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11	Развитие динамической спекл-интерферометрии для изучения свойств культивированных клеток как материала биомолекулярной электроники : магистерская диссертация / Development of dynamic speckle interferometry for studying the properties of thecultivated cells as biomolecular electronics material Михайлова, Ю. А., Mikhailova, Y. A. January 2015 (has links) An unresolved problem in research in the field of bioelectronics is the connection between the electrical signals coming from different parts of the cell, and the processes occurring within cells. In this regard, the aim of this work was the development of the method of dynamic speckle interferometry, which allows to determine the parameters characterizing the physical processes in different parts of a single cell. Object of research is living L-41 cell culture in the form of defrosted cells precipitated on a glass substrate. Literature review on the use of cell cultures in the bioelectronic field, methods cell culture studies conducted. Optical properties of cells are shown. The theory of the method of averaging in dynamic speckle interferometry is briefly considered. Speckle interferometric installation allowing at high optical magnifications to analyze intracellular processes assembled, adjusted and tested. Attestation of samples carried by optical microscopy. Dependences of the time average digital value of the intensity from pixel number and the time inside the cells are obtained. Dependences of the correlation coefficient of speckle imaging from time for different parts of the cell found. It is shown that the method allows to detect the difference in the processes occurring in the nutrient solution (outside cells) and in cells and also in different parts of the cell. / При исследованиях в области биоэлектроники нерешенной проблемой является установление связи между электрическими сигналами, идущими из разных частей клетки, и процессами, происходящими внутри клетки. В связи с этим, целью работы являлось развитие метода динамической спекл-интерферометрии, позволяющего определять параметры, характеризующие физические процессы в разных частях одной клетки. Объектом исследований являлась живая клеточная культура Л-41 в виде размороженных клеток, посаженных на стеклянную подложку. Проведен литературный обзор работ по использованию клеточных культур в области биоэлектроники, методам исследования клеточных культур, приведены оптические свойства клеток. Кратко рассмотрена теория метода усреднения в динамической спекл-интерферометрии. Собрана, налажена и апробирована спекл-интерферометрическая установка, позволяющая при больших оптических увеличениях анализировать процессы, происходящие внутри клеток. Проведена аттестация образцов методом оптической микроскопии. Получены зависимости среднего по времени цифрового значения интенсивности от номера пикселя и от времени внутри клетки. Для разных участков клетки найдены зависимости коэффициента корреляции спекловых изображений от времени. Показано, что метод позволяет обнаруживать различие в процессах, происходящих в питательном растворе (вне клетки) и в клетке, а также в разных частях клетки. MASTER'S THESIS DYNAMIC SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY BIOSPECKLES CELL CULTURE L-41 BIOELECTRONICS METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF CELLS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLS БИОСПЕКЛЫ БИОЭЛЕКТРОНИКА
12	Recherche et caractérisation de microorganismes dans les compartiments géologiques profonds Barsotti, Vanessa 03 November 2011 (has links) (PDF) Les compartiments géologiques profonds suscitent un intérêt grandissant dans la communauté scientifique depuis les 50 dernières années. Néanmoins, ces écosystèmes demeurent largement méconnus du fait de leur difficulté d'accès. Le forage profond réalisé par l'ANDRA dans le Bassin parisien en 2008 a offert une opportunité unique de les étudier. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse avait deux objectifs majeurs ; i) caractériser, d'un point de vue microbiologique, quatre formations sédimentaires terrestres triasiques situées entre 1700 et 2000 m de profondeur et ii) étudier les effets combinés des paramètres de température, pression et salinité ainsi que de leur interaction sur l'activité métabolique de procaryotes anaérobies afin de mieux appréhender leur comportement au cours d'un enfouissement géologique.Malgré la recherche de microorganisme par la réalisation d'une gamme de milieux de culture diversifiée, ciblant préférentiellement les types trophiques fréquemment rencontrés en subsurface (méthanogènes, fermentaires, réducteurs de composés soufrés), aucun microorganisme viable et cultivable n'ait été isolé. En parallèle, une approche moléculaire complémentaire, composée (i) de l'étude comparative de l'efficacité de différentes méthodes d'extraction directe d'ADN et (ii) de l'analyse de la diversité bactérienne par la réalisation d'inventaires moléculaires, par DGGE (Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis) et clonage, a été réalisée sur le coeur des carottes de roches, conservées à pression atmosphérique ou sous pression, dans leurs états initiaux et post-incubation. L'exploration de ces formations sédimentaires profondes a indiqué la présence d'une très faible biomasse et d'une biodiversité microbienne pauvre principalement composée de membres aérobies et mésophiles appartenant au domaine Bacteria. Cette communauté bactérienne inattendue car a priori peu adaptée aux conditions régnant in-situ, également retrouvée dans divers écosystèmes de subsurface ainsi que dans des biotopes extrêmes, pourrait provenir en partie d'une paléo-recharge de l'aquifère du Trias par des eaux froides dérivées de la fonte des glaces formées lors de la dernière glaciation du Pléistocène.Le second objectif a été abordé à travers l'élaboration d'un plan factoriel complet dans le but d'identifier les effets des paramètres sur les activités microbiennes. Ainsi, les activités métaboliques de huit souches microbiennes halophiles et thermo-tolérantes ont été mesurées sous trente conditions distinctes de température (40, 55 et 70°C), pression (1, 90 et 180 bars) et salinité (13, 50, 110, 180 et 260 g.l-1). Toutes les souches originaires d'environnements profonds se sont révélées être au minimum piézo-tolérantes et capables de maintenir leur activité métabolique sous pressions hydrostatiques. Les métabolismes fermentaires (Thermovirga lienii et Halothermothrix orenii) et thiosulfato-réducteurs (Petrotoga mexicana et Thermosipho japonicus) se sont avérés particulièrement bien adaptées, d'un point de vue métabolique, aux hautes pressions, les plus hautes activités ayant été détectées sous pression. Certaines souches ont montré une résistance accrue aux hautes températures sous pression (Petrotoga mexicana). Toutefois une résistance variable à la salinité dans les différentes conditions de température et de pression a été observée pour chacune des souches, suggérant que certains mécanismes de résistance contre la pression osmotique seraient également efficaces pour lutter contre les températures et les pressions hydrostatiques élevées.Ce travail souligne que l'étude des écosystèmes terrestres profonds d'un point de vue microbiologique ne doit pas se restreindre à la recherche et à l'analyse de la diversité présente. L'étude des activités métaboliques de souches de subsurface en conditions profondes ouvre la voie à une meilleure compréhension des rôles joués par les communautés microbiennes en milieu extrême. [CHIM:ANAL] Chimie/Chimie analytique Environnements terrestres profonds Trias Extraction directe d'ADN Diversité microbienne Bacteria Dgge Clonage Plan d'expérience Activité métabolique Température Pression Salinité Deep terrestrial environments DNA extraction methods Microbial diversity Cloning Experimental plan Metabolic activity Temperature Pressure Salinity
13	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
14	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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