Esta tese inclui dois artigos que tiveram por objetivo investigar a relação de estresse no ambiente de trabalho com a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) e a relação de ambos com os níveis de prática de atividade física em militares do Exército Brasileiro. No primeiro artigo, a variável dependente foi TMC e a primeira variável independente foi o estresse no ambiente de trabalho, avaliado sob o modelo esforço-recompensa em desequilíbrio (effort-reward imbalance: ERI). TMC foram avaliados por meio do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson para imprimir robustez aos intervalos de confiança (95%). A prevalência de TMC foi de 33,2% (IC95%:29,1;37,3). O estudo mostrou, após ajuste por idade, educação, renda, estilo de vida, autopercepção de saúde, agravos à saúde autorreferidos e características ocupacionais, que estresse no ambiente de trabalho estava forte e independentemente associado a TMC, exibindo razões de prevalências (RP) que variaram entre os níveis de estresse, oscilando de 1,60 a 2,01. O posto de tenente estava associado a TMC, mesmo após ajuste pelas covariáveis (RP = 2,06; IC95% 1,2 4,1). Os resultados indicaram que excesso de comprometimento é um componente importante do estresse no trabalho. Estes achados foram consistentes com a literatura e contribuem com o conhecimento sobre o estado de saúde mental dos militares das Forças Armadas no Brasil, destacando que o estresse no ambiente de trabalho e que o desempenho das funções ocupacionais, do posto de Tenente, podem significar risco maior para TMC nesse tipo de população. O segundo artigo teve por objetivo investigar a associação de estresse no ambiente de trabalho e TMC com a prática de atividade física habitual entre militares das Forças Armadas. A atividade física (variável dependente) foi estimada por meio do Questionário de Baecke, um dos instrumentos mais utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos sobre atividade física. Estresse no ambiente de trabalho, TMC e posto foram as variáveis independentes, avaliadas conforme descrição mencionada acima. Buscou-se avaliar a associação destas variáveis e com a prática de atividade física no pessoal militar. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método de regressão linear múltipla, via modelos lineares generalizados. Após controlar por características socioeconomicas e demográficas, estresse no ambiente de trabalho, caracterizado por "altos esforços e baixa recompensas", permaneceu associado a mais atividade física ocupacional (b = 0,224 IC95% 0,098; 0,351) e a menos atividade física no lazer (b = -0,198; IC95% -0,384; -0,011). TMC permaneceram associados a menores níveis de atividade física nos esportes/exercícios no lazer (b = -0,184; IC95% -0,321; -0,046). Posto permaneceu associado a maiores níveis de atividade física ocupacional (b = 0,324 IC95% 0,167; 0,481). Até onde se sabe, este foi o primeiro estudo a avaliar a relação de aspectos psicossociais e ocupacionais envolvidos na prática de atividade física em militares no Brasil e no exterior. Os resultados sugerem que o ambiente de trabalho e a saúde mental estão associados à prática de atividade física de militares, que se relaciona com a condição de aptidão física. / This thesis includes two articles that sought to investigate the relationship of stress in the workplace with the prevalence of common mental disorders and the relationship of both with levels of physical activity in military personnel of the Brazilian Army. In the first article, we sought to estimate the association between job stress and common mental disorders (CMD). Job stress was evaluated with the effortreward imbalance model (ERI) and the occurrence of CMD was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We estimated prevalence ratios by Poisson regression to obtain robustness to the Confidence Intervals (95%). The prevalence of CMD was 33.2% (95%CI: 0.29, 0.37). The study showed, after adjustments for age, education, income, lifestyle, self-perceived health status, health problems and selfreported occupational characteristics, that job stress was strongly and independently associated with CMD. The prevalence ratios (PR) ranged from 1.60 to 2.01, varying between job stress levels. Also the rank of lieutenant was independently associated with CMD (RP = 2.06; 95%CI 1.2 4.1). Results suggest that over-commitment is an important component of job stress for this population. These findings were consistent with the literature and contribute to the knowledge of health and mental health among armed forces personnel in Brazil, highlighting that job stress may increase the risk of CMD in the military personnel. The second article aimed to investigate the association between job stress and CMD with the practice of physical activity among armed forces personnel. Physical activity (dependent variable) was estimated using the Baecke Questionnaire, an instrument commonly used in epidemiological studies on physical activity. Job stress and CMD were the independent variables, evaluated according to the description mentioned above. We sought to establish the association of these variables with physical activity in military personnel. Multiple linear regression was performed via generalized linear models. After adjustment for confounders, job stress characterized as high efforts and low rewards" remained associated with higher levels of work physical activity (b = 0. 224 95%CI 0.098; 0.351) and lower levels of physical activity in sports / exercise in leisure time (b = -0.198; 95%CI 0.384; -0.011). Additionally, CMD remained associated with lower levels of physical activity in sports / exercise in leisure time (b = -0.184; 95%CI 0.321; -0.046). Rank remained associated with higher levels of occupational physical activity (b = 0.324 CI95% 0.167; 0.481). To our knowledge, this was the first study to evaluate the relationship of psychosocial and occupational aspects involved in physical activity among military personnel in Brazil and abroad. The results suggest that the work environment and mental health are associated with physical activity of the military, which is the path that leads the troops to the physical fitness.

Introdução: As atividades e operações militares exigem mobilizações frequentes, sendo imperativo que seus membros permaneçam saudáveis física e mentalmente para o desempenho adequado de suas funções. Métodos: 473 alunos da Academia foram convidados a responder um questionário anônimo, autorresponsivo, referente ao consumo de tabaco e álcool, ao comportamento sexual e à saúde mental. O consumo de tabaco e álcool foi avaliado por questionário utilizado no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil, o comportamento sexual foi avaliado por questionário aplicado pelo Ministério da Saúde em conscritos do Exército Brasileiro e, para avaliação da saúde mental, foi usado o Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em porcentagem e comparadas usando qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. As variáveis numéricas foram expressas em média (desvio padrão) e comparadas pelo teste ANOVA com teste post hoc de Bonferroni. O nível de significância foi de 5,0%. Todas as análises foram realizadas com SPSS-16.0. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 384 homens e 45 mulheres, a maioria de raça branca (76,2%), idade inferior a 30 anos, solteira, pertencente às classes sociais B1 e B2 (59,2%), paulista (99,1%) e com sustento próprio (75,5%). Verificou-se que 6,5% dos alunos oficiais eram fumantes (6,5% dos homens e 6,7% das mulheres, P=0,8), 69,7% dos alunos (71,9% dos homens e 51,1% das mulheres, P=0,02) ingeriam algum tipo de bebida alcoólica e 14,6% dos homens e 13,3% das mulheres (P=0,82) relatavam história prévia de doença sexualmente transmissível (DST). O uso consistente de proteção sexual com parcerias fixas foi de 17,4% nos homens e 33,3% nas mulheres (P=0,13), com parcerias casuais, foi de 64,2% nos homens e 60,0% nas mulheres (P=0,22), e com parcerias pagas, foi de 92,9% somente nos homens, considerando que apenas 14 homens valeram-se de tais parcerias. Aproximadamente 25,0% dos alunos acreditavam na transmissão de DST por meio do uso de banheiros públicos. A presença de transtorno mental comum (TMC) foi encontrada em 15,6% da amostra (sem diferença entre os sexos, P=0,98). Ao longo dos anos da Academia, notou-se um aumento médio do número de sintomas de TMC considerando a amostra toda com homens e mulheres (P de tendência = 0,02), somente homens (P de tendência = 0,003), somente homens que vieram da tropa (P de tendência = 0,053) e somente homens que vieram da vida civil (P de tendência = 0,02). Conclusão: A amostra tem menor prevalência de tabagismo em relação à população militar e civil dos EUA e à população civil brasileira. O consumo de álcool é semelhante ao da população brasileira e ao da população militar dos EUA. O uso de preservativos de forma consistente com parcerias fixas é menos frequente do que com parcerias casuais e parcerias pagas, o que se associou a uma maior frequência de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis na amostra. Os alunos oficiais mostram lacunas no conhecimento sobre a transmissão de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Encontra-se a presença de transtornos mentais comuns em 15,6% da amostra, com tendência de aumento no número médio de sintomas, mas não na frequência de transtorno mental comum ao longo do curso. Concluiu-se que o conhecimento sobre DST ainda precisa melhorar e que, apesar de todas as orientações, o uso de preservativos ainda está longe do ideal nessa amostra de alunos oficiais da Academia de Polícia. O número de sintomas que fazem parte do diagnóstico de transtorno mental comum aumenta durante o curso sem ultrapassar o limiar diagnóstico / Introduction: The activities and military operations require frequent mobilizations and it is imperative that its members remain healthy physically and mentally for the proper performance of their duties. Methods: 473 Academy students were invited to answer an anonymous self-responsive questionnaire about tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behavior and mental health. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol was assessed by questionnaire used in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health - ELSA-Brazil, sexual behavior was assessed by questionnaire administered by the Ministry of Health in the Brazilian army conscripts and for mental health assessment was used the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ - 20). Categorical variables are expressed as percentages and compared using chi-square or Fisher\'s exact test, as appropriate. Numerical variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation) and compared using ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test. The significance level was 5%. All analyzes are performed using SPSS - 16.0. Results: The sample comprised 384 men and 45 women, mostly white (76.2%), under 30 years of age, unmarried , belonging to social classes B1 and B2 (59.2%), from the state of São Paulo (99.1%) and on own support (75.5%). It was found that 6.5% of military students are smokers (6.5% of men vs 6.7 % women, P=0,80), 69.7 % of students (71,9 % men vs 51.1 % women, P=0,02 ) drink some kind of alcoholic beverage and that 14.6% of men and 13.3% of women (P=0,82) reported previous sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Consistent use of protection with steady partners was 17.4% in men and 33.3% in women (P=0,13) with casual partners was 64.2% in men 60% women (P = 0,22), only 14 men had just paid partnerships and 92.9% protected themselves. Approximately 25% of students believe in STD transmission using public restrooms. The presence of common mental disorders (CMD) was of 15.6% of the sample (no gender difference, P=0,98). Over the years, the Academy has noticed an average increase in the number of symptoms of CMD considering the entire sample, men and women (P for trend =0,02), considering only men (P for trend =0,003), considering only men who came from troop (P for trend =0,053), and only men who came from civilian life (P trend =0,02). Conclusion: The sample has a lower prevalence of smoking in relation to military and civilian U.S. population and in relation to the Brazilian civilian population. Alcohol consumption is similar as consumption in Brazilian population and the military population of the U. S. Using condoms consistently with steady partners is less frequent than with casual partners and paid partnerships and this could explain the higher incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in the sample. The military students show gaps in knowledge about transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. We found the presence of common mental disorders in 15.6% of the sample, with an increasing trend in the average number of symptoms, but not in the frequency of common mental disorders throughout the course. We concluded that knowledge about STDs still needs to improve and that despite all the guidelines, condom use is still far from ideal in this sample of military students at the Police Academy. The number of symptoms that are part of diagnosis of the common mental disorder increased during the course without exceeding the threshold for diagnosis

Introduction: Licensed medical personnel (henceforth LMP) experience ethical problems related to undertaking care duties in combat zones. When employed in the Armed Forces they are always under the command of tactical officers (henceforth TOs). Aim: The overall aim was to explore everyday ethical problems experienced by military medical personnel, focusing on licensed medical personnel in combat zones from a descriptive and normative perspective. A further aim was to explore leadership challenges in leading licensed medical personnel. Methods: For the research descriptive, explorative (inductive and abductive) and normative designs were used. Data collection was undertaken by using different methods. Altogether 12 physicians, 15 registered nurses, seven combat lifesavers and 15 tactical officers were individually interviewed. The participants were selected by strategic (I), purposive (II) and theoretical sampling (III). The interviews were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Study III used classic grounded theory and study IV was a normative analysis of an ethical problem based on the idea of a wide reflective equilibrium. Results: We found that LMP experience ethical problems related to dual loyalty when serving in combat zones. They give reasons for undertaking, or not, military duties that can be seen as combat duties. Sometimes they have restricted reasons for undertaking these military duties. Furthermore, LMP are under the command of TOs who found it challenging when leading LMP, since TOs have to unify LMP in the unit. The unifying makes it difficult since LMP experience dual loyalty. Conclusions: LMP experience dual loyalty in combat zones. The reason maybe that humanitarian law and the medical ethical codes are not clear-cut or explicit about how to be interpreted around these everyday ethical problems in internal military operations. In order to fit in todays context humanitarian law needs to be revised. Furthermore, LMP need further training in parallel with reflections on ethical problems in order to adapt to the combat zones of today.

In this diploma thesis, I deal with the everyday life of military personnel stationed in the main American bases in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1965-1973). The research is based on the analysis of oral history interviews with veterans that served in various occupational specialties in the rear of American armed forces. I'm describing specifics of the military service of witnesses from their entry to the armed forces, training, Vietnam experience, to their homecoming. I'm trying to analyze specific topics that are connected with the experience of military life in Vietnam, especially off duty hours of personnel. Finally, I deal with the creation of the popular culture image of the conflict. Keywords Oral history, everyday life, Vietnam War, American bases, off duty hours of military personnel

In this study factors which affect the degree of implementation of a curricular change were examined to determine how well a specific curricular change was implemented in relation to the original intent. The change, Developmentally Appropriate Practice, was implemented in Department of Defense Dependents Schools, Germany Region, beginning in school year 1991-1992 in grades kindergarten through two. During school year 1993-1994, grade three began the transition to Developmentally Appropriate Practice. Several factors which influence teacher behavior during the implementation process were investigated to determine if there is a correlation between those factors and degree of implementation, the dependent variable. The independent variables in this study were school culture; administrators' leadership effectiveness; teacher concerns about the implementation; and teacher characteristics including age, years teaching experience, years experience in Department of Defense Dependents' Schools, and training. The degree of implementation, the dependent variable, was defined in terms of the extent to which teachers had changed their behavior to become congruent with behavior required by the change. Teachers were identified as high, moderate, or low implementers, based on classroom observations. One purpose of the study was to increase understanding of implementation by analyzing the factors which affect the behavior of teachers in the change process. A second purpose of the study was to add to the body of research that explains why so many educational changes fail to become established practice. To establish interobserver reliability, two observers rated teachers using the same protocol. The interobserver reliability coefficient found was reported at .9820. The participants in the study completed the Stages of Concern Questionnaire, the Administrative Effectiveness Survey, the School Culture Survey, and a demographic survey. The results were correlated with the Early Childhood Classroom Observation form. Amount of training was found to have a statistically significant positive relationship with degree of implementation (p=.006). Statistically significant positive relationships were not found between the other independent variables and degree of implementation.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) is a lay church inasmuch as it has no professionally trained ministers. Because of this, the Chaplains Corps during World War II questioned whether members of the Mormon faith could serve effectively as chaplains. The answer to the effectiveness of Mormon chaplains is found in their performance as many received high praise from their superiors.During the Second World War, the Mormon Church provided the military services with a total of 45 chaplains, and although only 45 served, they saw duty in all theaters of war and served at such major battles as Attu, Kwajalein, Iwo Jima, Biak, Salerno, and the Battle of the Bulge. Several became command chaplains and two were awarded the Silver Star for heroism.In addition to serving as Protestant ministers, the Mormon chaplains played a significant role in the Church service–men's program, because they had the authority to organize and set apart men for the MIA Group Leader program.

Thesis (M.A.(Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The purpose of the study was to explore the impacts of military deployment on the nuclear families of military members of the South African National Defence Force. Qualitative, exploratory research was conducted to determine the impacts of military deployment on the nuclear families of the SANDF. Data were collected through qualitative interviews. A purposive sampling technique was used wherein six families were sampled to explore the impacts of deployment on families with a member previously deployed to foreign missions by the South African National Defence Force. Inductive qualitative content data analysis was performed to analyse data. The study highlighted the areas of potential effects that deployment had before and after deployment of a service member as well as the daily lived experiences of the family during deployment of a family member. The study found that the increase in the changes in the composition of the family structure during deployment; continuous communication was very vital during deployment and the beneficial impacts of deployment. Most military families did not experience dire challenges during deployment but were normal challenges most civilian families experience. Instead, the military families developed resilience during the deployment period. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

"S. Dooley: Tertiary Reader" / Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This study provides analysis, conclusions and recommendations to assist the Deputy Commandant (DC), Manpower and Reserve Affairs Department (M&RA) and DC, Programs and Resources Department (P&R) in structure and process decisions concerning Marine Corps Manpower budget execution. DC, M&RA is the owner of the Marine Human Resource Development Process (HRDP) and the Military Personnel Marine Corps (MPMC) appropriation sponsor, while the DC, P&R has budgetary (1517) authority for MPMC budget execution. In contrast, the Navy has both sponsorship and 1517 authority within one cell at N1. By comparing these two services' organizational factors and Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution Systems (PPBES), relevant differences surface, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations offered for improvements. Recommendations include realignment of 1517 authority within MPMC execution, and the melding of the Programs and Budget Branch of Manpower Plans Division, M&RA with the Military Personnel Branch, Fiscal Division, P&R (RFM). This new office will be responsible for all facets of MPMC programming, budgeting, and execution. / Captain, United States Marine Corps

This study investigates social connectedness and social support in a military and civilian college population, and their associations with psychological, physical and stress-related health. There were 301 total participants, 51 of which were military personnel. The participant’s ages ranged from 18-59 (M = 23.48, SD = 7.24), with majority of the participants being female (71.8%), Caucasian (66.1%) and in a relationship (50.8%). The study was administered online via SONA. The following measures were administered in this study: the Social Connectedness Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Physical Health Questionnaire, MOS Short Form Survey Instrument, UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Depression Patient Health Questionnaire, Hopkins Symptom Checklist Anxiety Scale, and the PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version. Veteran students indicated several issues while transitioning to higher education, as well as, several factors that they feel make them unique from their peers. Social connectedness significantly predicted all measures of health, especially PTSD (β = -.43, p < .001), depression (β = -.47, p < .001) and general health (β = -.30, p < .001), with higher rates of social connectedness denoting less symptoms. The social support’s association with health via the main effect model was supported by the results, whereas, the buffering hypothesis model was not supported. Social support was most predictive of anxiety (β = -.28, p < .001), PTSD (β = -.37, p < .001) and general health (β = .36, p < .001). Military status was not associated with social connectedness, rendering the serial multiple mediation model untestable. This study provides empirical evidence that social connectedness is a powerful and pervasive human need, with important health implications.

Spousal congruence at multiple levels of perception was examined in relationship to marital adjustment. Subjects were 164 active duty and retired Air Force married couples.