Orientador: José Luiz Laus / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Banca: Paula Diniz Galera / Resumo: Estudou-se a eficácia do meloxicam e do carprofeno, aplicados por diferentes vias, em uveítes experimentais em cães. Realizou paracentese de câmara anterior em dois momentos (M0 e M1), com intervalo de cinco horas entre si. Em M0 e M1, colheram-se 0,2 ml de humor aquoso e determinou-se a concentração de proteína total e de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2). Em um primeiro período, constituíram-se quatro grupos (n = 5), que receberam meloxicam ao final de M0 pelas vias subcutânea (GIm), subconjuntival (GIIm) e tópica (GIIIm). Um quarto grupo não recebeu tratamento (Controle). Decorridos sete dias, os animais foram submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos adotados previamente e receberam carprofeno. Avaliação clínica foi também realizada, assim como histopatologia da conjuntiva dos animais dos grupos GIIm e GIIc. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente (p LÜ 0,05). Em todos os grupos, encontrou-se aumento significativo dos níveis protéicos e de PGE2 em M1 (p < 0,001). Não se observou diferença significativa entre os grupos para os valores de proteína total e de PGE2 em M1 (p > 0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva entre proteína total e PGE2 (p < 0,05) apenas no GIm, GIc, GIIIm, GIIIc e GIIm. Exsudado inflamatório de caráter agudo e hemorragia discreta foram vistos à histopatologia após a aplicação de ambos os fármacos (p > 0,05). O meloxicam e o carprofeno foram ineficazes em inibir a síntese de PGE2 e o influxo de proteínas para a câmara anterior, por qualquer uma das vias testadas. A redução nos níveis de 44% proteínas, quando o carprofeno foi utilizado pela via tópica, sugere que por esta via, ele pode ser utilizado como adjuvante no controle da uveíte em cães. / Abstract: Efficacy of meloxican and carprofen, administered by different routes, in experimental uveitis in dogs were studied. Anterior chamber paracenteses was accomplished at two different moments (M0 and M1), with a five hour interval among them. At M0 and M1, 0,2 ml of aqueous humor were collected and total protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration was determined. Four groups were formed in a first period (n = 5), which received meloxican at the end of M0, by the following routes: subcutaneous (GIm), subconjunctival (GIIm), and topical (GIIIm). A fourth group that received no treatment was instituted (Control). Seven days after, animals underwent the same procedures described previously and received carprofen. Clinical evaluation was also performed, as well as conjunctival histopathology of the conjunctiva of the animals of GIIm and GIIc. Results were evaluated statistically (p LÜ 0,05). In all groups, protein and PGE2 values enhanced significantly in M1 (p < 0,001). Protein and PGE2 values, did not change significantly between groups at M1 (p > 0,05). Positive correlation among total protein and PGE2 (p < 0,05) was only noted in GIm, GIc, GIIIm, GIIIc and GIIm. Inflammatory exudate of acute character and mild hemorrhage were seen at histopathology, after both agents were administered. Meloxican and carpofen were unable to inhibit PGE2 synthesis and the protein influx to the anterior chamber by any of the tested routes. The lowering of 44% in protein levels, when carprofen was used by the topical route, suggests that by this route, it can be used as an adjuvant to control uveitis in dogs. / Mestre

Orientador: Francisco José Teixeira Neto / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Banca: Renata Navarro Cassu / Resumo: Em humanos a dipirona apresenta efeito inibitório sobre a enzima COX-1, podendo inibir a agregação plaquetária por até 6 horas (1). Devido parte da sua ação analgésica estar associada ao sistema nervoso central (2), este fármaco vem sendo associado a outros anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), como o meloxicam, para o tratamento da dor crônica em cães (3). Apesar do uso da dipirona isolada ou associada ao meloxicam ser teoricamente justificável, os benefícios analgésicos desta associação e os potenciais efeitos adversos sobre a hemostasia devem ser investigados para que seu emprego clínico seja validado. Com isso o presente trabalho envolveu 2 fases. Na primeira fase (CAPÍTULO 1) objetivou-se comparar os efeitos da dose única de dipirona, meloxicam e da associação de dipirona com meloxicam sobre a hemostasia em cães. Nesta etapa empregaram-se seis cães adultos, em um estudo prospectivo, aleatório, cruzado e controlado por placebo. Os animais receberam 4 tratamentos pela via intravenosa com intervalo de 15 dias entre si: controle (0,1 mL/kg de solução fisiológica), meloxicam (0,2 mg/kg), dipirona (25 mg/kg) e dipirona-meloxicam (25 e 0,2 mg/kg, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e após 1, 2, 3, 5, e 8 horas da administração dos tratamentos para a avaliação da agregação plaquetária em sangue total e tromboelastometria. O tempo de sangramento de mucosa oral foi avaliado antes e após 1, 3 e 5 horas da administração dos tratamentos. Na segunda fase (CAPITULO 2), objetivou-se avaliar o controle da dor pós-operatória de dose única de dipirona, meloxicam e da associação dipirona-meloxicam em cadelas submetidas a ovariosalpingohisterectomia em um estudo prospectivo, aleatório, duplo cego e controlado por placebo. Quarenta cadelas foram divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (10 animais por grupo) e receberam os mesmos tratamentos descritos na fase anterior. A dor ... / Abstract: In humans, dipyrone acts as a non-selective COX inhibitor and can inhibit platelet aggregation for up to 6 hours (1). Because dipyrone-induced analgesia may be attributable not only to its anti-inflammatory action, but also to its central nervous system mediated effects (2), this drug has been combined with other non steroid antinflammatories (NSAIDs), such as meloxicam, for the control of chronic pain in canine patients (3). Although the use of dipyrone alone or combined with meloxicam is theoretically justifiable, the analgesic benefits of this association and the potential adverse effects on hemostasis should be investigated before its clinical use is validated. In order to investigate the effects of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the combination of these two drugs, the present study was carried out in 2 phases. During phase 1, presented in Chapter 1, the effects of a single dose administration of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the combination of these two NSAIDs were evaluated on the hemostasis of conscious dogs. Six adult dogs were used in a prospective, randomized, crossover study. The animals received 4 treatments intravenously with 15-day washout intervals: control (0.1 mL/kg saline), meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) dipyrone (25 mg/kg) and dipyrone combined with meloxicam (25 and 0.2 mg/kg respectively). Blood samples were collected for assessment of platelet aggregation in whole blood and thromboelastometry before, and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 hours after treatment administration. Buccal mucosal bleeding time was evaluated before and at 1, 3, and 5 hours of treatment administration. During phase 2 (Chapter 2), the postoperative analgesic effects promoted by a single dose of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the drug combination were evaluated in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy in a prospective, randomized , double-blinded, placebo controlled study design. Forty healthy bitches selected for ovariohysterectomy were ... / Mestre

With a greater understanding of the fundamentals of crystal engineering lays the potential for the development of a vast array of novel materials for a plethora of applications. Addressed herein is the latent potential of the current knowledge base with an emphasis upon cocrystallization and the desire for scientific exploration that will lead to the development of a future generation of novel cocrystals. The focus of this dissertation is to expand the cocrystallization knowledge base in two directions with the utilization of cocrystals in the novel synthetic technique of cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis and in the development of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis uses a cocrystal to align the reactive moieties in such a way that the reaction occurs more quickly and in higher yield than the typical solution methodology. The focus herein is upon cocrystal controlled solid-state synthesis of imides where an anhydride and primary amine were the reactive moieties. Forty-nine reactions were attempted and thirty-two resulted in successful imide formation. In addition, the cocrystal was isolated as part of the reaction pathway in three cases and is described in detail. The impact of cocrystals upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is also addressed with a focus upon generating novel crystal forms of lamotrigine and meloxicam. Cocrystallization attempts of lamotrigine resulted in ten novel crystal forms including three cocrystals, one cocrystal solvate, three salts, one solvated salt, a methanol solvate, and an ethanol hydrate. Additionally, cocrystallization attempts of meloxicam afforded seven novel cocrystals. Solubility and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted for a selected set of lamotrigine and meloxicam crystal forms to determine the crystal form with the most desirable properties. Properties between crystal form and cocrystal former were also examined.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000833070.pdf: 276509 bytes, checksum: 168d0b0f9090ec30681d2c2cccd8a266 (MD5) / Este experimento analisou os efeitos da administração do meloxicam nas respostas fisiológicas e no desempenho de bovinos na fase inicial do confinamento após serem transportados. Foram utilizados 84 bezerros Angus × Hereford, divididos por peso vivo (PV) no dia -10 do experimento e distribuídos em 21 baias de confinamento. Do d -10 ao d 0, todos os animais receberam uma dieta composta por feno de alfalfa a vontade e 2,4 kg/animal (base MS) de um concentrado a base de milho. No dia 0, todas as baias foram aleatoriamente atribuídas a receberem um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) transporte por 1.440 km em um caminhão comercial e administração oral de meloxicam (1 mg/kg do PV) no carregamento (d 0), no descarregamento (d 1) e diariamente do d 2 ao d 7 no período inicial de confinamento (MEL; n = 7), 2) transporte e administração do tratamento nos mesmos dias do grupo MEL, porém com lactose monohidratada (1 mg/kg do PV) (TRANS; n = 7), 3) ausência de transporte e administração de lactose monohidratada (1 mg/kg do PV) nos mesmos dias dos tratamentos MEL e TRANS (CON; n = 7). Logo após o descarregamento (d 1), todos os animais dos tratamentos MEL e TRANS retornaram para suas respectivas baias para o período de 21 dias de confinamento, recebendo a mesma dieta oferecida do d -10 ao d 0. Nos dias 0 e 1, os tratamentos foram aplicados através de solução aquosa e administrados via oral, porém dos dias 2 ao 7, os tratamentos foram misturados no concentrado. Para o cálculo de ganho peso diário (GPD) foram utilizados as médias de ... / This experiment evaluated the effects of meloxicam administration on physiological and performance responses of transported cattle during feedlot receiving. Eighty-four Angus × Hereford steers were ranked by BW on d -10, and assigned to 21 dry lot pens. From d -10 to 0, pens were fed Alfalfa-grass hay ad libitum and 2.4 kg/steer daily (DM basis) of a corn-based concentrate. On d 0, pens were randomly assigned to: 1) transport for 1,440 km in a livestock trailer and oral administration of meloxicam (1 mg/kg of BW) at loading (d 0), unloading (d 1), and daily from d 2 to 7 of feedlot receiving (MEL; n = 7), 2) same transportation and treatment schedule of MEL, but oral administration of lactose monohydrate (1 mg/kg of BW) instead of meloxicam (TRANS; n = 7), or 3) no transport and oral administration of lactose monohydrate (1 mg/kg of BW) concurrently with treatment administration to MEL and TRANS (CON; n = 7). Upon arrival (d 1), MEL and TRANS steers returned to their pens for a 21-d feedlot receiving with the same diet offered from d -10 to 0. Treatments were administered to steers via oral drench on d 0 and 1, or mixed daily with the concentrate from d 2 to 7. Full BW was recorded prior to (d -2, -1, and 0) treatment application and at the end of experiment (d 20, 21, and 22) for ADG calculation. Daily DMI was recorded from d 1 to 21. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21. During the initial 7 d of feedlot receiving, hay and total DMI were reduced (P ≤ 0.03) in TRANS vs. CON and MEL, similar between CON and MEL (P ≥ 0.26), whereas concentrate DMI did not differ (P = 0.16) among ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000782784.pdf: 752501 bytes, checksum: d801a641e97a2fbc972dcfeb448843ef (MD5) / Em humanos a dipirona apresenta efeito inibitório sobre a enzima COX-1, podendo inibir a agregação plaquetária por até 6 horas (1). Devido parte da sua ação analgésica estar associada ao sistema nervoso central (2), este fármaco vem sendo associado a outros anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), como o meloxicam, para o tratamento da dor crônica em cães (3). Apesar do uso da dipirona isolada ou associada ao meloxicam ser teoricamente justificável, os benefícios analgésicos desta associação e os potenciais efeitos adversos sobre a hemostasia devem ser investigados para que seu emprego clínico seja validado. Com isso o presente trabalho envolveu 2 fases. Na primeira fase (CAPÍTULO 1) objetivou-se comparar os efeitos da dose única de dipirona, meloxicam e da associação de dipirona com meloxicam sobre a hemostasia em cães. Nesta etapa empregaram-se seis cães adultos, em um estudo prospectivo, aleatório, cruzado e controlado por placebo. Os animais receberam 4 tratamentos pela via intravenosa com intervalo de 15 dias entre si: controle (0,1 mL/kg de solução fisiológica), meloxicam (0,2 mg/kg), dipirona (25 mg/kg) e dipirona-meloxicam (25 e 0,2 mg/kg, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e após 1, 2, 3, 5, e 8 horas da administração dos tratamentos para a avaliação da agregação plaquetária em sangue total e tromboelastometria. O tempo de sangramento de mucosa oral foi avaliado antes e após 1, 3 e 5 horas da administração dos tratamentos. Na segunda fase (CAPITULO 2), objetivou-se avaliar o controle da dor pós-operatória de dose única de dipirona, meloxicam e da associação dipirona-meloxicam em cadelas submetidas a ovariosalpingohisterectomia em um estudo prospectivo, aleatório, duplo cego e controlado por placebo. Quarenta cadelas foram divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (10 animais por grupo) e receberam os mesmos tratamentos descritos na fase anterior. A dor ... / In humans, dipyrone acts as a non-selective COX inhibitor and can inhibit platelet aggregation for up to 6 hours (1). Because dipyrone-induced analgesia may be attributable not only to its anti-inflammatory action, but also to its central nervous system mediated effects (2), this drug has been combined with other non steroid antinflammatories (NSAIDs), such as meloxicam, for the control of chronic pain in canine patients (3). Although the use of dipyrone alone or combined with meloxicam is theoretically justifiable, the analgesic benefits of this association and the potential adverse effects on hemostasis should be investigated before its clinical use is validated. In order to investigate the effects of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the combination of these two drugs, the present study was carried out in 2 phases. During phase 1, presented in Chapter 1, the effects of a single dose administration of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the combination of these two NSAIDs were evaluated on the hemostasis of conscious dogs. Six adult dogs were used in a prospective, randomized, crossover study. The animals received 4 treatments intravenously with 15-day washout intervals: control (0.1 mL/kg saline), meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) dipyrone (25 mg/kg) and dipyrone combined with meloxicam (25 and 0.2 mg/kg respectively). Blood samples were collected for assessment of platelet aggregation in whole blood and thromboelastometry before, and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 hours after treatment administration. Buccal mucosal bleeding time was evaluated before and at 1, 3, and 5 hours of treatment administration. During phase 2 (Chapter 2), the postoperative analgesic effects promoted by a single dose of dipyrone, meloxicam, and of the drug combination were evaluated in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy in a prospective, randomized , double-blinded, placebo controlled study design. Forty healthy bitches selected for ovariohysterectomy were ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_ap_me_jab.pdf: 821460 bytes, checksum: 9540c58da44188e3ae8a41593d305a9c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudou-se a eficácia do meloxicam e do carprofeno, aplicados por diferentes vias, em uveítes experimentais em cães. Realizou paracentese de câmara anterior em dois momentos (M0 e M1), com intervalo de cinco horas entre si. Em M0 e M1, colheram-se 0,2 ml de humor aquoso e determinou-se a concentração de proteína total e de prostaglandina E2 (PGE2). Em um primeiro período, constituíram-se quatro grupos (n = 5), que receberam meloxicam ao final de M0 pelas vias subcutânea (GIm), subconjuntival (GIIm) e tópica (GIIIm). Um quarto grupo não recebeu tratamento (Controle). Decorridos sete dias, os animais foram submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos adotados previamente e receberam carprofeno. Avaliação clínica foi também realizada, assim como histopatologia da conjuntiva dos animais dos grupos GIIm e GIIc. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente (p LÜ 0,05). Em todos os grupos, encontrou-se aumento significativo dos níveis protéicos e de PGE2 em M1 (p < 0,001). Não se observou diferença significativa entre os grupos para os valores de proteína total e de PGE2 em M1 (p > 0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva entre proteína total e PGE2 (p < 0,05) apenas no GIm, GIc, GIIIm, GIIIc e GIIm. Exsudado inflamatório de caráter agudo e hemorragia discreta foram vistos à histopatologia após a aplicação de ambos os fármacos (p > 0,05). O meloxicam e o carprofeno foram ineficazes em inibir a síntese de PGE2 e o influxo de proteínas para a câmara anterior, por qualquer uma das vias testadas. A redução nos níveis de 44% proteínas, quando o carprofeno foi utilizado pela via tópica, sugere que por esta via, ele pode ser utilizado como adjuvante no controle da uveíte em cães. / Efficacy of meloxican and carprofen, administered by different routes, in experimental uveitis in dogs were studied. Anterior chamber paracenteses was accomplished at two different moments (M0 and M1), with a five hour interval among them. At M0 and M1, 0,2 ml of aqueous humor were collected and total protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration was determined. Four groups were formed in a first period (n = 5), which received meloxican at the end of M0, by the following routes: subcutaneous (GIm), subconjunctival (GIIm), and topical (GIIIm). A fourth group that received no treatment was instituted (Control). Seven days after, animals underwent the same procedures described previously and received carprofen. Clinical evaluation was also performed, as well as conjunctival histopathology of the conjunctiva of the animals of GIIm and GIIc. Results were evaluated statistically (p LÜ 0,05). In all groups, protein and PGE2 values enhanced significantly in M1 (p < 0,001). Protein and PGE2 values, did not change significantly between groups at M1 (p > 0,05). Positive correlation among total protein and PGE2 (p < 0,05) was only noted in GIm, GIc, GIIIm, GIIIc and GIIm. Inflammatory exudate of acute character and mild hemorrhage were seen at histopathology, after both agents were administered. Meloxican and carpofen were unable to inhibit PGE2 synthesis and the protein influx to the anterior chamber by any of the tested routes. The lowering of 44% in protein levels, when carprofen was used by the topical route, suggests that by this route, it can be used as an adjuvant to control uveitis in dogs.

Submitted by Murilo Chuba Rodrigues null (murilo_rodrigues16@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-15T23:54:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 com ficha - DISSERTAÇÃO MURILO CHUBA RODRIGUES final.pdf: 1233777 bytes, checksum: a9ee0c1b152d7b53ba3a570c43045cc0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-19T17:58:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mc_me_bot.pdf: 1233777 bytes, checksum: a9ee0c1b152d7b53ba3a570c43045cc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-19T17:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mc_me_bot.pdf: 1233777 bytes, checksum: a9ee0c1b152d7b53ba3a570c43045cc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da administração oral de meloxicam nas respostas metabólicas, inflamatórias e de fase-aguda em bovinos de corte recebendo um desafio de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) bacteriano (Exp. 1; d -1 a d 6) ou vacina contra patógenos respiratórios (Exp. 2; d 7 a d 21). Vinte e um novilhos (n=11) e novilhas (n=10) foram alocados em baias individuais no d -15 e receberam água, mistura de sais minerais e vitaminas, e feno de alfafa ad libitum até d 21. No d -1, os animais foram classificados por sexo e peso corporal (PC) e designado para um dos três tratamentos a seguir: 1) Administração via oral de Meloxicam (1mg/Kg PC, diariamente; Carlsbad Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, EUA) do d -1 até d 6 (MEL8); 2) Administração via oral de Meloxicam (1mg/Kg PC; Carlsbad Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, EUA) no d 0 e de monoidrato de lactose (1mg/Kg PC; Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA, EUA) no d -1 e do d 1 até d 6 (MEL1); ou 3) Administração via oral de monoidrato de lactose (1mg/Kg PC, diariamente; Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA, EUA) do d -1 até d 6 (CON). Para o Experimento 1, no d 0, os animais receberam infusão intravenosa de LPS (0,5 μg/Kg PC; Escherichia coli 0111:B4, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) simultaneamente à administração do tratamento. Temperatura retal (RTEMP) foi medida, e amostras de sangue coletadas nas horas −2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, e 144 h relativa à administração de LPS. Não foram detectados efeitos de tratamentos (P ≥ 0,36) para RTEMP, concentração sérica de Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNFα), concentrações plasmáticas de haptoglobina, cortisol, insulina e leptina, assim como para expressão de RNAm sanguíneo para TNFα e ciclooxigenase-2 (COX2), contudo todas as variáveis se elevaram (P < 0,01) dentre os tratamentos, após administração de LPS. No Experimento 2, os animais receberam os mesmos tratamentos para os quais foram designados no Exp. 1, dos dias d 7 até d 13 e foram vacinados contra patógenos respiratórios juntamente com a administração dos tratamentos no d 8. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas e RTEMP registradas nos mesmos momentos realizados no Exp. 1 com adição das horas 168, 240 e 336 h relativas ao momento da vacinação. Nenhum efeito de 27 tratamento foi detectado (P ≥ 0,26) para RTEMP, nem para nenhumas das mesmas concentrações plasmáticas e séricas avaliadas no Exp. 1, e concentrações séricas de anticorpos contra Mannheimia haemolytica ou títulos contra Vírus Sincicial Bovino, Herpesvirus-1, Diarreia Viral Bovina vírus-1, e Vírus Parainfluenza-3. Todas as variáveis aumentaram (P < 0,01) dentre os tratamentos após a vacinação, exceto para TNFα sérico e títulos contra Diarreia Viral Bovina vírus-1 (P ≥ 0,40). Coletivamente, este estudo não encontrou evidencias de que administração oral de meloxicam, nas doses e intervalos adotados, mitigaram reações metabólicas, inflamatórias e de fase-aguda desencadeadas pela infusão de LPS ou vacinação contra doenças respiratórias. / This study evaluated the effects of oral meloxicam administration on metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses of beef cattle receiving a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (Exp. 1; d −1 to 6) or vaccinated against respiratory pathogens (Exp. 2; d 7 to 21). Twenty-one Angus steers (n = 11) and heifers (n = 10) were housed in individual pens on d −15 and were offered free-choice water, mineral-vitamin mix, and hay until d 21. In Exp. 1, cattle were ranked on d −1 by sex and BW and assigned to 1) oral meloxicam administration (1 mg/kg BW daily) from day −1 to 6 (MEL8), 2) oral meloxicam administration (1 mg/kg BW) on d 0 and oral lactose monohydrate administration (1 mg/kg BW) on d −1 and from d 1 to 6 (MEL1), or 3) oral lactose monohydrate administration (1 mg/ kg BW daily) from d −1 to 6 (CON). On d 0, cattle received an intravenous LPS bolus (0.5 μg/kg BW) concurrently with treatment administration. Rectal temperature (RTEMP) was assessed, and blood samples were collected at −2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h relative to LPS administration. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.36) for RTEMP, concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), plasma haptoglobin, cortisol, insulin, and leptin, as well as blood mRNA expression of TNFα and cyclooxygenase-2, although all variables increased (P < 0.01) across treatments after LPS administration. In Exp. 2, cattle received the same treatments that they were assigned to in Exp. 1 from d 7 to d 13 and were vaccinated against respiratory pathogens concurrently with treatment administration on d 8. Blood samples were collected, and RTEMP was assessed as in Exp. 1 in addition to 168, 240, and 336 h relative to vaccination. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.26) for RTEMP, the same plasma and serum variables evaluated in Exp. 1, and serum concentrations of antibodies against Mannheimia haemolytica or serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, and parainfluenza-3 virus. All variables increased (P < 0.01) across treatments after vaccination, except for serum TNFα and titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (P ≥ 0.40). Collectively, this study found no evidence that oral meloxicam administration, at the doses and intervals utilized herein, mitigated the metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase reactions elicited by LPS administration or vaccination against respiratory pathogens.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ranieri_al_me_jabo.pdf: 416692 bytes, checksum: 8c5b1d1a825427d9d4b8b9ab52602486 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do meloxicam sobre a taxa de concepção inicial (TCi), final (TCf) e perda gestacional (PG) de vacas Holandesas de alta produção submetidas à Transferência de Embrião (TE) Inseminação Artificial (IA) e Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Na TE foram utilizadas, como receptoras de embrião, 492 vacas em lactação repetidoras de serviço. Na IA (n=312) e IATF (n=336) foram incluidas no estudo somente fêmeas recém paridas (com pelo menos 60 dias em lactação). Todas as fêmeas foram avaliadas e alocadas em um de dois grupos experimentais: Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Tratado (GT). O tratamento consistiu na administração i.m. de meloxicam injetável 2% (0,5mg/kg de peso) nos dias 7, 8 e 9 após a inovulação das receptoras de embrião, e nos dias 14, 15 e 16 da possível gestação das fêmeas submetidas a IA e IATF. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas nos D14 e D21 para posterior dosagem de progesterona (P4). O diagnóstico de gestação ocorreu aos 25-38 e 39-52 dias. O tratamento com o antiinflamatório não incrementou as TCi, TCf e tampouco diminuiu a PG em nenhuma das três biotecnologias. Contudo, observou-se que receptoras de embrião inovuladas com embriões congelados/descongelados do GT tiveram TCi e TCf menores que as do GC (GT= 25,8% v. GC=37,8%) .Não houve diferença na concentração sérica de progesterona de vacas do GC e do GT no D21. Contudo, houve efeito da estação do ano sobre as concentrações de P4 no D14 e D21 tanto na TE como na IA e IATF. Ainda, vacas gestantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de P4 que vacas não gestantes no D21. Conclui-se que o tratamento com meloxicam não incrementou as TCi, TCf, tampouco reduziu a PG de vacas Holandesas de alta produção / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on initial conception rate, final conception rate and pregnancy loss of high-producing Holstein cows submitted to embryo transfer (ET), artificial insemination (AI) and timed artificial insemination (TAI). On ET, 492 repeat breeders in milk were used as recipients. On AI (n=312) and TAI (n=336) only freshly calved cows (with at least 60 days in milk) were included in the study. The animals were evaluated and allocated in one of two experimental groups: Control Group (CG) and Treated Group (TG). The treatment consisted on administration of meloxicam 2% i.m. (0.5mg/kg of weight) on days 7, 8 and 9 after inovulation of embryo recipients, and on days 14, 15 and 16 of the possible pregnancy of females submmited to AI and TAI. Blood samples were collected on D14 and D21 for progesterone assay. The diagnosis of pregnancy was done on days 25-38 and 39-52. The treatment with the antiinflamatory did not increase initial conception rates and final conception rates, nor decreased pregnancy loss of animals in all three biotechnologies. However, recipients of TG inovulated with frozen/thawed embryos had lesser initial and final conception rates than CG (TG= 25.8% v. CG=37.8%) There was no difference on progesterone serum concentration of cows from TG and CG on D21. However, there was a season effect on P4 concentrations on D14 and 21 for ET, AI and TAI. Pregnant cows had higher P4 concentrations than non-pregnant cows. In conclusion, the treatment with meloxicam did not increase initial and final conception rates, neither decreased pregnancy loss of high producing Holstein cows

Orientador: Paulo Henrique Franceschini / Banca: Francisco Guilherme Leite / Banca: Erika da Silva Carvalho Morani / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do meloxicam sobre a taxa de concepção inicial (TCi), final (TCf) e perda gestacional (PG) de vacas Holandesas de alta produção submetidas à Transferência de Embrião (TE) Inseminação Artificial (IA) e Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Na TE foram utilizadas, como receptoras de embrião, 492 vacas em lactação repetidoras de serviço. Na IA (n=312) e IATF (n=336) foram incluidas no estudo somente fêmeas recém paridas (com pelo menos 60 dias em lactação). Todas as fêmeas foram avaliadas e alocadas em um de dois grupos experimentais: Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Tratado (GT). O tratamento consistiu na administração i.m. de meloxicam injetável 2% (0,5mg/kg de peso) nos dias 7, 8 e 9 após a inovulação das receptoras de embrião, e nos dias 14, 15 e 16 da possível gestação das fêmeas submetidas a IA e IATF. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas nos D14 e D21 para posterior dosagem de progesterona (P4). O diagnóstico de gestação ocorreu aos 25-38 e 39-52 dias. O tratamento com o antiinflamatório não incrementou as TCi, TCf e tampouco diminuiu a PG em nenhuma das três biotecnologias. Contudo, observou-se que receptoras de embrião inovuladas com embriões congelados/descongelados do GT tiveram TCi e TCf menores que as do GC (GT= 25,8% v. GC=37,8%) .Não houve diferença na concentração sérica de progesterona de vacas do GC e do GT no D21. Contudo, houve efeito da estação do ano sobre as concentrações de P4 no D14 e D21 tanto na TE como na IA e IATF. Ainda, vacas gestantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de P4 que vacas não gestantes no D21. Conclui-se que o tratamento com meloxicam não incrementou as TCi, TCf, tampouco reduziu a PG de vacas Holandesas de alta produção / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on initial conception rate, final conception rate and pregnancy loss of high-producing Holstein cows submitted to embryo transfer (ET), artificial insemination (AI) and timed artificial insemination (TAI). On ET, 492 repeat breeders in milk were used as recipients. On AI (n=312) and TAI (n=336) only freshly calved cows (with at least 60 days in milk) were included in the study. The animals were evaluated and allocated in one of two experimental groups: Control Group (CG) and Treated Group (TG). The treatment consisted on administration of meloxicam 2% i.m. (0.5mg/kg of weight) on days 7, 8 and 9 after inovulation of embryo recipients, and on days 14, 15 and 16 of the possible pregnancy of females submmited to AI and TAI. Blood samples were collected on D14 and D21 for progesterone assay. The diagnosis of pregnancy was done on days 25-38 and 39-52. The treatment with the antiinflamatory did not increase initial conception rates and final conception rates, nor decreased pregnancy loss of animals in all three biotechnologies. However, recipients of TG inovulated with frozen/thawed embryos had lesser initial and final conception rates than CG (TG= 25.8% v. CG=37.8%) There was no difference on progesterone serum concentration of cows from TG and CG on D21. However, there was a season effect on P4 concentrations on D14 and 21 for ET, AI and TAI. Pregnant cows had higher P4 concentrations than non-pregnant cows. In conclusion, the treatment with meloxicam did not increase initial and final conception rates, neither decreased pregnancy loss of high producing Holstein cows / Mestre

Over the last decade, three species of Gyps vultures on the Asian subcontinent have declined dramatically in population numbers, some as much as 97 to 99%. Although the initial cause was believed to be infectious, it was later shown to be due to an inadvertent exposure to diclofenac via the food chain. In order to protect the remaining wild vultures, diclofenac needed to be removed from the food chain. Unfortunately the Indian government was reluctant to ban diclofenac until an alternate veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was both safe in vultures and effective in cattle could be identified. Although meloxicam was tentatively identified as this drug, toxicity testing still needed to be undertaken. Using a previously validated model, two studies were undertaken to determine the acute toxic effect of diclofenac in vulture as well as to ascertain if the drug had the potential to accumulate. In the first study, meloxicam in formulation was shown to be safe as a single oral dose up to 2mg/kg in African White Backed-Vultures (Gyps africanus). To further demonstrate the safety of food borne meloxicam, vultures were exposed to meat rich in meloxicam residues, with once again no signs of toxicity being evident. In the second study the drugs ability to accumulate was evaluated pharmacokinetically in Cape Griffon Vultures (Gyps corprotheres). From this study meloxicam was shown to have a very short half-life of elimination, making it unlikely that the drug could be a cumulative toxin. This was subsequently confirmed clinically by the absence of toxicity in birds receiving repeated doses of meloxicam. Although meloxicam was shown to be adequately safe, the safety of other veterinary NSAIDs still required elucidation. While further testing in vultures would have been possible, the small population size of the various vulture species made this unethical. Therefore a surrogate species needed to be identified. With the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) being commonly available, attempts were made to validate the chicken as a model. Although the dosed chickens did show similar toxicity patterns from clinical pathology to histopathology, a major problem was their higher tolerance making it impossible to use them as a surrogate. It was, however, concluded that the domestic chicken may be used in mechanistic studies in an attempt to establish an in vitro model. From the mechanistic studies both diclofenac and meloxicam were directly toxic to chicken and vulture renal tubular epithelial cells following 48h of incubation. It was later shown that this toxicity was associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be temporarily ameliorated by pre-incubation with uric acid due to its anti-oxidant activity. When cultures were incubated with either drug for only two hours, meloxicam showed no toxicity in contrast to the cellular toxicity present for diclofenac. In both cases no increase in ROS production was evident. In addition diclofenac influenced the excretion of uric acid by interfering with p-amino-hippuric acid channels. The effect on uric acid excretion persisted after the removal of the diclofenac. It was therefore concluded that vulture susceptibility to diclofenac results from a combination of an increase in cellular ROS, a depletion of intracellular uric acid concentration and most importantly the drug’s long half-life in the vulture. Unfortunately the importance of the drug’s half-life in the toxicodynamics makes it unlikely that in vitro testing will be possible. / Thesis (PhD (Paraclinical Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted