Climate change was the most covered issue in the media in Sweden during 2019 and the use of terms such as “climate emergency” and “climate crisis” increased significantly (Vi-skogen, 2020). These developments and the climate issue pose questions of future practices and purpose of journalism and therefore also its professional boundaries, not the least towards other social actors and institutions. This study focuses on journalists professional boundaries with their sources, specifically non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Environmental NGOs play an important role in climate- and international politics, such as for instance in the setting of United Nations’ climate summits (COPs), and are themselves engaged in producing public information (Powers, 2015b; Wozniak et al. 2017). The study therefore explores journalists’ conceptions of NGOs for climate journalism and these organizations’ roles in the climate reporting during COP25 in Madrid. It uses a theory of boundary work in journalism and applies a methodology of online interviews with journalists from Swedish national news organizations and with two representatives from environmental NGOs based in Sweden. The findings demonstrate four overlapping roles of NGOs in climate journalism based on the practices and views of the participating journalists: dependency; established source; partnering watchdog; and agenda-driven player. It further concludes that the climate issue and COP25 offer a context for blurred boundaries between the two actors, however, it is limited as journalists maintain control over NGOs’ participation in the news making process.

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There is a scholar consensus that girls have been marginalized in childhood studies. Taking into account the gender effect in constructing different childhoods for boys and girls this thesis explores the frontiers of girlhood. Girlhood as being abandoned and not perceived in the here and now is constructed only in the future, namely in the frames of femininity and womanhood. This initiates pathology in the lives of girls. This thesis through film representation explored new constructions of girlhood. Two films Barbie as Rapunzel and Tangled based in the fairy tale of Rapunzel were explored through Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. The discursive constructions, the “preppy” girl and the “alternative” girl emerged accordingly as the versions of the “authentic” girl that is searching for her identity and leading to the “self-regulated” girl discourse as a way to reconstruct girlhood.These discursive constructions can be used in the reorientation of girlhood as they unravel the necessities that exist in girl studies.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka de likheter och skillnader som finns i två av Sveriges största tidningars nyhetsrapportering kring krisen i Venezuela. Studien består av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och en kritisk diskursanalys som analyserats utifrån två teoretiska perspektiv som ligger till grund för denna uppsats; Gestaltning- och Postkoloniala teorier. Forskningsfrågorna som behandlats i denna studie är: − Vilka källor är vanligast förekommande? − Hur mycket utrymme får olika aktörer i rapporteringen? − Vilken vinkel har artiklarna? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har vi bland annat granskat källreferering, aktörer och artiklarnas vinkel. Resultatet visade en övergripande västcentrerad utgångspunkt för källreferering men också ett medialt fokus kring makthavare. De slutsatser som dragits är att det finns en tendens i svensk media att återge en negativ bild av den venezuelanska regeringen och dess styrelseskick. Samtidigt har resultatet gett en bild av Expressen som den någorlunda mer neutrala tidningen som lämnar större utrymme för fler aktörer med olika politiska agendor till skillnad från Dagens Nyheter.

Forskare och teknologer talar om artificiell intelligens som en revolution lika omvälvande som industrialismen och investerare har skyhöga förväntningar. Detta medan det hos allmänheten finns både okunskap om och rädsla inför AI, även om AI redan i dag tillämpas inom områden som sjukvård och industri. Många tillämpningar innebär att människans livsmiljö behöver anpassas för att AI ska fungera. När ny teknologi växer fram saknar vi ofta uttryck att tala om den och AI är dessutom till stor del osynlig för blotta ögat. Allmänheten blir därför i stor utsträckning beroende av mediernas skildringar. Det ger medierna makt eftersom de får kontroll över de budskap som sprids om AI, vilket gör att de kan påverka våra tankar, känslor och handlingar. Syftet med studien har varit att utforska hur AI har konstruerats i medierna i en tid när varken AI eller diskurserna om AI har hittat sin slutgiltiga form, det vill säga låsts in. Vad säger vi egentligen om AI i form av diskurser, ramar och metaforer? Empirin består av 90 nyhetsartiklar om AI publicerade av TT Nyhetsbyrån från 1980-talet till mars 2020. TT Nyhetsbyrån har en unik plats som nyhetsförmedlare då de når ut till hela Sveriges befolkning och åtnjuter stort förtroende hos allmänheten. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av tre teorier i samspel: diskursanalys, framingteori och metaforteori. Diskursanalys ser språket som en social handling, vilket innebär att diskurser om AI kan leda oss i en viss riktning. Framingteori studerar hur olika sätt att rama in ett ämne som AI styr hur vi uppfattar och tolkar det. Metaforer ses i studien som centrala tankestrukturer som påverkar hur vi uppfattar, känner och handlar kring AI. Metodval är kvalitativ analys utifrån den undersökningsmodell som konstruerades med det teoretiska ramverket som grund. Resultaten visar att inramningen av TT Nyhetsbyråns artiklar är övervägande positiv, där AI i majoriteten av artiklarna presenteras som ett verktyg med stora möjligheter, som bör utvecklas och tillämpas. Metaforer som förekommer tillskriver maskinen mänskliga egenskaper och motiv och framställer AI-tillämpningar som smarta, läskunniga, nyfikna med flera mänskliga förmågor. Det impliceras i flera artiklar att maskinen skulle ha ett intresse av att konkurrera med människan. En central slutsats är att det förekommer ett spänningsfält med två motsatta huvuddiskurser i empirin. Den ena beskriver AI som ett neutralt verktyg, den andra som en konkurrent till människan. Båda leder till bilden av AI som ett verktyg med stor potential. AI-intressenterna gynnas av spänningsfältet medan läsare missgynnas: de lämnas att själva dra slutsatser om AI:s egentliga fördelar och nackdelar. Andra slutsatser är att de metaforer som förekommer tillskriver AI mänskliga egenskaper och motiv, vilket skapar stora förväntningar. Metaforerna döljer att AI kan förekomma i andra former än som en människoliknande robot, former som inskränker människans livsutrymme. Inramningen har varierat något över tid och tecken finns på att diskurser har låsts in. I empirin finns en klar övervikt för vita män ur elitklassen, vilket gör att TT Nyhetsbyrån kan sägas reproducera existerande maktstrukturer. / According to scientists and technologists, Artificial Intelligence is as revolutionary as the Industrialisation, and investors have soaring expectations. At the same time there is ignorance and fear of AI among the public, even though AI is already being applied in areas such as healthcare and industry. Many applications mean that human life must be adapted to make AI work. As new technologies emerge, we often lack expressions to talk about them, and AI is also largely invisible to the naked eye. The public, therefore, is largely dependent on depictions in media. Newspapers and radio channels decide what messages are spread about AI, messages which influence our thoughts, feelings and actions. The aim of this study was to explore how AI has been constructed in the media at a time when neither AI nor the discourses of AI have found their final form. What do we really say about AI? This study investigates 90 news articles about AI published by TT Nyhetsbyrån from the 1980s to March 2020. TT Nyhetsbyrån has the ability to reach the entire population of Sweden and enjoy great public confidence. The study’s theoretical framework consists of three theories in interaction: discourse analysis, framing theory and metaphor theory. Discourse analysis sees language as a social act, which means that discourses about AI can influence our behaviour. Framing theory studies how different ways of framing a topic such as AI can determine how we perceive and interpret it. In this study, metaphors are defined as central thought structures that influence how we perceive, feel and act. A qualitative analysis was applied in the study, based on a model that was constructed using the theoretical framework. TT Nyhetsbyrån’s articles are found to be predominantly positive, where AI in the majority of articles is framed as a tool with great opportunities, that should be developed and applied. Metaphors ascribe human attributes and motives to the machine, such as smart, literate and curious. It is implied in several articles that the machine has an interest in competing with man. In TT Nyhetsbyrån’s articles two opposite main discourses are visible, creating a tension between the two. One describes AI as a neutral tool, the other as a competitor to humans. Both lead to the image of AI as a tool with great potential. AI stakeholders are favoured by this tension between discourses, while the public is disfavoured: the readers of TT Nyhetsbyrån’s articles are left to draw conclusions about the true advantages and disadvantages of AI. The metaphors in the articles attribute human traits and motives to AI, which creates high expectations. The metaphors hide that AI can exist in forms other than a human-like robot, forms that restrict human life. The framing has varied somewhat over time and there are signs that discourses have been locked in. Since a majority of the interviewees in the articles are white men of the elite class, TT Nyhetsbyrån can also be said to reproduce existing power structures.

In this bachelor’s thesis we intend to investigate how masculine stereotypes are presented in four commercials before versus after #metoo. The purpose is to examine whether and in what way the masculine stereotypes have changed in our selected commercials presentation in accordance with cultural change. We intend to examine how representations relate to the context of social changes, the changing view of masculinity and masculine normative stereotypes.The analysis is performed with a multimodal analysis. The focus is on semiotics and its constituents. Since the thesis uses qualitative analysis, we have chosen to focus on those parts of the material that can be interpreted semiotically in order to gain a deeper understanding of its connection to social change in accordance with our theories. The studys results show that the four commercials we examined show a change before versus after #metoo. This change is in accordance with cultural studies. Hegemonic masculinity theory further explains how the new masculinity is presented in the later commercials. Furthermore, we ask ourselves whether the changes is made out of goodwill or to surf on a wave of political correctness.

The purpose of this study was to examine how Greta Thunberg, as a phenomenon, is portrayed in the news media Fox News as well as CNN and also how other actors are appearing in the news frames. The study was done by doing a qualitative content analysis in the form of a news framing analysis by focusing on frequent themes; frames by which she is portrayed. Furthermore I compared CNN with Fox News in relation to Greta Thunberg and how they portray her objectively. The examined articles were those of which they were published during the week when Greta Thunberg was named TIME’s ‘Person of the Year’. The frames, as a result, were that Greta Thunberg is framed as ‘A Hero’, ‘Someone to be questioned as Person of the Year’ and ‘A threat towards Donald Trump. The frequent actors apart from Greta Thunberg who appeared were Donald Trump as well as TIME’s Magazine. The results also found that Fox News and CNN takes different stands when it comes to Greta Thunberg.

Sports journalism is a traditionally male-dominated environment. Previous research has shown that women sports journalists were outnumbered in newsrooms, had less career opportunities, have been exposed to harassment and must negotiate identity contradictions in order to succeed in their career. Most previous studies have explored English-speaking countries and little was done in Scandinavia and Latin America. This study aimed to analyze the perceptions and experiences of Swedish and Brazilian women sports journalists from gendered journalism cultures perspective, drawing a comparison between these countries. Through qualitative approach, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with seven women sports journalists from Sweden and Brazil and found that there are more similarities than differences between the two countries. Despite the different contexts, Swedish and Brazilian women sports journalists who participated in this study are overall satisfied with newsroom environment, they claimed that women journalists have gained more space, respect and voice in sports departments in comparison to when they started working in the field. However, they also pointed to some remaining issues such as sexist jokes and a feeling of having to prove their knowledge and capability. Another similarity observed was the perception that sports journalism has highly improved in relation to gender equality and, although the challenges still exist, they are less visible now. This study also found that the biggest difference observed between participants from Sweden and Brazil was the understanding of sexism and woman identity. While Swedish interviewees showed a more complex awareness of these concepts, Brazilians participants demonstrated some confusing comprehension, exposing more contradictions regarding these matters.

The advent of the digital era has brought transformation to various practices including consumer boycotts. Social media has enhanced consumer power and most boycott actions have an online presence so that their influence is no longer limited to specific geographical areas. Instead, there is a far-reaching global impact through online platform technologies. This study aims to fill in the gap in existing research on consumer boycotts by addressing the impact of social media on this practice. Using the case of the #NoJapan movement in SouthKorea, the thesis discusses the transformatory trends and changing motivations of consumer boycotts in the times of social media. The theoretical frameworks used in the analysis process include Self-Determination Theory and The Honeycomb of Social Media Framework which help explain diverse motivation factors, types of motivation, and social media functionalities. This research uses a mixed-methods approach to conducting in-depth interviews of #NoJapanparticipants and analyzing posts related to this particular boycott campaign. The main focus of this process is to investigate social media utilization and boycott motivation shown in the#NoJapan case. The findings of the study show the diversity of practices prevalent in social media use by people engaging with #NoJapan boycotts in the online environment. Moreover, the finding problematizes the social media space as one which has both positive and negative effects on an individual’s boycott motivation. This thesis has made significant contributions to the field of SDT and boycott studies by expanding their perspective on online interaction.

Det finns farhågor att den ökade ägarkoncentrationen i mediebranschen gällande lokaladagstidningar riskerar att påverka innehållet för dess läsare. Allt mer material hämtas från externaaktörer, såsom nyhetsbyråer och kommunikationsavdelningar. I kombination med den digitalautvecklingen har detta inneburit förändringar för de etablerade mediehusen. Genom att undersökatvå lokala dagstidningar kopplade till Stampen media, ville jag undersöka om detta har påverkattidningens lokala prägel. Stampen media köpte dels upp flera lokala tidningar i början av 2000-talet,dels blev Stampen media själva uppköpta för något år sedan.Sveriges riksdag beslutade om ett nytt presstöd 2018, vilket skall stärka den lokala journalistiken.Detta i kombination med att en entydig forskning som visar på att den lokala tidningen har en viktigroll att spela när det kommer till demokrati och att skapa samhällsengagemang, visar på vikten avlokala tidningar.Den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen visar på att den lokala prägeln inte har minskat i någon störreomfattning. Tendensen för Hallands Nyheter är mer negativ, än för Hallandsposten. Vidare visarresultaten på ett fokus på centralorterna i tidningarnas utgivningsområden. Det som framkommer äratt tidningens material har minskat betydligt och vad detta kan ha för betydelse för tidningens lokalaprägel i framtiden, får framtiden utvisa.