This thesis is dedicated only to an influence of a member on managing company limited by shares. The thesis was written between the legal effects of two acts, but the new legal regulation, with regard to the old regulation and case law, developing for more than 20 years, was the base for my thesis. The first chapter describes the key terms of this thesis, which are crucial for good understanding of the whole problematic. The second chapter deals with the term share, which represents the participation of a member in a company. The chapter analyses its quantitative and particularly its qualitative aspect. The institute of share has changed in such a way that it has to be explained precisely. Understanding of the term share is important for the whole thesis, because it is the share itself, which represents the influence of the member. The focal point of my thesis is described in the third chapter, which deals with a member's right to participate on managing company limited by shares. This right is asserted especially through general meeting. The chapter gives an overview about the main changes in competence and functioning of the general meeting. There is also member's influence beyond the general meeting, through per rollam decision-making, described in this chapter. The chapter also contains a...

1 Concurrence of the Position of a Governing Body and Statutory Authorization in Limited Companies and Cooperative in a Comparative Context Abstract The thesis provides an analysis of function concurrence between board members and employees to the extent of board members in companies limited by shares and in a society. The aim of this thesis is to describe the relative issues, problematic and controversial aspects of current doctrine and propose possible solutions, which could be acceptable for legal theory as well as for legal practice. The work is divided into three main parts. The first part deals with the validity of employment contract in case of concurrence of functions. The second part then describes the issue of company representation in case of concurrence of functions. The last part describes the relative issues, which are common to both previous sections. The first part deals mainly with the current legal regulation of the employment contract in case of concurrence of functions. Not long ago, the employment contract was held as invalid by case law; however a recent legislation has brought some reasonable changes and has explicitly declared the validity of the employment contract. Nevertheless, this has produced also some new issues, especially in the case of conflicts between the employment...

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / In the process of describing the background to the problem, the author will in this section firstly, explain what the African Union (AU) has implemented, secondly, explain the relevant rules and regulations that need to be adhered to as World Trade Organisation (WTO) members and lastly, explain how the self-financing mechanism might be in contravention of the rules and regulations of the WTO required to be adhered to by all WTO Members.

The study sought to investigate whether the effects of an employee’s fit or misfit with the ethical climate of an organisation is mitigated or exacerbated by the quality of the leader-member exchange experienced. The outcome variables looked at includes organisational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Data was gathered from a total sample of 125 employees from three different non profit making organisations. Pearson Product Moment Correlations and moderated regressions were used to address the main research questions of the study. Despite, the implied theoretical link between ethical climate fit and leader member exchange, partly as a function of the constructs being centred on the notion of fit, and the role organisational leaders play in the formation of ethical climates, no significant moderation effects were found. Both variables were found to relate significantly to all job outcomes, but no combined effects of these variables on job outcomes were found. The findings of the study highlight a need for further empirical research on these concepts, and for the inquiring of existing theoretical propositions linking leaders to ethical climates.

Thesis M.Com. (Human Resources Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 2014. / The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of implicit leadership theories (ILTs) in leader-member exchanges (LMX) and the association of these leadership variables on employee outcomes, customer service orientation and turnover intentions. The specific context for this study is call centres. The growth in the call centre industry has warranted an investigation into variables that lead to their success. With an increased focus on retaining satisfied customers, the need to understand the factors that lead to this is emphasised. The importance of leadership and its impact on the success of organisations is often accentuated in the literature This research aimed to gain a better understanding of the variables which affect the success of call centres from a leadership perspective. The effect of leadership and specifically leader- member exchange - on employee and organisational outcomes is studied. These outcomes include job satisfaction, commitment, psychological empowerment, turnover intentions and customer orientation. The effect of implicit leadership theories (ILTs) on LMX was also assessed. This research was conducted in the South African call centre context. The target population was defined as call centre agents in the Gauteng region. 192 call centre agents from various call centres formed part of the sample. Data was gathered using self-report questionnaires. The questionnaire was administered in two parts and once all the data was collected, the relationships were tested using structural equation modelling in the SAS 9.3 statistical program. Various other tests were conducted, including tests for reliability and validity. Cronbach alphas were calculated in order to confirm the reliability of the variables. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in order to confirm validity. Furthermore, correlation analysis iv and path analysis was conducted to ascertain the significance of the relationships identified. LMX and psychological empowerment were found to be central in this research, having the greatest impact on the outcome variables studied; turnover intentions and customer orientation. Important recommendations for further research include the assessment of a more balance mix of in-bound and out-bound call centres since differences may exist and this research was predominantly comprised of in-bound call centres. With one of the most significant paths identified being psychological empowerment to employee customer orientation, the findings suggest that call centre managers may need to consider the long term effects of psychological empowerment on employee customer orientation and turnover intentions. The cost involved with employees leaving the organisation or losing dissatisfied customers may warrant an initiative to empower call centre agents. The use of self-managed teams may be one way to achieve this. Leaders were also found to play a central role in the outcomes studied in this research. In this regard, leaders should also go on extensive training programmes on how to deal with individual employees and on establishing good relationships with them. Managers could get peer reviews of leaders to understand where and if any problems exist. The use of team building exercises may also assist in developing good, high quality LMX relationships.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Medicine University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg For the degree of Master of Science in Medicine / Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum accumulate significantly less chloroquine than susceptical parasites, and this is thought to be the basis of their resistance ( Fitch, 1970 ). Martin et. al ( 1987 ), recently demonstrated that in the presence of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, chloroquine-resistant P falciparum becomes chloroquine-sensitive, with an increase in the chloroquine accumulation.The mechanism of such reversal has yet to be elucidated / IT2018

The aim of the study was to investigate how team members experience project managers' processes for decision making. The study was based on a qualitative method, where eight interviews were conducted with team members who work or have worked in a project. The study investigated how individuals in project teams experience the project manager's way of delivering decisions. From the study results it has been found that it’s crucial for team members in a project that the project leader shows confidence in the team and delegates various responsibilities to the members of the project team. Another important part is that project managers share the reasons why a certain decision is made. In order for a decision to be accepted by the team, it is therefore necessary to understand the reason for the decision. Keywords: Team member, Decision making, Responsibility, Project manager

Esta Tese consiste em avaliar o desempenho comercial do Mercosul, no período de 1994- 2005. O intuito da mesma é verificar de que maneira as crises internacionais da década de 1990, bem como as crises conjunturais e estruturais das economias-membro, influenciaram no desempenho do comércio intra e extra-regional das mesmas, a saber: Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai, nesse período. / This thesis consists of evaluating the Mercosur commercial performance from 1994 to 2005. It aims to verify both the form in which the 90s decade international crisis as well as the junctural and structural bodywork crisis affected the internal and external regions of Mercosur economies trade performance such as: Argentine, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay during the period mentioned above.

L’État membre de l’Union européenne a longtemps été occulté des études de droit communautaire, devenu droit de l’Union européenne. Seule l’adaptation interne de l’État était étudiée. Le « retour de l’État » marqué par le traité de Lisbonne invite cependant à penser la place que ce droit accorde à l’État membre. Ce dernier s’intègre en effet dans un ensemble normatif qui comprend un panel de droits et d’obligations réglant les modalités de son appartenance et de sa participation à l’Union européenne. L’étude de cet ensemble normatif, du point de vue de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, permet alors d’identifier deux sous-ensembles, l’un concernant l’appartenance de l’État à l’Union principalement maîtrisé par ce dernier, l’autre concernant sa participation institutionnelle à la production et l’exécution du droit de l’Union, par lequel l’Union instrumentalise l’État membre afin d’assurer l’effectivité de son droit et d’affirmer l’autonomie de son ordre juridique. / Until recently, European studies did not consider the Member State of the European Union. It has mainly been studied from a national point of view. However, the Lisbon treaty suggests that the Member State is not as neglected by European Union law as one could think. The European Union legal order includes a diversity of rights and duties concerning the membership and the participation of the Member State to the European Union. The norms concerning its membership are controlled by the Member State, while the norms concerning its participation are used by the European Union in order to ensure the effectivity and the autonomy of the European legal order.

This paper uses the case of Mexico to explore the effects of electoral systems on women’s representation in legislatures. While a number of studies have looked at how electoral rules affect women’s presence in parliament (descriptive representation), less work has focused on how these rules affect female legislators’ inclination to promote policy directed toward women as a constituency (substantive representation). Mexico’s mixed member electoral system serves to compare legislators operating within the same cultural, institutional and political context but who were elected under distinct electoral formulas, either through the local popular vote in single member districts (SMDs), or through proportional representation (PR) on the basis of party lists. A quantitative approach is adopted to explore the differences between the two groups when it comes to introducing legislative proposals related to women’s rights and gender equality. Based on data from the Mexican Chamber of Deputies covering a time span of 20 years, the results show that female legislators elected through Mexico’s PR tier are more likely to put forward bills on these issues than their SMD elected counterparts, independently of their party identification and where in the country they belong geographically. This suggests that the design of the electoral system can have an impact on legislative behavior, in this case that of female politicians when it comes to advancing women’s rights policy.