Objetivos: Identificar fatores associados à percepção de suficiência de renda dos idosos do município de São Paulo, que relataram alguma vez ter trabalhado com remuneração e que possuíam renda. Métodos: A partir da entrevista com 2.143 idosos (60 anos e mais), em 2000, foram identificados 1.300 que não precisaram de ajuda para responder o questionário, com 13 pontos ou mais no MEEM (Mini Exame de Estado Mental), que exerceram algum tipo de trabalho remunerado, que tinham algum tipo de renda e que, esta coincidisse com a quantidade de fontes de renda informada. Utilizou-se na análise estatística o teste de associação para amostras complexas (Rao-Scott), análise univariada e multivariada de regressão logística, sendo construído através desta última o modelo final, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados e discussão: Perceberam como suficiente sua renda, 31 por cento dos idosos. Aqueles com renda acima dos patamares analisados (per capita acima de ½ salário mínimo e renda total acima do mínimo necessário para atendimento das necessidades básicas) apresentaram maiores chances de percepção satisfatória. Independente da renda, os seguintes fatores estiveram associados com uma melhor percepção de suficiência de renda: ter trabalhado predominantemente em atividades não físicas, ter iniciado atividade laboral com 14 anos ou mais, possuir seguro/plano de saúde privado, ter duas ou mais fontes de renda, não ter passado por privação alimentar em seus primeiros 15 anos de vida, ter 70 anos ou mais, ter boa saúde e ser independente quanto à realização de atividades da vida diária. Conclusão: Situações herdadas, adquiridas ou impostas, assim como ações e decisões adotadas, durante o curso de vida, contribuíram para uma melhor percepção de suficiência de renda dos idosos / Objectives: Identify factors associated with perception of sufficiency of income the elderly in São Paulo, reported ever having worked with pay and had income. Methods: From interviews with 2,143 elderly (60 years and over) in 2000 identified 1,300 who needed no help in answering the questionnaire, with 13 or more points on the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination), who work with pay, had some income and that this coincided with the amount of income sources informed. Was used in the statistical analysis of the association test for complex survey (Rao-Scott), univariate and multivariate logistic regression, using the latter in the construction the final model, at a significance level of 5 per cent . Results and discussion: Perceived their income as sufficient, 31 per cent of the old people. Those with income above the levels considered (up to ½ per capita wage and total income above the minimum required for basic needs) were more likely satisfactory perception. Regardless of income, the following factors were associated with a better perception of sufficiency of income, having worked predominantly in non-physical labor activity has started with 14 years or older, have insurance or private health plan, more than one source of income, not starve in its first 15 years of life, be 70 years or more, have good health and perform activities of daily living without any help. Conclusion: Situations existing, legacy situtations or conditions imposed, as well as actions and decisions made during the course of life, have contributed to a better perception of sufficiency of income the elderly

Objetivos: Identificar fatores associados à percepção de suficiência de renda dos idosos do município de São Paulo, que relataram alguma vez ter trabalhado com remuneração e que possuíam renda. Métodos: A partir da entrevista com 2.143 idosos (60 anos e mais), em 2000, foram identificados 1.300 que não precisaram de ajuda para responder o questionário, com 13 pontos ou mais no MEEM (Mini Exame de Estado Mental), que exerceram algum tipo de trabalho remunerado, que tinham algum tipo de renda e que, esta coincidisse com a quantidade de fontes de renda informada. Utilizou-se na análise estatística o teste de associação para amostras complexas (Rao-Scott), análise univariada e multivariada de regressão logística, sendo construído através desta última o modelo final, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados e discussão: Perceberam como suficiente sua renda, 31 por cento dos idosos. Aqueles com renda acima dos patamares analisados (per capita acima de ½ salário mínimo e renda total acima do mínimo necessário para atendimento das necessidades básicas) apresentaram maiores chances de percepção satisfatória. Independente da renda, os seguintes fatores estiveram associados com uma melhor percepção de suficiência de renda: ter trabalhado predominantemente em atividades não físicas, ter iniciado atividade laboral com 14 anos ou mais, possuir seguro/plano de saúde privado, ter duas ou mais fontes de renda, não ter passado por privação alimentar em seus primeiros 15 anos de vida, ter 70 anos ou mais, ter boa saúde e ser independente quanto à realização de atividades da vida diária. Conclusão: Situações herdadas, adquiridas ou impostas, assim como ações e decisões adotadas, durante o curso de vida, contribuíram para uma melhor percepção de suficiência de renda dos idosos / Objectives: Identify factors associated with perception of sufficiency of income the elderly in São Paulo, reported ever having worked with pay and had income. Methods: From interviews with 2,143 elderly (60 years and over) in 2000 identified 1,300 who needed no help in answering the questionnaire, with 13 or more points on the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination), who work with pay, had some income and that this coincided with the amount of income sources informed. Was used in the statistical analysis of the association test for complex survey (Rao-Scott), univariate and multivariate logistic regression, using the latter in the construction the final model, at a significance level of 5 per cent . Results and discussion: Perceived their income as sufficient, 31 per cent of the old people. Those with income above the levels considered (up to ½ per capita wage and total income above the minimum required for basic needs) were more likely satisfactory perception. Regardless of income, the following factors were associated with a better perception of sufficiency of income, having worked predominantly in non-physical labor activity has started with 14 years or older, have insurance or private health plan, more than one source of income, not starve in its first 15 years of life, be 70 years or more, have good health and perform activities of daily living without any help. Conclusion: Situations existing, legacy situtations or conditions imposed, as well as actions and decisions made during the course of life, have contributed to a better perception of sufficiency of income the elderly

Afin d'accélérer ce processus de conception des systèmes embarqués, un environnement de simulation rapide et performant peut s'avérer indispensable. Pour la rendre performante, les modèles comportementaux des composants élémentaires du système doivent être capables de remplacer les éléments réels dans leurs influences et réponses à tous les phénomènes influents: perturbations, affaiblissements, retards... Nos travaux de thèse visent à contribuer à cette approche méthodologique : ils traitent le développement d'un émulateur des RCSFs. Pour ce faire deux types de simulateurs ont été étudiés: * le premier est un simulateur " software " basé sur la création de modèles comportementaux, décrits en langage VHDL-AMS. * le deuxième est un simulateur hardware basé sur la création des modèles logiques comportementaux, décrits en langage VHDL synthétisable. La simulation s'effectuera sur un composant FPGA cible. Des modifications peuvent être faites sur l'architecture de manière dynamique.

The School for Mechanical Engineering at the North-West University is home to one of South Africa's most established Measurement & Verification (M&V) teams. The team is involved with South Africa's electricity utility, Eskom, and their efforts to reduce the energy demand of the nation through Demand Side Management (DSM). One of the DSM initiatives in the residential energy sector is a National Solar Water Heating Program which encourages homeowners to purchase and install an Eskom accredited solar water heating system by means of a financial incentive. Massive financial investments have been incurred and it is only natural for stakeholders to question their return on investment. The need consequently exists to determine the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and establish whether it is being sustained. Before developing a methodology to measure and verify the impact of a solar water heating program an in-depth study had to be done on M&V as well as the concepts around solar water heating itself. After considering financial, time and accuracy constraints it was decided that an M&V Solar Water Heating Application along with the M&V methodology be developed. The primary aim of the application was to simulate the electrical hot water demand caused by the electrical-backup elements of the solar water heating systems and thereby avoiding the logistically and financially impossible process of measuring the electrical demand. A high-level simulation application, based on energy balances, was developed with solar water heating system types, geographical locations, weather conditions, hot water demand profiles and installation positions as inputs. The outputs of the application were the uncontrolled, simulated electrical hot water demand and were compared to the actual measured electrical hot water demand of a solar water heating system located in Cape Town. The outputs from two scenarios were compared to the measured data; one calculated with weather data from the global weather database Meteonorm, and the second calculated with the measured weather parameters acquired during the measurement period. The first scenario indicated relative accuracy with a mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV (RMSE)) of 13.5% and 16.00/o respectively. The second scenario revealed improved accuracy with an MBE and CV (RMSE) of -1.1% and 5.5% respectively. The M&V Solar Water Heating Application and methodology has set the process in motion to measure and verify the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and will be refined as more data and information become available. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The School for Mechanical Engineering at the North-West University is home to one of South Africa's most established Measurement & Verification (M&V) teams. The team is involved with South Africa's electricity utility, Eskom, and their efforts to reduce the energy demand of the nation through Demand Side Management (DSM). One of the DSM initiatives in the residential energy sector is a National Solar Water Heating Program which encourages homeowners to purchase and install an Eskom accredited solar water heating system by means of a financial incentive. Massive financial investments have been incurred and it is only natural for stakeholders to question their return on investment. The need consequently exists to determine the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and establish whether it is being sustained. Before developing a methodology to measure and verify the impact of a solar water heating program an in-depth study had to be done on M&V as well as the concepts around solar water heating itself. After considering financial, time and accuracy constraints it was decided that an M&V Solar Water Heating Application along with the M&V methodology be developed. The primary aim of the application was to simulate the electrical hot water demand caused by the electrical-backup elements of the solar water heating systems and thereby avoiding the logistically and financially impossible process of measuring the electrical demand. A high-level simulation application, based on energy balances, was developed with solar water heating system types, geographical locations, weather conditions, hot water demand profiles and installation positions as inputs. The outputs of the application were the uncontrolled, simulated electrical hot water demand and were compared to the actual measured electrical hot water demand of a solar water heating system located in Cape Town. The outputs from two scenarios were compared to the measured data; one calculated with weather data from the global weather database Meteonorm, and the second calculated with the measured weather parameters acquired during the measurement period. The first scenario indicated relative accuracy with a mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV (RMSE)) of 13.5% and 16.00/o respectively. The second scenario revealed improved accuracy with an MBE and CV (RMSE) of -1.1% and 5.5% respectively. The M&V Solar Water Heating Application and methodology has set the process in motion to measure and verify the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and will be refined as more data and information become available. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do grupo genético (GG) e da infecção por Haemonchus contortus sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de borregas da raça Santa Inês (SI), Ile de France (IF) e animais provenientes do cruzamento de matrizes da raça SI com reprodutores das raças IF, Dorper, Texel e Suffolk. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) na carne das borregas não infectadas. Cento e oito carcaças foram utilizadas, sendo 18 carcaças de cada um dos seguintes GG: SI, IF, ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Inês (IFxSI), ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês (DOxSI), ½ Texel x ½ Santa Inês (TExSI) e ½ Suffolk x ½ Santa Inês (SUxSI). Nove carcaças de cada GG foram de animais infectados com larvas de H. contortus, totalizando 54 carcaças de animais infectados e 54 não infectados. Os animais foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 6x2 (6 GG e 2 condições de infecção), em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, sendo a idade e o peso inicial os fatores de blocagem. As infecções aconteceram três vezes por semana e os animais receberam, por via oral, solução com 500 larvas L3 de H. contortus por infecção durante 14 semanas. Posteriormente, as borregas receberam uma dose desafio com 10.000 larvas L3 e mais 11 subsequentes com 1.000 larvas L3 por dose, distribuídas três vezes por semana. Durante o período experimental total (154 dias), cada borrega recebeu 41.500 larvas L3. Ao final do confinamento as borregas foram submetidas à jejum e abatidas. As características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça e da carne foram avaliadas. As borregas DOxSI foram superiores em relação as borregas SI nas seguintes variáveis: peso corporal ao abate, peso de carcaça quente e fria, peso do pernil, paleta e lombo, rendimento de lombo, e espessura de parede corporal. As borregas infectadas tiveram a carne mais clara e amarelada. Borregas SUxSI não infectadas apresentaram a maior (P<0,05) área de olho de lombo (AOL), porém, quando infectadas, as borregas deste GG apresentaram a menor AOL. A infecção por H. contortus ocasionou menores (P<0,05) pesos de abate e de carcaça. Com base na AOL o GG SUxSI apresentou as maiores perdas quando infectados por H. contortus. O cruzamento de matrizes SI com machos Dorper é eficiente, sendo uma alternativa para melhorar as características da carcaça de animas SI. Na determinação da composição química e do perfil de AG foram utilizados 36 músculos Longissimus dorsi de borregas não infectadas, sendo 6 músculos de cada GG. As borregas IF e IFxSI apresentaram maiores (P<0,05) quantidades de lipídeos que as borregas SI. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do genótipo sobre os teores de umidade, cinzas e proteína. As borregas SI e SUxSI depositaram menos gordura que as IF e IFxSI. Os GG SI e SUxSI apresentaram a maior relação entre os AG poliinsaturados e saturados quando comparado às borregas IFxSI. / The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of genotype and Haemonchus contortus infection on carcass and meat characteristics of ewe lambs and the effects of genotype on chemical composition and fatty acids (FA) profile. A total of 108 carcasses were evaluated. Eighteen carcasses from each of the following genetic groups (GG): Santa Inês (SI), Ile de France (IF), ½ Ile de France x ½ Santa Inês (IFxSI), ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês (DOxSI), ½ Texel x ½ Santa Inês (TExSI) and ½ Suffolk x ½ Santa Inês (SUxSI) were used. Half of the animals from each GG were infected with H. contortus L3 larvae. A factorial arrangement of treatments 6x2 (6 GG and two infection conditions) was used in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were defined by initial weigh and age. The infections occurred three times a week and animals received an oral solution with 500 L3 larvae during 14 weeks. Following this period the infected ewe lambs received an additional dosage with 10,000 L3 plus 11 infections with 1,000 L3 each, drenched three times a week. Each animal received a total of 41,500 larvae during the experimental period. After 154 days of confinement ewe lambs were slaughtered and the carcasses evaluated. DOxSI ewe lambs showed higher values than the SI ewe lambs in the following variables: body weight at slaughter, hot and chilled carcass weight, weight of leg, shoulder and loin, loin yield, and body wall thickness. H. contortus infection showed (P<0.05) lower slaughter and carcass weights. Infected ewe lambs had lighter and more yellowish meat compared to non-infected. SUxSI noninfected ewe lambs had (P<0.05) the largest loin eye area (LEA), but when infected, these GG ewe lambs had the smallest LEA. Crossbreeding SI ewes with Dorper sires is an alternative to improve carcass characteristics of SI animals. To determine the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile, 36 Longissimus dorsi muscle from noninfected ewe lambs were used. IF and IFxSI ewe lambs showed (P<0.05) high amounts of lipids than SI and SUxSI ewe lambs. No effect of genotype (P>0.05) was found on moisture, ash and protein. SI and SUxSI had better polyunsaturated:saturated FA ratio compared to IFxSI ewe lambs.

Bakgrund: Bakgrunden visar att det behövs ett större fokus på att stödja patienten att finna en mening i tillvaron och att acceptera livet så som det är och utifrån den insikten gå vidare mot nya mål. Forskning visar på att psykisk ohälsa är ett folkhälsoproblem som leder till en ökad risk att dö i förtid. Det framkommer att strävan efter att få uppleva mening i tillvaron, gemenskap och självständighet är viktigt och avgörande för upplevelsen av hälsa. Det framkommer att alla människor kan utvecklas och har en potential som vi kan ta till vara på. Inflytanden och delaktighet är avgörande för en god vård och patienter vill känna att de kan påverka och forma sitt eget liv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård stödjer patienter med en psykisk sjukdom att påbörja en förändrande process med sikte mot ett bättre psykiskt mående. Metod: En kvalitativ metod, med intervjuer av fem sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes för analysen. Resultat: Hur sjuksköterskorna arbetar för att stödja patienterna presenteras i tre huvudkategorier: Åtgärder som bygger relationer, Att stärka och rusta patienten, Sjuksköterskan som leder, organiserar och tar beslut. Diskussion: Det är sjuksköterskan som är verktyget inte själva modellen i sig. Att mötas som människor och att bygga relationer som är nyckeln till att kunna hjälpa en annan människa att påbörja en förändringsprocess och hitta nya mål i livet. / Background: Research shows that there is a need for greater focus on supporting the patient to find an meaning in life and to accept life as it is and from that insight move on to new goals. Research also shows that mental ill health is a public health problem that leads to an increased risk of dying prematurely. It appears that the search for meaning in life, belonging and independence is important and crucial to the health experience. It appears that all people can develop and have a potential that can be made the most of. Influence and participation are crucial for good care and patients want to feel that they can influence and shape their own lives. Aim: The purpose was to describe how nurses in psychiatric care support patients with mental illness to begin a changing process with a view to a better mental well-being. Method: A qualitative method, with interviews of five nurses in psychiatric care. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. A qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used for the analysis. Results: How nurses work to support patients is presented in three main categories: Relationship-building actions, Strengthening and fortifying the patient, The nurse as a leader, organizing and making decisions. Discussion: It is the nurse that is the tool, not the model itself. To meet as human beings as well as to build relationships that are the key to helping another person begin a change process and find new goals in life.

Omvårdnaden av lidande och döende patienter och att stötta närstående är en av de svåraste uppgifter sjuksköterskan möter i sitt arbete. Det ter sig viktigt att som sjuksköterska inneha vetenskaplig kunskap och kännedom om hur cancerpatienter bör bli bemötta i ett palliativt skede samt hur på bästa möjliga sätt en relation kan byggas upp. Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att undersöka sjuksköterskors bemötande gentemot cancerpatienter i ett palliativt skede och relationen dem emellan, både ur sjuksköterskors- och patienters synsätt. Metod: Efter vetenskaplig granskning av artiklar valdes åtta ut för analys och utgjorde underlag till litteraturstudien. Resultat: Ur sjuksköterskornas perspektiv kunde följande kategorier utläsas: sjuksköterskors förståelse för hela patientens livssituation, behov och värderingar/kommunikation och samarbete/skapa livskvalitet och välbefinnande för patienter/sjuksköterskors attityd till palliativ vård och döende patienter. Ur patienternas perspektiv kunde följande kategorier utläsas; känsla av livskvalitet och välbefinnande/kommunikation och samarbete med sjuksköterskor/medbestämmande över sin egen vård. / The nursing care for suffering and dying patients and to be able to support people around the patient is one of the most difficult tasks for a nurse. It seems to be important for the nurse to have scientific knowledge and perceptions of how cancer patients should be met in the end-of-life and knowledge about how a relationship is best built. The aim of this literature review was to investigate nurses’ ability to meet cancer patients when in the end-of-life and the relationship between them, both from nurses’ and patients’ points of view. Method: After scientific evaluation of articles, eight were chosen to be analysed and were finally the ground for this literature review. Result: From the nurse’s point of view, following categories could be found; nurses’ understanding for the patients’ whole life situation, needs and values/communication and cooperation/creation of quality-of-life and wellbeing for the patient/nurses’ attitudes towards palliative care and patients who are dying. From the patients’ perspective, following categories could be found; sense of quality-of-life and wellbeing/communication and cooperation with nurses/to be able to have control of ones own care.

No description available.

本論文主要是應用過去探討盈餘反應係數（ERC）的研究模型，驗證公司與分析師預測值間正負預測誤差的方向性與幅度對於市場反應之影響；並且在公司持續一致存在正/負向誤差的情況之下，探討市場對於此種趨勢的反應，並進一步以實證結果分析影響經理人員進行盈餘管理的可能原因。主要的研究問題有三： (1)當公司超出分析師預測時，市場獎勵公司的程度，是否更甚於當公司未達分析師預測時，市場懲罰公司的程度? (2)在控制未預期盈餘（unexpected earnings）的幅度之下，當公司超出分析師預測時，市場獎勵公司的程度，是否更甚於當公司未達分析師預測時，市場懲罰公司的程度? (3)當公司存在持續一致報導正/負向預測誤差趨勢的情況下，市場對於公司的此種趨勢給與的獎勵或懲罰的性質及程度為何? 本研究係以在台灣證券市場上市公司為研究對象，研究期間為民國77年至民國90年共計14年。研究方法分別使用Pooled regression與Annual regression兩種迴歸模式分別對樣本觀察值進行複迴歸。共計三個迴歸模型，六個迴歸結果。 本研究結果如下： 一、在是否超過分析師預測方面，當公司超過分析師預測時所得到的市場獎勵程度，並不一定大於當公司未能達到分析師預測時所得到市場懲罰的程度。因此就此部分之結論而言，公司為了得到市場獎勵而從事盈餘管理與公司為了逃避市場懲罰因素而從事盈餘管理，兩種行為之動機程度並無明顯差別。 二、倘若在控制未預期盈餘的幅度的情況之下，當公司超過分析師預測時所得到的市場獎勵程度，則是顯著的大於當公司未能達到分析師預測時所得到市場懲罰的程度。因此就本研究此部分之結論而言，公司為了得到市場獎勵的盈餘管理動機程度甚於避免受到市場懲罰之盈餘管理動機程度。 三、在是否存在持續一致報導正/負向預測誤差趨勢方面，可區分為兩部分說明： （1）對於有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢的公司而言： 持續一致未達的未預期盈餘部分（系統因子），市場會對該系統化部分之行為失去信心而給予其懲罰。 然而，非一致性未達的未預期盈餘部分（非系統因子），相較於其他沒有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢之公司，市場則不一定會對該部分之行為失去信心而給予其超額懲罰。意即因非系統未達之部分所得到的市場懲罰，並不一定大於沒有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢之公司。 （2）對於有持續一致超出分析師預測之趨勢的公司而言： 持續一致超出的未預期盈餘部分（系統因子），市場不一定會將該系統化部分之行為視為經理人員從事盈餘管理之結果而給予懲罰。 然而，非一致性超出的未預期盈餘部分（非系統因子），相較於其他未能持續一致超出分析師預測之公司，市場則亦不一定予以實質肯定並給予其超額獎勵。意即因非系統超出之部分所得到的市場獎勵，並不一定大於未能持續一致超出分析師預測的公司。 / This study investigates whether the market rewards（penalizes）firms for beating（missing）analysts’ earnings forecasts. Specifically, we examine the market response to positive and negative forecast errors. In addition, we examine whether the sensitivity of stock prices to positive or negative forecast errors is affected by the firms’ history of consistently beating or missing analysts’ forecasts. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on three issues: (1) is there a differential market response to the level of unexpected earnings for firms that beat analysts’ forecasts versus those that do not? (2) does the market respond to whether firms beat or miss analysts’ forecasts independent of the magnitude of the forecast error? (3) whether the market gives rewards or penalties for firms with a historical tendency to report positive / negative forecast errors? The results indicate that the earnings multiple applied to positive unexpected earnings is not significantly greater than for negative unexpected earnings. However, we find that after controlling for the magnitude of the forecast error, the market penalty for missing forecasts is significantly greater in absolute terms than the response to beating forecasts. Finally we find that for the firms that consistently beat analysts’ forecasts, the market doesn’t give penalties to the systematic component of the forecast error, and doesn’t give excess rewards to the unsystematic component. But for the firms that consistently miss analysts’ forecasts, the market gives penalties to the systematic component of the forecast error, and doesn’t give excess penalties to the unsystematic component.