This thesis examines the changes in perception of the child and the childhood from the Early Modern Age until today. Primarily, the thesis investigates the quality of life of infants and education advice concerning the first year of age. The historic part of the thesis addresses the changes in infant treatment depending on the social status of the mother. Further, the thesis discusses the possible origin of these changes in folk traditions and examines the role of authorities by reference to historical education guide books. Moreover, the thesis points out the influence of science and rationality on the infant treatment. Given the fact that there is no summarizing research available about the infant treatment in the 20th century, the thesis analyses different infant approaches using education guide books from this time period. Using data from a survey among contemporary mothers, which investigates their beliefs about infant education including the origin of these beliefs, the thesis aims to analyse the most popular guide books among the mothers. The findings from the research are used to outline problematic aspects of the present-day motherhood. Based on the comprehension of the historical connections, the thesis discusses the profound context of different contemporary education approaches....

Introdução O Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas COMEC é uma Organização Não-Governamental, que mantém um programa, cujo objetivo é capacitar adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos, desfavorecidos economicamente, estudantes, residentes em Campinas e região, para a entrada no mercado de trabalho. Durante esse acompanhamento, algumas adolescentes engravidaram e tornaram-se mães. Objetivos O objetivo geral foi compreender projetos de vida de adolescentes, que engravidaram e se tornaram mães, enquanto participavam do programa do COMEC, no período de 2003 a 2008, buscando desvelar o lugar da maternidade e da vida profissional na trajetória de vida, antes e depois da maternidade. Método Utilizada metodologia quantitativa, para construção do perfil dos adolescentes acompanhados entre 1992 a 2009, a partir do banco de dados da instituição. Para o período de 2003 a 2008, 17 adolescentes tornaram-se mães. Oito foram entrevistadas, após orientação e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, sendo aplicada metodologia qualitativa para a análise das entrevistas. Resultados A maioria dos 1.601 adolescentes cadastrados nasceu e mora em Campinas, e cursa o segundo grau. As oito jovens mães entrevistadas relataram conhecimento a respeito de métodos contraceptivos e prevenção de DSTs, no entanto, todas relataram gravidez não planejada. As trajetórias de estudo e trabalho foram descontinuadas, ou sofreram adaptações, com a maternidade. Quatro jovens finalizaram o segundo grau e nenhuma havia ingressado na faculdade. Três não voltaram a trabalhar e as demais tiveram experiências diversificadas de trabalho. As dificuldades relatadas para a inserção no mercado de trabalho foram: insuficiência de instrumentos de apoio no cuidado das crianças, baixo ganho salarial, falta de experiência de trabalho, filhos pequenos e pouca formação educacional. A dependência financeira e a perda da liberdade são fatores de frustração e a experiência do amor materno aparece como experiência positiva. Considerações finais Os programas de educação sexual e reprodutiva voltados para adolescentes devem contemplar não somente a informação técnica, mas também outros aspectos relacionados a essa fase da vida. A maternidade na adolescência não indicou a exclusão dos projetos de formação educacional ou de trabalho, mas adaptações nesses projetos e necessidade de uma rede de apoio familiar e social. Constatou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas para a inserção do jovem no mercado de trabalho, para o atendimento de saúde reprodutiva de adolescentes e para serviços de apoio, como creches para filhos de mães trabalhadoras. Demonstra-se a necessidade de uma mudança nas relações de gênero, com maior igualdade de direitos, como pré-condição necessária à inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho, em especial, daquelas que são mães / Introduction Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas- COMEC is a nongovernmental organization that maintain a program whose goal is to capability adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, economically disadvantaged, students, residents in Campinas and region for entering the labor market . During this period, some adolescents became pregnant and became mothers. Objectives - The general objective is to understand life projects of adolescents who became pregnant and became mothers while participating in the COMEC´s program, in the period of 2003 to 2008, seeking to find the position of motherhood and professional life in the life trajectory before and with motherhood. Method - Quantitative methodology was used to construct the followed adolescents profile from 1992 to 2009, from the database of the institution. For the period 2003 to 2008, 17 teenagers became mothers. Eight were interviewed after orientation and after signing an informed consent, and qualitative methodology was applied for the interviews analysis. Results - The majority of the 1601 registered adolescents were born and lived in Campinas and were studying the second grade school. The eight young mothers interviewed reported knowledge about contraceptive methods and STD prevention, however, all reported unplanned pregnancies. The trajectories of study and work have been discontinued or have been adapted with motherhood. Four young people have completed high school and none had entered university. Three did not return to work and the rest had diverse experiences of work. The related difficulties to the integration into the labor market were inadequate instruments to support the children´s care, low income, lack of work experience, presence of small children and little education background. The financial dependency and loss of freedom are factors of frustration and the experience of maternal love appears as a positive experience. Final Considerations - The programs of sexual and reproductive education targeted at adolescents should consider not only technical information but also other aspects related to this phase of life. The teenage motherhood has not indicated the exclusion of educational or work projects but indicates adjustments to these projects and the need for a family network and social support. It was noted the need for public policies for the inclusion of youth in the labor market, to care for adolescent reproductive health and support services such as nurseries for working mothers. Also, it demonstrates the need for a change in gender relations, with greater equality of rights as necessary precondition for the inclusion of women and especially those who are mothers in the labor market

O Brasil oferece para a trabalhadora formal uma legislação particular de proteção do salário e emprego. Não se sabe ao certo qual o efeito dessa proteção sobre os investimentos realizados precocemente, por outro lado, cresce a literatura que destaca a essencialidade desse tipo de investimento para formação da saúde e das habilidades cognitivas e não cognitivas dos agentes. Sabendo disso, o objetivo desta dissertação é estimar os efeitos do aumento da licença maternidade e da proteção do salário e emprego, impostos pela Constituição de 1988, sobre outputs de saúde das crianças. Para tanto, utilizamos os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição de 1989 e empregamos a metodologia de Diferenças-em-Diferenças que usa o fato de que a mudança constitucional possui efeitos diversos sobre as mães que trabalham no setor formal e aquelas que estão no setor informal. O principal resultado encontrado é o efeito negativo sobre a incidência de baixo-peso ao nascer dos infantes cujas mães estão expostas às mudanças constitucionais. Não foram encontrados efeitos sobre os demais outputs de saúde avaliados. / Brazil offers a special law protection of wages and employment for formal working mothers. As far as I am concerned, it is not known which effect this protection has on early investments. On the other hand, there is extended literature that highlights that this kind of investments is crucial for the development of health, cognitive and non cognitive abilities. With that in mind, the objective of this dissertation is to estimate the effects of maternity leave and protection of wages and employment, under the 1988 Constitution, on children\'s health outputs. This study uses data from the Brazilian Survey on Nutrition and Health - 1989 and the methodology of Differences-in-Differences. This methodology uses the fact that constitutional changes have different effects on mothers who work in the formal sector when compared with those who are in the informal sector. The main conclusion is the negative effect on the incidence of low-birth weight infants whose mothers are exposed to the constitutional changes. Effects were not found on other outputs of health evaluated.

The thesis focuses on the topic of awareness of the secondary vocational school female students about suitable physical activities before and during the pregnancy and maternity period. The thesis is composed of theoretical and practical research part. The aim is to determine the level of the students' knowledge and general awareness of the possible physical activities during pregnancy and postpartum, to map their readiness for pregnancy and motherhood, and to increase their interest in a overall physical education. The theoretical part examines the physical activities in general, recommended exercises in pregnancy and postpartum. It describes all pregnancy stages, physiological changes of women during pregnancy and nursing, including appropriate and inappropriate workouts for all the stages. Last but not least,as the subject matter is not pregnant women but girls in a stormy hormonal development, it is necessary to mention the psychological aspects of adolescent girls. The research part is carried out by a school project in which the author discovers the level of students' knowledge about the given subject matter, applies the physical activities in practice and supplements it with explanation. The purpose of the research is to provide students with factual and practical information on the subject...

Padecer no Paraíso? Experiências de mães de jovens em conflito com a lei é uma pesquisa de história oral, cujo conjunto de procedimentos norteou todas as etapas do trabalho. Seguindo tais pressupostos, constituiu-se o corpus documental baseado nos textos resultantes das entrevistas de história de vida realizadas com seis mulheres-mães de jovens em conflito com a lei. A partir das narrativas construídas em processo de colaboração, pretendeu-se abordar questões ligadas à história do tempo presente e que têm como eixo a experiência de mulheres que vivenciam a maternidade em situação adversa: a da conflitualidade de seus filhos na adolescência. Desta forma, foram discutidos temas como o da militância das mães, as questões de gênero nas relações entre mães e filhos homens e o mito do amor materno e seus múltiplos significados ao longo do tempo. / To suffer in the paradise? Experiences of mothers of young in conflict with the law are a oral history research, whose set of procedures guided all the stages of the work. Following such estimated, the established documentary corpus consisted in resultant texts of the interviews of life stories carried through with six woman-mothers of young in conflict with the law. From narratives constructed in contribution process, it was intended to approach on questions to the history of present time and that they as axle the experience of women who live deeply the maternity in adverse situation: the conflictuality os its children in the adolescence. In such a way, subjects as the militancy of the mothers had been argued, the questions of sort in relations between mothers and her sons and the myth of the maternal love and its multiple meanings throughout the time.

\"Migrantes Bolivianas e a Gravidez: Saúde Pública na Zona Leste, Trajetórias e Especificidades\" é uma pesquisa dos estudos culturais, que tem como eixo norteador entrevistas realizadas com gestantes migrantes bolivianas nos bairros da Penha e Cangaíba.O foco da pesquisa são mulheres bolivianas gestantes e seu relacionamento com as políticas públicas de maternidade dentro das Unidades Básicas de Saúde -UBS. O objetivo é conhecer as experiências vividas pelas mulheres bolivianas desde sua trajetória, o momento que se reconhece como migrante e como a sua condição de gênero interfere nesse processo. Bem como assimilar os padrões da inserção territorial desse grupo específico, sendo fundamental para interpretar os processos de exclusão e segregação da cidade. Pretende-se compreender as especificidades da experiência de migrar sendo mulher e como as diferenças culturais e identitárias afetam esse processo. Para isto, realizou-se uma análise qualitativa de 15 entrevistas, tendo resultados que sinalizam sobre a inserção das bolivianas na Penha e o quanto as diferenças de gênero redefinem o processo da imigração / \"Bolivian Migrants and Pregnancy: Public Health at East Zone, Trajectory and Specificities\" is a research in Cultural Studies which is guided by interviews with Bolivian pregnant migrants at Penha and Cangaíba neighborhood. The focus of the research is Bolivian pregnant migrant and their relationship with health public policies inside the health Basic Health Units, so called UBS. The objective is to get to know the experience lived by those Bolivian women since their trajectories, the moment they recognize themselves as migrants and how the gender condition interfere in this process, as well as to comprehend the stands insertion conditions at this specific territory, fundamental to understand the segregation and exclusion processes of the city. The research intent to understand the specificities of the experience of migration being a woman and how cultural and identity differences affects this process. For that, 15 qualitative interviews were made and obtained results that indicate about Bolivian women insertion and how gender differences redefine the immigration process

This dissertation is a performative interrogation of the disagreement and (dis)interest, communication issues, surrounding motherhood in contemporary U.S. culture. Textual analysis of Mary Kelly's Post-Partum Document (PPD) plays a key role in my inquiry. I juxtapose documentation from my lived experiences and academic projects with Kelly's work to build upon the themes and ideas introduced throughout PPD. This project is guided by the concepts love and (im)possibility, and I will argue that, together, they are central to understanding mothering/caregiving as a site of communication inquiry. Love and (im)possibility are inherent to both mothering and communication, but they also are essential for creating the conditions for new variations, ways of doing, and being with and for one another.

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Background: Recent focus on quality and patient safety has underlined the need to involve patients in improving healthcare. “Experience-based Co-design” (EBCD) is an approach to capture and understand patient and staff (i. e. users) experiences, identifying so called “touch points” and then working together equally in improvement efforts. Purpose: This article elucidates patient (defined as the mother-newborn couple with next of kin) and staff experiences following improvement work carried out according to EBCD in a maternity ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a small, acute hospital in Sweden. Method: An experience questionnaire, derived from the EBCD approach tool set, was used for continuously evaluating each event of the EBCD improvement project. Furthermore, a focus group interview with staff and in-depth interviews with mother-father couples were held in order to collect and understand the experiences of working together according to EBCD. The analysis and interpretation of the interview data was carried through using qualitative, problem-driven content analysis. Themes, categories and sub-categories presented in this study constitute the manifest and latent content of the participants’ experiences of Experience-based Co-design. Results: The analysis of the experience questionnaires, prior to the interviews, revealed mostly positive experiences of the participation. Both staff and patient participants stated generally happy, involved, safe, good and comfortable experiences following each event of the improvement project so far. Two themes emerged during the analysis of the interviews. For staff participants the improvement project was a matter of learning within the microsystem through managing practical issues, moving beyond assumptions of improvement work and gaining a new way of thinking. For patients, taking part of the improvement project was expressed as the experience of involvement in healthcare through their participation and through a sense of improving for the future. Discussion: This study confirms that, despite practical obstacles for participants, the EBCD approach to improvement work provided an opportunity for maternity ward /NICU care being explored respectfully at the experience level, by assuring the sincere sharing of useful information within the microsystem continuously, and by encouraging and supporting the equal involvement of both staff and patients. Staff and patients wanted and were able to contribute to the EBCD process of gathering information about their experiences, analyzing and responding to collected data, and engaging themselves in improving the same. Furthermore, the EBCD approach provided staff and patients the opportunity of learning within the microsystem. Nevertheless, the responsibility of the improvement work remained the responsibility of the healthcare professionals. Keywords: Quality Improvement, Maternity Care, Neonatal Intensive Care, Experience-based Co-design

Background: Recent focus on quality and patient safety has underlined the need to involve patients in improving healthcare. “Experience-based Co-design” (EBCD) is an approach to capture and understand patient and staff (i. e. users) experiences, identifying so called “touch points” and then working together equally in improvement efforts. Purpose:This article elucidates patient (defined as the mother-newborn couple with next of kin) and staff experiences following improvement work carried out according to EBCD in a maternity ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a small, acute hospital in Sweden. Method: An experience questionnaire, derived from the EBCD approach tool set, was used for continuously evaluating each event of the EBCD improvement project. Furthermore, a focus group interview with staff and in-depth interviews with mother-father couples were held in order to collect and understand the experiences of working together according to EBCD. The analysis and interpretation of the interview data was carried through using qualitative, problem-driven content analysis. Themes, categories and sub-categories presented in this study constitute the manifest and latent content of the participants’ experiences of Experience-based Co-design. Results:The analysis of the experience questionnaires, prior to the interviews, revealed mostly positive experiences of the participation. Both staff and patient participants stated generally happy, involved, safe, good and comfortable experiences following each event of the improvement project so far. Two themes emerged during the analysis of the interviews. For staff participants the improvement project was a matter of learning within the microsystem through managing practical issues, moving beyond assumptions of improvement work and gaining a new way of thinking. For patients, taking part of the improvement project was expressed as the experience of involvement in healthcare through their participation and through a sense of improving for the future. Discussion: This study confirms that, despite practical obstacles for participants, the EBCD approach to improvement work provided an opportunity for maternity ward /NICU care being explored respectfully at the experience level, by assuring the sincere sharing of useful information within the microsystem continuously, and by encouraging and supporting the equal involvement of both staff and patients. Staff and patients wanted and were able to contribute to the EBCD process of gathering information about their experiences, analyzing and responding to collected data, and engaging themselves in improving the same. Furthermore, the EBCD approach provided staff and patients the opportunity of learning within the microsystem. Nevertheless, the responsibility of the improvement work remained the responsibility of the healthcare professionals.