Manter competitividade no mercado é um desafio cada vez maior para empresas que precisam buscar, constantemente, melhorias através de ferramentas de gestão, como a necessidade de desenvolver a estruturação e controle de custos. Neste sentido, destacam-se as empresas de pequeno e médio porte por estarem inseridas num cenário em que as grandes corporações e as multinacionais possuem tecnologias de ponta para dar suporte aos seus processos de tomada de decisão, principalmente, no que diz respeito a sistemas eficientes de custos. Com a utilização de alguns métodos e princípios de custeio, este trabalho tem, como objetivo geral discutir a estruturação de um sistema de custos a partir de métodos e princípios de custeio, para futura aplicação em uma empresa de pequeno porte do setor metal mecânico. Possui, como objetivo específico, aplicar a proposta de sistemática de custos nessa empresa, sendo o Custo Padrão calculado para a matéria-prima e Centro de Custos para os custos de transformação. Foi estruturado um Sistema de Custos realizado sua análise e propostas de melhorias, após identificação de dificuldades e oportunidades, podem ser utilizadas como suporte para o aprimoramento de gestão da empresa, a qual já está colocando em prática várias ações aqui apontadas. / Maintaining competitiveness in the market is a growing challenge for companies that constantly need to look for improvements through management tools, such as the need of developing the structure and cost control. In this sense, the small and medium sized businesses can be seen by being inserted in a scenario where large corporations and multinational companies have cutting-edge technologies to support their decision-making processes, especially regarding to efficient cost systems. Along with the use of some methods and principles of defrayal, this work has as main objective to discuss the structure of a cost system from defrayal methods and principles for future application in a small business of the metal-mechanic sector. It has, as a specific objective, to apply the cost systematic proposal in this company, being the Standard Cost calculated for the raw material and Cost Center for the processing costs. A Cost System has been structured conducted its analysis and proposals for improvements, after identifying problems and opportunities, can be used as support for the company management improvement, which is already putting into practice several actions identified here.

O crescimento do rebanho mundial está acompanhando o crescimento populacional e tem colocado os pastos sobre forte pressão. Uma pastagem sobrecarregada, inicialmente reduz a produtividade dos pastos que sem os devidos cuidados acabam transformando-se em grandes desertos. Esse projeto é inserido nesse contexto e tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um robô autômato capaz de se locomover no pasto, monitorar o rebanho e colher dados referentes à forragem do pasto, tendo em vista que o processo atual é rústico, impreciso e prejudica a vegetação. Para que fosse possível o deslocamento do protótipo e a coleta dos dados, vários protótipos foram estudados uma vez que os pastos possuem irregularidades que proporcionam muitos obstáculos ao equipamento eletromecânico. Após a finalização do protótipo, sensores e softwares foram desenvolvidos possibilitando a captação dos dados e o envio dos mesmos ao computador central, este envio foi feito para obter um estudo praticamente em tempo real. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que a implantação de robôs para a monitoração do rebanho e análise do pasto, poderá proporcionar ao produtor um controle concreto sobre a forragem do pasto, além de auxiliar no monitoramento do rebanho, inclusive na proteção contra roubos. / The growth of the cattle is following the global population growth and has put strong pressure on pastures. A pasture overloaded initially reduces the productivity of pastures without due care end up becoming great deserts. This project is inserted into this context and aims to develop a robot automaton able to get around in the pasture, monitor the catle and collect data on the forage grass, considering that the current process is rustic, inaccurate and affect the vegetation. To enable it to shift the prototype and data collection, several prototypes have been studied since the pastures have irregularities that provide many obstacles to electromechanical equipment. After completion of the prototype sensors and software have been developed making it possible to capture data and send them to the central computer, documents were sent back for a study in near real time. The results show that the deployment of robots for monitoring the cattle and analysis of the pasture may provide the producer with a specific control on the grass sward, and assist in monitoring the cattle, including the theft deterrent.

Orientador: Milton Dias Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nomura_PaulaWatanabe_M.pdf: 4842075 bytes, checksum: fb2b3e20baadde947cb7b9aad16227d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As novas legislações de emissões demandam das montadoras de veículos automotores, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para melhorar o consumo de combustível e emissão de poluentes. Seguindo esta tendência, os sistemas de turbocompressores inovam junto e lançam ao mercado novas arquiteturas de turbos. Uma delas é o turbocompressor regulado de dois estágios, que otimiza a eficiência em um intervalo de rotação mais amplo. Neste sistema, há dois turbocompressores: o estágio de baixa pressão e de alta pressão. O primeiro tem maior influência nas baixas rotações, enquanto o segundo nas altas rotações do motor. Entre os dois estágios, existe uma válvula bypass que controla a passagem do gás de escape para o estágio de baixa pressão, evitando assim, sobrecarregar o estágio de alta pressão. Esta válvula bypass é composta por um eixo rotativo e uma bucha fixa, e exatamente entre estes dois componentes foi detectado desgaste, aumentando as folgas e causando vazamento de gás. Com o objetivo de diminuir este vazamento e resolver o problema, uma investigação sobre este desgaste prematuro foi iniciada dentro da empresa onde a autora da presente dissertação trabalha. Neste trabalho a análise de forças das condições estática e dinâmica que envolve a bucha e o eixo, as forças e momentos para abrir e fechar o prato da válvula, e as equações de movimento são apresentadas. A análise experimental inclui medições feitas em dois motores reais: um deles conectado a um dinamômetro e o outro instalado em um veículo usado na mesma aplicação onde o desgaste excessivo foi observado. Além disso, a análise de desgaste de dez pares bucha-eixo que retornaram de testes de durabilidade é apresentado. A comparação do desgaste entre dois sistemas de bucha e eixo foi realizada. Ambos os sistemas rodaram na mesma condição, exceto pela frequência de operação da válvula de controle, assim a influência desta frequência pôde ser analisada. Ao final, todo este dado foi coletado e usado para o cálculo de taxa de desgaste que avalia a influência de diferentes parâmetros de design sobre a taxa de desgaste / Abstract: The new emission legislations demand, from vehicle manufactures the development of technologies to improve fuel consumption and pollutants emission. Following this trend, the turbocharging systems innovate together and release new turbocharger architectures in the market. One of them is the regulated-two-stages turbocharger, which optimizes the efficiency in a broader engine speed range. In this system, there are two turbochargers, the high and low pressure stages. The former has a bigger influence on the low engine speeds, and the latter in the higher engine speeds. Between both stages there is a bypass valve that controls the gas flow to the low pressure stage, avoiding overpressure in the high pressure stage. This bypass valve is composed by a rotating shaft and a fixed bushing, and exactly between these two components it was detected wear, increasing the clearances and causing gas leakage. In order to reduce this leakage and solve the problem, an investigation about this premature wear has started inside the company where the author of the present dissertation works. In the present work the force analysis of the static and dynamic conditions that involve the shaft and bushing, the forces and momentum to open and close the valve plate, and the equations of motion are presented. The experimental analysis includes measurements made on two real engines: one of them connected to a dynamometer and the other installed on a vehicle used on the same application where the excessive wear was observed. Also, the wear analysis of ten shafts and bushings returned from durability tests is presented. The wear comparison between two shaft-bushing systems was performed. Both systems run in the same condition except for the control valve operational frequency, so the influence of this frequency could be evaluated. In the end, this entire data base collected could be used as input to a wear rate calculation that evaluates the influence of different design parameters on the wear rate / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Le cycliste a toujours souhaité maintenir et/ou améliorer ses performances. Cependant le confort reste un facteur déterminant au vu du temps passé sur le vélo. Ce confort est notamment altéré par les revêtements et les irrégularités du terrain générant des sollicitations le plus souvent néfastes à la santé. Ainsi, la communauté scientifique s'intéresse à la recherche d'un compromis performance-santé. Cet intérêt la mène à exploiter un grand nombre d'outils caractérisés par la mesure d'une grandeur physique. Parmi ces grandeurs, l'accélération apparaît comme une caractéristique riche en information. Elle permet l'analyse de la performance par un suivi de l'athlète et la prévention de la santé par l'évaluation et la limitation des effets délétères. Ces deux aspects, abordés dans ces travaux de thèse, s'appuient sur les concepts généraux de la mécanique des structures. / Cyclists have always wanted to keep and/or improve their performance. However, comfort is still a determinant factor because of the time spend on the bike. This comfort is especially altered by the coverings and the irregularities of the field generating loads that are often harmful to health. Therefore, the scientific community is interested in the research of a compromise between performance and health. This interest leads it to explore a large amount of tools characterized by the measure of a physical quantity. Among these values, the acceleration appears as a quantity rich in information. It allows to analyse the performance through monitoring of the athlete or the prevention of health disorders by the evaluation and limitation of the harmful effects.

Specialized techniques are needed to solve global optimization problems, due to the existence of multiple local optima or numerical noise in the objective function. The complexity of the problem is aggravated when discontinuities and constraints are present, or when evaluation of the objective function is computationally expensive. The global (minimization) programming problem is defined as finding the variable set for which the objective function obtains not only a local minimum, but also the smallest value, the global minimum. From a mathematical point of view, the global programming problem is essentially unsolvable, due to a lack of mathematical conditions characterizing the global optimum. In this study, the unconstrained global programming problem is addressed using a number of novel heuristic approaches. Firstly, a probabilistic global stopping criterion is presented for multi-start algorithms. This rule, denoted the unified Bayesian stopping criterion, is based on the single mild assumption that the probability of convergence to the global minimum is comparable to the probability of convergence to any other local minimum. This rule was previously presented for use in combination with a specific global optimization algorithm, and is now shown to be effective when used in a general multi-start approach. The suitability of the unified Bayesian stopping criterion is demonstrated for a number of algorithms using standard test functions. Secondly, multi-start global optimization algorithms based on multiple local searches, com¬bined with the unified Bayesian stopping criterion, are presented. Numerical results reveal that these simple multi-start algorithms outperform a number of leading contenders. Thirdly, parallelization of the sequential multi-start algorithms is shown to effectively re¬duce the apparent computational time associated with solving expensive global programming problems. Fourthly, two algorithms simulating natural phenomena are implemented, namely the rel¬atively new particle swarm optimization method and the well known genetic algorithm. For the current implementations, numerical results indicate that the computational effort associated with these methods is comparable. Fifthly, the observation that no single global optimization algorithm can consistently out¬perform any other algorithm when a large set of problems is considered, leads to the de¬velopment of a parallel competing algorithm infrastructure. In this infrastructure different algorithms, ranging from deterministic to stochastic, compete simultaneously for a contri¬bution to the unified Bayesian global stopping criterion. This is an important step towards facilitating an infrastructure that is suitable for a range of problems in different classes. In the sixth place, the constrained global programming problems is addressed using con¬strained algorithms in the parallel competing algorithm infrastructure. The developed methods are extensively tested using standard test functions, for both serial and parallel implementations. An optimization procedure is also presented to solve the slope stability problem faced in civil engineering. This new procedure determines the factor of safety of slopes using a global optimization approach. / Dissertation (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientador: Kátia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Radaelli_GustavoZarpelon_M.pdf: 6785468 bytes, checksum: 07019edf34b966c552330056d686bd33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os mancais possuem um papel expressivo dentre os componentes de um sistema rotativo, tendo o suporte de um elemento rotativo como sua principal função. Por trabalharem na interface entre elementos fixos e rotativos, os mancais constituem a origem de grande parcela das falhas ocorrentes em um sistema. Dentre estes, os mancais de rolamento de contato angular estão entre os mais utilizados, principalmente pela indústria automobilística. Apesar da ampla gama de aplicações, esses mancais usualmente estão sujeitos a falhas por fadiga de superfície, o que torna imprescindível um estudo aprofundado dos esforços e das velocidades aplicados às esferas e, consequentemente, às pistas interna e externa. A descrição dos esforços e das velocidades nas esferas é um desafio considerável, uma vez que as esferas estão sujeitas a uma lubrificação elastohidrodinâmica, que por sua vez, depende integralmente dos esforços e das velocidades das esferas para ser modelada, gerando assim um processo iterativo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o rolamento de esferas de contato angular, com embasamento teórico na literatura clássica para, em seguida, iniciar o equacionamento do equilíbrio de forças nas esferas e no mancal, o qual por sua vez, resulta na força de contato associada à condição de lubrificação. Para tanto, um programa computacional para simulação numérica das análises cinemáticas e dinâmicas foi desenvolvido e seus resultados comparados com a literatura. Após realizar a validação inicial do modelo com a literatura, uma solução mais completa é proposta para reproduzir de uma forma mais detalhada o que se encontra em aplicações práticas. Os resultados encontrados pelas diversas simulações foram condizentes com os resultados encontrados na literatura clássica, atestando que o programa computacional desenvolvido é consistente / Abstract: The bearings are of great importance and its major function is to support a rotating element. Due to the mandatory role of these components in the interface between fixed and rotating elements, the bearings are the source of a great percentage of the possible faults on a system. The rolling bearings of angular contact are one of the most utilized, mainly by the automotive industry. In spite of the great applications field, these bearings are usually subject to damage by superficial fatigue, which makes of great significance the detailed study of the efforts and the velocities on the spheres and, consequently, on the external and internal railways. The description of the efforts and velocities acting on the spheres is a considerable challenge, once the spheres are subject to an elastohidrodynamic lubrication that fully depends on the efforts and velocities of the spheres, generating an iterative process. The main objective of this work is to analyze the rolling bearings of angular contact, under theoretical bases, in order to accomplish the forces balance for the balls and for the bearing, which in turn results in the contact forces associated to the lubrication condition. The analysis requires the development of a computational program to numerically simulate the kinematic and dynamic conditions and, then, some of the results can be compared with the literature. After the initial validation of the model with the literature, a more complete solution is proposed to make it closer to practical applications. Results obtained by several simulations are compatible with those found in theoretical bases, attesting that the computational program developed is consistent / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

As gramáticas normativas, as descritivas e as semânticas assim como outras obras que tratam sobre a negação e sobre a restrição em francês moderno descrevem as expressões \"ne que\", \"sans que\", \"rien que\", \"bien que\", \"autre que\", \"nul autre que\" e \"pour peu que\" em diversos quadros teóricos sem descrever seus valores semânticos, suas naturezas verdadeiras e as funções de \"que\" distinguindo seu valor dos que a ele estão associados. Esse estudo, fundamentado nos princípios da teoria psico-mecânica de Gustave Guillaume (1971, 1973) e expandido pelas considerações semântico gramaticais elaboradas pelo Prof. M. Jacques Ouellet (2004), tenta identificar, compreender e explicar o funcionamento do \"que\" restritivo encontrado nas expressões acima, principalmente na de \"ne... que\". / Prescriptive, descriptive and semantic grammars, as well as other works dealing with negation and restrictions in modern French, describe the expressions ne... que, sans que, rien que, bien que, autre que, nul autre que and pour peu que by a variety of theoretical approaches without describing their semantic values, their very nature and the functions of que. Moreover, these works do not distinguish the value of que from those associated with it. This study, founded on the principles of psico-mechanic theory elaborated by Gustave Guillaume (1971, 1973) and expanded by grammatical semantic studies made by Prof. Jacques Ouellet, M.A. (2004), tries to identify, understand and explain the functioning of restrictive que, found in the above-mentioned expressions, especially in ne... que.

Le facteur de motilité autocrine (AMF) est une cytokine sécrétée par les cellules tumorales qui a été détectée dans le sérum et l'urine de patients cancéreux. Cette enzyme stimule la motilité des cellules cancéreuses in vitro et provoque des métastases in vivo. Elle peut être utilisée comme un biomarqueur métastasique.Dans cette étude, un biocapteur électrochimique sensible et spécifique a été conçu pour la détection et la quantification d'une enzyme modèle de l’AMF humain : la PGI de mammifère. Le biocapteur a été construit par liaison de 6-phosphate-D-fructose (F6P) sur une surface d'or d’électrode fonctionnalisée covalemment par des groupements oxyamine.La reconnaissance entre l’enzyme et le biorécepteur a été quantifiée par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique et voltammétrie dans une gamme de 10 fM à 100 nM. La limite de détection mesurée est de 6,6 fM. La sélectivité a été prouvée, ainsi que la reproductibilité. Notre biocapteur est une preuve de concept très prometteuse d'un futur dispositif analytique miniaturisé conçu pour la détection rapide, facile et précis de l'AMF. Il pourrait en outre contribuer à valider l'AMF en tant que nouveau biomarqueur du cancer métastatique.Afin d’étudier les interactions mises en jeu dans la reconnaissance entre l’enzyme et le biorécepteur, des études de mécanique moléculaire polarisable via le champ de forces SIBFA ont été réalisées. SIBFA est un champ de forces de seconde génération basé sur les résultats des décompositions ab-initio de l’énergie d’interaction et inclut donc la polarisation mais aussi l’énergie de transfert de charge.Pour cette étude nous avons mis en place deux modèles d’AMF pour SIBFA, une forme entière et une forme réduite, et nous avons construit un mime du biocapteur pour SIBFA. Pour cela, il a fallu concevoir et calibrer chaque fragment nécessaire à l’élaboration du mime. Ensuite différentes minimisations d’énergie ont été réalisées, en prenant en compte ou non la solvatation, puis des études sur les interactions mises en jeu ont été effectuées. / Autocrine motility factor (AMF) is a cytokine secreted by tumor cells that could be detected in the serum and the urine of cancer patients. This enzyme stimulates tumor cells motility in vitro and causes metastasis in vivo. It can be used as a biomarker of metastasis.In this study, a sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor was designed for the detection and quantitation of a model of the human enzyme AMF: the mammalian PGI. The biosensor was constructed by covalently binding D-fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) on the oxyamine functionalized surface of a gold electrode.Recognition between the enzyme and the bioreceptor was quantified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry in the range of 10 fM to 100 nM. The measured detection limit was 6.6 fM. Selectivity and reproducibility were also proven. Our biosensor is a promising proof of concept for the design of a future miniaturized analytical device for fast, easy and accurate detection of AMF. It could also help validate the AMF as a new biomarker of metastatic cancer.To study the interactions involved in the recognition process between the enzyme and the bioreceptor, we performed polarizable molecular mechanic studies using the force field SIBFA. SIBFA is a second-generation force field based on the results of ab- initio decomposition energy of interaction and therefore includes not only the polarization but also the charge transfer energy.For this study we have developed two models of AMF for SIBFA, an entire form and a reduced form, and we built a mime of the biosensor for SIBFA. For this, it was necessary to design and calibrate each fragment essential for the development of the mime. Then, different energy minimizations were carried out, some of which taking into account solvation parameters. Studies of interactions between the mime and the AMF model are being carried out.

In this study we will investigate the evolution of manipulative and experientially devaluative business practices in the mobile game industry from the perspective of game designers. The focus will be placed on the use of Dark Design Patterns defined in previous research by Zagal et al. (2013), significant changes since their cataloguing in said study, and the emergence of new ones. To do this, we isolate the different Game Modes of Coin Master and use Formal Analysis to break down various systems and interactions. In order to identify Dark Patterns, we use Zagal et al. (2013) study, supplemented by a list of potentially exploitable cognitive biases found in the work of Mathur et al (2019) as our theoretical framework. We discovered that many of the previously defined Dark Patterns can still be found in Coin master, along with hitherto new and undefined ones, chiefly related to company or developer interests as opposed to the players’. Dark Patterns of monetary and temporal nature appeared to have a close connection as they often manifested together, also commonly underpinned by exploitation of cognitive biases. Our findings are indicative of an increased intensity of predation on players, primarily motivated by monetary gain and to the detriment of player experience. / I denna studie undersöker vi utvecklingen av manipulativa och upplevelsemässigt nedvärderande affärsmodeller i mobil-spelsindustrin ur en speldesigners perspektiv. Undersökningens fokus riktas mot användningen och inkluderingen av Mörka Design Mönster, definierade i en tidigare studie av Zagal et al. (2013), förändringar i dessa mönster sedan deras kategorisering i sagd studie, och uppkomsten av tidigare odefinierade mönster. För att genomföra detta isolerar och analyserar vi de olika spellägena funna i spelet Coin Master med hjälp av Formell Analys, och nyttjar i syfte av identifiering Zagal et al. (2013) studie, samt som komplement den lista över kognitiva bias framtagen i en studie utförd av Mathur et al (2019) som teoretisk grundstomme. Vi upptäckte att flera utav de redan definierade mönstren i Zagal et al (2013) forskning består i sin närvaro än idag i Coin Master, beblandade med ett antal nya mönster, i överlag relaterade till företagets eller utvecklarens egna intressen istället för spelarens. Mörka Mönster av monetär och temporal karaktär påträffas ofta i samband med varandra, då i flera fall även med utnyttjande av kognitiva bias. Våra resultat är indikativa av en ökad vikt placerad på målsättningen att föregå värdet av spelupplevelsen i utvecklarens ekonomiska intressen, på spelares bekostnad.

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