Bakgrund: Intensivvård är den högsta vårdnivån inom svensk sjukvård och omhändertar kritiskt sjuka patienter. Intensivvård innebär stora påfrestningar på patienten och förutom sin primärdiagnos finns det stor risk att drabbas av sekundära komplikationer relaterat till intensivvården. En av flera negativa konsekvenser på grund av passiviteten är intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet (ICU-AW). Interventionen tidig mobilisering är en av flera åtgärder för att förebygga intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva evidensen för och effekter av tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Studien utformades som en systematisk litteraturöversikt och metaanalyser. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Sökningarna bestod av sökblocken Intensivvård, Respiratorbehandling och Tidig mobilisering. Metaanalyser utfördes i Review Manager. Resultat: Denna studie innehåller totalt sju RCT-studier med fokus på tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter, totalt 976 patienter. Tre parametrar analyserades; Dagar i respirator, Dagar på IVA och Dödlighet på IVA. Dagar i respirator och Dödlighet på IVA visade ingen statistisk signifikans. Endast parametern Dagar på IVA hade statistisk signifikans (P=0,01). Slutsats: Denna systematiska översiktsstudie och metaanalys resulterade i evidens för förkortad vårdtid på intensivvårdsavdelning vid tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter jämfört med standardmobilisering. Kortare vårdtid på intensivvårdsavdelning minskar risken för intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet. / Background: Intensive care is the highest level of care in Swedish healthcare and takes care of critically ill patients. Intensive care involves great strain on the patients and in addition to their primary diagnosis, there is a great risk of suffering from secondary complications related to intensive care. One of several negative consequences due to inactivity is intensive care acquired weakness (ICU-AW). The early mobilization intervention is one of several interventions to prevent intensive care-acquired muscle weakness. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the evidence for and effects of early mobilization of mechanically ventilated adult patients in the intensive care unit. Method: The study was designed as a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Searches were performed in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. The searches consisted of the search blocks Intensive Care, Respirator Treatment and Early Mobilization. Meta-analysis were performed in the Review Manager. Results: This study contains a total of seven RCT studies focusing on early mobilization of ventilator-treated adult patients, a total of 976 patients. Three parameters were analyzed; Days in ventilator (Dagar i respirator), Days in ICU (Dagar på IVA) and Mortality in ICU (and Dödlighet på IVA). Days in ventilator and Mortality in the ICU showed no statistical significance. Only the parameter Days in ICU had statistical significance (P = 0.01). Conclusion: This systematic review study and meta-analysis resulted in evidence of shortened care time in the intensive care unit due to early mobilization of ventilator-treated adult patients compared to standard mobilization. Shorter care time in the intensive care unit reduces the risk of intensive care acquired weakness.

MEd (Educational Management) / Department of Educational Management / The aim of this study was to investigate the merger of schools’ programmes in the Department of Basic Education (DBE) in Vhembe District for the academic years 2010 to 2016. When small schools are not merged, it is difficult for the Department of Basic Education to adequately allocate resources for effective and efficient teaching and learning. The study adopted Eisner’s Connoisseur Model of Enquiry as its theoretical framework. Besides the theoretical framework, the study also adopted a legal framework: SASA, Act No. 84 of 1996. This study was conceptualised within the interpretive paradigm, subsumed under a qualitative research design. Data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The population of the study was eighty-five (85) schools identified for merger in the Vhembe District. Purposive sampling was used to select nine (09) principals from the merging schools, three (03) Deputy Manager Governance officials from the identified circuits and one (01) district governance official in Vhembe District. Hence the sample of the study was thirteen (13) participants. Data was analysed thematically. The study revealed that most schools identified for merger were merged prematurely; that is, schools were merged before the provision of relevant infrastructure and resources in the merging centres and this caused the communities to reject mergers. The study recommends that proper consultation with relevant local structures like traditional leaders in particular is crucial to ensure that the merging of schools is implemented with minimal challenges. Correct interpretation, implementation of policies and effective monitoring of programmes should be ensured to advocate for school merging. / NRF

Diese Arbeit umfasst die Präparation sowie Charakterisierung von neuartigen Uran(IV)-Kolloiden, die in nahneutralen pH-Bereichen und unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen stabilisiert vorliegen. Rückschlüsse auf Stabilitätsverhalten und Partikelgrößenverteilungen wurden durch dynamische Lichtstreuung, Zetapotentialmessungen sowie Ultrafiltration und Ultrazentrifugation in Kombination mit Elementanalysen getroffen. UV-Vis- und Laserfluoreszenzspektroskopie bestätigten den tetravalenten Zustand des Urans bei den Experimenten. Anders als bisherige Untersuchungen vermuten lassen, ist es möglich langzeitstabile Uran(IV)-Kolloide in höheren Konzentrationen zu erzeugen. Durch Zusatz von geochemischen Komponenten, wie Carbonat und Silikat sind diese sedimentationsstabil und im nahneutralen bis basischen pH-Bereich über längere Zeiträume beständig. Dabei zeigte sich, dass gelöstes Silikat bei der Herstellung der Kolloide eine wesentliche Rolle spielt und Uran(IV) bis zu einer Konzentration von 10-3 mol/L, entsprechend 0,238 g/L in Lösungen stabilisieren kann. Diese Urankonzentration ist dabei ca. drei Potenzen höher als für bisher bekannte silikatfreie, wässrige Uran(IV)-Kolloide. Durch die Verwendung unterschiedlicher analytischer Methoden konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Durchmesser der entstandenen Uran(IV)-Kolloide im nanoskaligen Bereich von teilweise unter 20 nm liegen. Durch diesen kolloidalen Zustand kann eine hohe Mobilität in aquatischen Systemen unterstellt werden. Zusätzlich weisen Langzeituntersuchungen darauf hin, dass diese Kolloide in einem abgeschlossenen System über Jahre stabilisiert werden. Je höher dabei das Verhältnis zwischen Silikat- und Uran(IV)-Gehalt und je höher der pH-Wert der Lösung ist, desto kleiner und stabiler sind diese Partikel. Es ist anzumerken, dass sich keine Kolloide in Abwesenheit von Uran(IV) bilden. Silikat ist in der Lage, die negative Oberflächenladung der Uran(IV)-Kolloide im nahneutralen pH-Bereich zu erhöhen. Dies führt zu einer stärkeren elektrostatischen Abstoßung bzw. repulsiven Wechselwirkungen, womit eine bessere Stabilisierung gewährleistet wird. Der isoelektrische Punkt der erzeugten Partikel wird zu niedrigeren pH-Werten verschoben. Extended-X-ray-absorption-fine-structure-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die innere Struktur der Kolloide durch den steigenden Silikatgehalt bei deren Bildung von U-O-U-Bindungen (entsprechend Uran(IV)oxyhydroxiden) zu U-O-Si-Bindungen verändert wird. Die Koordination in der benachbarten Region von U(IV) in den U(IV)-Silikat-Kolloiden ist vergleichbar mit der des Coffinits, USiO4. Dieses, für tetravalentes Uran noch nicht beschriebene Phänomen, wurde bereits bei silikatstabilisierten Eisen(III)- oder Mangan(III,IV)-Kolloiden beobachtet und als „Sequestrierung“ bezeichnet. Die silikatstabilisierten U(IV)-Kolloide sind in Laborexperimenten unter kontrollierten Bedingungen erzeugt worden, d.h. es ist noch nicht bekannt, ob diese Phasen in der Natur frei auftreten können. Die qualitative Zusammensetzung der Matrix der experimentellen Lösungen (H+, OH-, Na+, HCO3-/CO32-, Silikat) wurde ähnlich der geochemischen Natur von Grund- bzw. Porenwässern gewählt. Dadurch kann prinzipiell von einem Vorhandensein solcher Kolloide in Wässern natürlichen Ursprungs ausgegangen werden. Die Existenz solcher Partikel würde eine Erklärung für das beobachtete Auftreten von Uran(IV)-Kolloiden in anoxischen Porenwässern oder anoxischen Grundwässern liefern. Es ist jedoch zu beachten, dass experimentell die Reduktion von Uran(VI)-Phasen vorausgesetzt wurde und eine anschließende Verdünnung in Anwesenheit von Silikat erfolgt. Umweltbezogene Untersuchungen zur Mobilität und Stabilität in aquatischen Systemen dieser Kolloide waren nicht Gegenstand der Arbeit und so kann eine umweltrelevante Beurteilung dieser neuartigen Uran(IV)-Kolloide in Bezug auf den Eintrag in die Biossphäre noch nicht getroffen werden. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse bieten aber die Grundlage für weitere, intensive Untersuchungen zu Möglichkeiten der Mobilisierung und Stabilisierung verwandter Actinide und Schwermetalle und sollten Bestandteil der Sicherheitsanalyse bei der Lagerung radioaktiven Abfälle in tiefen geologischen Formationen sein. / This work includes the preparation and characterization of new uranium(IV) colloids which are formed and stabilized in the near neutral pH range and under environmentally relevant conditions. Conclusions on stability behavior and particle size distributions were drawn based on results obtained by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, as well as ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation in combination with element analyzes. Spectroscopic methodes confirmed the tetravalent state of uranium in the experiments. Unlike empirical data, it is possible to generate long-term stable uranium(IV) colloids at higher concentrations. By addition of geochemical components such as carbonate and silicate, they are stable and resistant in the near neutral pH range over a long period. It was found that dissolved silica plays an essential role in the preparation of colloids. Colloid-borne uranium(IV) up to a concentration of 10-3 mol/L, corresponding to 0,238 g/L, is stabilized in solutions. This concentration is about three orders of magnitude higher than so far known silicate-free aqueous uranium(IV) colloids. Through the use of different analytical methods (invasive and non-invasive) it could be shown that the resulting uranium(IV) colloids are in the nanoscalar range. A high mobility can be assumed in aquatic systems. Evidence is provided by photon correlation spectroscopy, ultrafiltration, and ultracentrifugation that uranium(IV) can form silicate-containing colloids of a size lower than 20 nm. The particles are generated in near neutral to slightly alkaline solutions containing geochemical relevant components (carbonate, silicate, sodium ions). They remain stable in aqueous suspension over years. Electrostatic repulsion due to a negative zeta potential in the near-neutral to alkaline pH range caused by the silicate stabilizes the uranium(IV) colloids. The isoelectric point of the nanoparticles is shifted towards lower pH values by the silicate. The higher the silicate to uranium(IV) content ratio and the higher the pH of the solution are, the smaller and more stable (in terms of pH-changes) are the particles. It should be noted that no colloids were formed in absence of uranium(IV). The mechanism of the colloidal stabilization can be regarded as “sequestration” by silicate, a phenomenon well known from heavy metal ions of high ion potential such as iron(III) or manganese(III,IV), but never reported for uranium(IV) so far. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy showed that U–O–Si bonds, which increasingly replace the U–O–U bonds of the amorphous uranium(IV) oxyhydroxide with increasing silicate concentration, make up the internal structure of the colloids. The next-neighbor coordination of uranium(IV) in the uranium(IV)-silica colloids is comparable with that of coffinite, USiO4. The assessment of uranium behavior in the aquatic environment should take the possible existence of uranium(IV)-silica colloids into consideration. Their occurrence might influence uranium migration in anoxic waters. The silicate-stabilized colloids have been generated in laboratory experiments under controlled conditions; i.e., it is not known yet whether these phases can occur in natural water. The qualitative composition of the matrix of the experimental solutions (H+, OH-, Na+, HCO3-/CO32-, silicate) was chosen similar to the geochemical nature of groundwater. Thereby, it can be assumed that such colloids are present in natural waters. The existence of such particles would provide an ex-planation for the occurrence of uranium(IV) colloids in anoxic pore waters or groundwaters. However, it should be noted that these results were observed by the reduction of uranium(VI) carbonate and dilution in the presence of silicate. Studies on the mobility and stability of these colloids in aquatic systems were not subject of this work and an environmental assessment of these novel uranium(IV) colloids with respect to the entry in the biosphere cannot be taken into account. But the possibilities of mobilization and stabilization can be applied to surrogate actinides and heavy metals, and point to the need for more intensive research in this area.

Refugee camps have long been considered places of extreme population control. Yet the Za’atari camp, created in Jordan in 2012, soon became famous for frequent refugee demonstrations, sit-ins and stone-throwing. This important capacity for mobilization has been linked to the informal leadership network of ‘street leaders’ that emerged a few months after the camps’ creation (Clarke, 2018). This network challenges the representations of refugees as voiceless victims, and questions the ability of aid organizations to foster community empowerment. It also highlights the power implications of regular organizational practices in refugee camps, and showing how NGOs affect their beneficiaries, it is relevant to the discussion of downward accountability. Thus, studying Za’atari’s power dynamics is crucial to identify conditions of refugee empowerment and improve downward accountability frameworks. In this thesis, this analysis of power dynamics is undertaken with the four-dimensional framework developed by Lukes (1974) and following scholars, which has never been used on refugee camps. The first dimension has to do with individual capacity to influence other’s choices, the second with the limits brought by institutional practices, the third with the meanings assigned to behaviors and the fourth with the socialization processes that teach self-discipline. The thesis studies how a four-dimensional analysis of Za’ataricamp can capture both the extent of camp authorities’ control on residents and the refugees’ capacity to empower themselves. Through the analysis of organizational, journalistic and academic literature, it identifies dimensions of power exercised by and on the camp’s actors at two moments: the street leaders’ rise, and the difficulties of a governance plan implemented to reestablish control. The thesis shows that street leaders were allowed to emerge due to limits in the camp governance’s first dimension and inability to use the second and third dimension, which street leaders, as part of thecommunity, could yield. Moreover, the governance’s plan to restore control encountered difficulties because it was founded on a restrictive one-dimensional view of power linked to the perception of street leaders as mafia-like bosses, refugees as helpless victims and camps as places of containment and order, limiting the authorities’ third dimension. By identifying new factors that were not present in other studies of Za’atari, the findings demonstrate the relevance of the framework to render the complexity of humanitarian settings and encourages its use on other cases. It also reminds the need for aid professionals to work with their beneficiaries’ agency to provide quality services.

The thesis explores the unique structure of political opportunity that emerged in front of Czech civil society organizations during the Czech presidency to the Council of the EU. Case study analyses how the Czech section of Amnesty International (AI CR) influenced public- policy agenda in the area of human rights. The starting point for the thesis is the formulation of the problem which is considered to be the weak influence of civil society organizations over public policy agenda as well as in-adequate use of the structure of political opportunity. Based on the structure of political opportunity theory we sought to determine whether the organization succeeded in mobilization of its internal structure and resources. We also focused on the transnational aspect of the opportunity. We tested the validity of hypotheses in a quantitative way when we measured the indicators of transactional capacity and mobilization capacity. According to the results AI CR was not able to mobilize enough activists. On the other hand, it was able to use the opportunity for transnational mobilization and networking. The most successful methods of activism proved to be those without confrontation. Further, the organizational structure of the organization is affected by bureaucracy which impedes its mobilization potential.

The past few years have seen the emergence of new types of civic engagement. Citizens are now more capable to organize themselves than ever before and this creates a new pattern of social mobilization that has not previously been the centre of academic focus. This work analyses the particular case of the Romanian winter protests of 2012 in an attempt to prove that current mainstream theories of resource mobilization and framing do not fully explain the emergence of unstructured movements. The results aim to pave the way for a new theory of civic engagement that fits the newly observed realities and could be generalized to explain all forms of structured or unstructured participation to collective action.

This thesis examines the development of relations between mainland France (center) and its peripheries, French Polynesia and New Caledonia, which are located in the South Pacific. The thesis aims at answering the following questions: which factors have played a role in the mobilization of the peripheral cultures against the dominant center? How has the center reacted to the peripheral mobilization and its demands? Why has the separatism become much stronger in New Caledonia than in French Polynesia? The thesis examines the historical, societal and political developments in French Polynesia and New Caledonia since the dawn of their colonization till the present day in order to respond to the stipulated questions.

En la actualidad las movilizaciones sociales han adquirido importancia en América Latina, el Perú no ha sido la excepción, ya que en noviembre del 2020 se realizaron marchas en contra del gobierno de Manuel Merino. Los protagonistas fueron los jóvenes peruanos, ya que movilizaron a las personas por medio de sus redes sociales y lograron marchas nacionales masivas a pesar de las restricciones sociales que existían por el Covid19. El presente proyecto tiene como propósito analizar el rol que tuvo twitter en la participación de jóvenes en las marchas realizadas en Perú. Para ello se retoman las discusiones sobre redes sociales y activismo juvenil y Twitter y movimiento sociales en autores como Castell, Pleyers y Casero. Como estrategia metodológica se propone un estudio cualitativo basado en análisis de contenido y encuestas. / Currently, social mobilizations have acquired importance in Latin America, Peru has not been the exception, since in November 2020 there were marches against the government of Manuel Merino. The protagonists were young Peruvians, as they mobilized people through their social networks and achieved massive national marches despite the social restrictions that existed due to Covid19. The purpose of this project is to analyze the role that Twitter played in the participation of young people in the marches held in Peru. For this, the discussions on social networks and youth activism and Twitter and social movement are retaken in authors such as Castell, Pleyers and Casero. As a methodological strategy, a qualitative study based on content analysis and surveys is proposed. / Tesis

Digital Repression: Backlash or Deterrence of Dissent? is a quantitative analysis of the MENA region between the years 2000 and 2020. By distinguishing, theoretically as well as empirically, between nonphysical and physical aspects of state repression, this study aims to fill an identified research gap and contribute to the literature on the repression-dissent puzzle. To answer the research question; how does digital repression affect dissent?, this study uses digital repression as the independent variable and looks into whether this nonphysical form of state repression has a positive or negative effect on dissent, aggregating between violent and nonviolent forms of the dependent variable. In connection to logistic regression, the main finding is that digital repression seems to have a positive (backlash) effect on dissent, no matter the type of dissident tactic.

The aim of this study is to find out which conditions for translanguaging second-language learners are provided through two teaching materials in Swedish as a second language. The primary statement question concerned which kinds of expression for translanguaging occurred in the teaching materials. The secondary question statement concerned what signs of scaffolding were present for the second-language learner’s identity development. The study was implemented through a qualitative text analysis of two teaching books for the grades 7-9 in primary school and Swedish high school. The study was based on the theory of translanguaging and the cognitive perspective in language acquisition. The results of the study showed that the teaching material included expressions for translanguaging to a certain extent which also gave an opportunity to preserve one’s identity in their school work. The learners got to work with materials that can be interpreted as translanguaging. On the contrary, it is not assured that learners interpreter it as an opportunity for translanguaging. The most distinguishing in the result is that mother tongue and multilingualism were spoken about on a larger scale. However, the use of the native language was limited.