaria e finanziaria. Infine, nel capitolo V viene proposta una verifica empirica sul campione così determinato, provando ad enfatizzare le relazioni esistenti tra alcune grandezze determinate quali il grado di indebitamento, il potere di mercato e alcuni indicatori di redditività ed efficienza e principalmente una variabile volta a individuare la presenza o meno di connessioni politiche nelle società stesse. / This study analyses politically connected firms in Italy, since 1987 to 2006. We take into consideration this nation because in Italy political connections are supposed to have been more valuable and relevant than in other countries. We focus our attention on listed industrial corporations, leaving out of consideration banks and insurance companies. We try to develop two main questions: which listed industrial corporations have been politically connected in this period? Have these firms been politically connected through top officers or large shareholders, President of the Republic, members of Parliament or ministers? Which is the value of political connections and which are the differences between politically connected and non connected firms? This study tries to highlight the features and the sizes of the political connection in the Italian context, giving evidence of the economic, political and institutional framework. According to the existing literature we argue that firms with political connections gain financial benefits in terms of greater market power, but show poorer performances and efficiency than non connected firms because of the relevant private benefits that characterize the politically connected ones. Moreover we argue that politically connected firms show lower leverage than their non-connected peers defining a more complex framework in comparison to other relevant studies.

Neste trabalho estuda-se a aplicação do princípio da reparação integral do dano causado às atividades negociais. Como a teoria da responsabilidade civil está calcada na doutrina liberal clássica, a reparação do dano, muitas vezes, não recebe, por parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência, tratamento adequado às características e vicissitudes do mercado. O objetivo principal é tratar de uma das vertentes que o Direito exerce no seu papel de corretor das chamadas falhas de mercado. Analisam-se os preceitos jurídicos da responsabilidade civil em relação a essas falhas de mercado e a implicação que isto tem na solução de questões jurídicas envolvendo a atividade negocial. / In this work, we study the application of the principle of full compensation for the damage caused to the negotiation activities. As a theory of liability is grounded in the classical liberal doctrine, compensation for damage often do not receive, by the doctrine and jurisprudence, appropriate treatment characteristics and market vicissitudes. The main objective is to address one of the aspects that the law plays in its role as broker of the so-called market failures. Analyzes the legal precepts of civil liability in respect of such market failures and the implication this has in solving legal issues involving the negotiation activity.

Neste trabalho estuda-se a aplicação do princípio da reparação integral do dano causado às atividades negociais. Como a teoria da responsabilidade civil está calcada na doutrina liberal clássica, a reparação do dano, muitas vezes, não recebe, por parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência, tratamento adequado às características e vicissitudes do mercado. O objetivo principal é tratar de uma das vertentes que o Direito exerce no seu papel de corretor das chamadas falhas de mercado. Analisam-se os preceitos jurídicos da responsabilidade civil em relação a essas falhas de mercado e a implicação que isto tem na solução de questões jurídicas envolvendo a atividade negocial. / In this work, we study the application of the principle of full compensation for the damage caused to the negotiation activities. As a theory of liability is grounded in the classical liberal doctrine, compensation for damage often do not receive, by the doctrine and jurisprudence, appropriate treatment characteristics and market vicissitudes. The main objective is to address one of the aspects that the law plays in its role as broker of the so-called market failures. Analyzes the legal precepts of civil liability in respect of such market failures and the implication this has in solving legal issues involving the negotiation activity.

Les articles constitutifs de cette thèse analysent les défaillances des marchés financiers traditionnellement identifiées par les économistes (associées aux externalités, aux asymétries d'information et à l'incomplétude des marchés) et les réponses des pouvoirs publics. Une observation centrale est que les interventions publiques ne résultent presque jamais d'une analyse à froid de ces défaillances de marché, mais se décident dans l'urgence pour répondre aux dysfonctionnements les plus évidents observés lors d'une crise. Cette approche pragmatique et a-théorique conduit à des interventions mal calibrées. Ces articles s'attaquent notamment à la politique du prêteur en dernier ressort qui encourage l'endettement à court terme des institutions financières, et nourrit le risque systémique. Ils soulignent également les risques de certaines réformes décidées à la suite de la crise des « subprime ». Les pouvoirs publics devraient se concentrer sur la fourniture des biens publics clairement identifiés par l'analyse économique (contrôle des « agents » et information), et ne pas multiplier les interventions hasardeuses qui créent parfois plus d'imperfections de marché qu'elles ne prétendent en résoudre. / The constituent articles of this dissertation analyze the financial market failures traditionally identified by economists (associated with externalities, information asymmetries and incompleteness of markets) and the policy responses. A central observation is that public interventions have almost never resulted from a cold analysis of these market failures but are decided in a hurry to respond to the most obvious shortcomings observed during a crisis. This pragmatic and a-theoretical approach leads to poorly calibrated interventions. These articles are addressing in particular the lender of last resort policy that encourages the issuance of various short-term debts by financial institutions and feeds systemic risk. They also highlight the risks of certain reforms decided after the "subprime" crisis. Governments should focus on the provision of public goods clearly identified by economic analysis (control of "agents" and information), and should not multiply risky interventions that sometimes create more market imperfections than they claim to solve.

Illegal waste management has become a growing problem in Sweden, where criminal actors exploit weaknesses in supervision and the legal system to generate significant economic gains. This illegal waste management not only impacts the environment but also imposes costs on society, where municipalities and taxpayers often bear the expenses for cleaning up and restoring contaminated land. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and analyse the economic and institutional factors behind illegal waste management. The study aims to identify how market characteristics, along with institutional conditions, enable the occurrence of illegal waste management. By highlighting these aspects, the thesis intends to contribute knowledge that can support the development of more effective policies and strategies for sustainable waste management. Furthermore, a qualitative method has been chosen for this study, where five semi-structured interviews were conducted digitally. A thematic analysis has been used to identify and analyse patterns in the data. The thesis identifies several interrelated factors that enable illegal waste management: high transaction costs, asymmetric information, negative externalities, moral hazard, and opportunism. Understanding how these factors interact is crucial to developing effective measures. Current regulations and oversight are inadequate due to a lack of resources, leading to a low risk of detection. This, combined with lenient penalties, fails to deter illegal waste management, indicating a need for stronger institutional frameworks and more effective oversight mechanisms. Combating illegal waste management requires a combination of measures, including increased cooperation between authorities, improved supervision, adjusted incentive structures, and increased awareness. / Illegal avfallshantering har blivit ett växande problem i Sverige, där kriminella aktörer utnyttjar brister i tillsyn och rättssystem för att generera betydande ekonomiska vinster. Den illegala avfallshanteringen påverkar inte bara miljön utan medför även kostnader för samhället, där kommunerna och skattebetalarna ofta får stå för sanering och återställande av förorenad mark. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka och analysera de ekonomiska och institutionella faktorerna bakom illegal avfallshantering. Studien syftar till att identifiera hur marknadens egenskaper, tillsammans med institutionella förhållanden, möjliggör förekomsten av illegal avfallshantering. Genom att belysa dessa aspekter avser uppsatsen att bidra med kunskap som kan stödja utformningen av mer effektiva policyer och strategier för hållbar avfallshantering. Vidare har en kvalitativ metod valts för studien, där fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes digitalt. För att identifiera och analysera mönster i datamaterialet användes en tematisk analys. Uppsatsen identifierar flera samverkande faktorer som möjliggör illegal avfallshantering: höga transaktionskostnader, asymmetrisk information, negativa externa effekter, moral hazard och opportunism. Att förstå hur dessa faktorer samverkar är avgörande för att effektiva åtgärder ska kunna utvecklas. Nuvarande regleringar och tillsyn är otillräckliga på grund av bristande resurser, vilket leder till låg upptäcktsrisk. Detta i kombination med låga straff, avskräcker inte illegal avfallshantering, vilket indikerar ett behov av starkare institutionella ramar och effektivare tillsynsmekanismer. För att bekämpa illegal avfallshantering krävs en kombination av åtgärder, inklusive ökad myndighetssamverkan, förstärkt tillsyn, justerade incitamentsstrukturer och ökad medvetenhet.

This thesis is called "Management of enterprise services" and it analyzes the management of Capital Company producing services in the public interest. We assess development costs, revenues, assets and sources of financing of the company. The theoretical part of the thesis consists of a general description of the classification of the capital company in the national economy and justification of its existence, meaning and relationship to its founder. In the practical part of the thesis we provide concrete data about the company, characterize its activities and present a horizontal and vertical analysis of its statements. Based on the results of the practical part we define positive and negative factors affecting the financial results of the company. With negative factors solutions are suggested to improve the results of the company.