INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade pode favorecer uma série de problemas musculoesqueléticos e está associada com dor e deficiência funcional. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência de dois níveis de obesidade grave (40 a 50 Kg/m2 versus maior 50 Kg/m2) sobre as alterações osteoarticulares e funcionais do joelho e pé em candidatos á cirurgia bariátrica. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 81 indivíduos com indicação de gastroplastia com derivação intestinal em Y em Roux. Os indivíduos foram estratificados de acordo com IMC em dois grupos, sendo IMC1(40,0 a 49,6 Kg/m2) e IMC2 (50,0 a 81,3 Kg/m2). A população foi submetida á análise radiológica de joelho para verificação de osteoartrite (escala de Kellgren-Lawrence); Raio-x do pé para mensuração do ângulo tálus-primeiro metatarso (T1M); impressão plantar para cálculo do índice de Staheli (IS) e questionários funcionais, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Ostheoarthritis Index (WOMAC) e Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Na análise estatística para as variáveis classificatórias foi executado o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher (frequência esperada 5). RESULTADOS: O gênero predominante foi feminino (77,8%), a média de idade de 40,7±10,0 anos e o IMC médio de 50,2±7,7 Kg/m2. Observou-se associação significativa entre IMC/T1M (p=0,03) e não significante para IMC/osteoartrite joelho e IMC/IS (p>0,05). Dor e dificuldades funcionais foram mais prevalentes no grupo de superobesos (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A obesidade extremamente avançada (superobesidade) acentua a alteração da morfologia do arco plantar, favorecendo a instalação do pé pronado. Adicionalmente tem influência marcante sobre sintomatologia de dor e as alterações funcionais do joelho e do pé / Obesity can promote a variety of musculoskeletal disorders and is associated with pain and functional disability. This study aimed to analyze the influence of two levels of severe obesity (40 to 50 kg/m2 versus 50 kg/m2 higher) on osteoarticular and functional changes of the knee and foot in candidates for bariatric surgery. METHODS: We analyzed 81 subjects which were stratified according to BMI in two groups, with BMI1 (40,0 to 49,6 kg/m2) and BMI2 (50,0 to 81,3 kg/m2). The population underwent radiological analysis for knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence scale); x-ray of the foot to measure the talus-first metatarsal angle (T1M); footprint to calculate the Staheli index (SI) and functional questionnaires , Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Ostheoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Statistical analysis for categorical variables was performed the chi-square or Fisher\'s exact test (expected frequency 5). RESULTS: The predominant gender was female (77,8%), mean age was 40,7 ± 10,0 years and mean BMI 50,2 ± 7,7Kg/m2. There was a significant association between BMI/T1M (p = 0,03) and not significant for BMI / knee osteoarthritis and BMI / SI (p> 0,05). Pain and functional disability were more prevalent in the group of superobese (p <0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Superobesity promotes additional alteration of the morphology of the plantar arch, favoring the installation of pronated foot. It has an important influence on symptoms of pain and functional changes of the knee and foot

Introdução: Apesar de não ser puramente disabsortiva, o Bypass Gástrico em Y de Roux pode provocar alteração da absorção de muitas vitaminas e minerais. Considerando ainda o fato de existirem poucos estudos que relatem o estado geral destes indivíduos, sobretudo com relação aos parâmetros nutricionais em longo prazo, observou-se à necessidade do desenvolvimento de um estudo que verifique a prevalência das carências nutricionais e a efetividade da técnica empregada, bem como o estado geral destes pacientes e suas inter-relações com outros fatores, para especialmente direcionar com maior efetividade as condutas a serem empregadas no pós-operatório pela equipe multidisciplinar. Métodos: 8 homens e 67 mulheres de uma amostra inicial de 130 pacientes compareceram a entrevista. Estes pacientes foram operados pela técnica de Bypass Gástrico em Y de Roux, possuíam entre 18-65 anos e tinham mais que 5 anos de pós-operatório. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: IMC pré e pós-operatório, perda do excesso de peso, queixa de sintomas gastrointestinais, além de dados referente a deficiências nutricionais através da análise de sangue pelos métodos padrões. Resultados: O IMC inicial foi de 56,5 +/- 10 Kg/m2. Após 2 anos, o IMC médio havia caído para 29,4 +/-6 e após 87 meses após a cirurgia, este era de 34,3 +/-10 Kg/m². Uma associação inversa entre perda do excesso de peso (PEP) e tempo de pósoperatório foi observada (P= 0,27; p=0,0183). Após 2 anos apenas 1,33 % (n=1) não atingiu a PEP esperada de 50% do excesso de peso e no momento da entrevista, 30,6% (n=23) não haviam conseguido mantê-la. As deficiências mais comumente verificadas foram as deficiências de vitamina B12 (61,82%) e D (60,53%). Baixos níveis de hemoglobina também foram verificados (50,82%). Vômitos e Síndrome de Dumping foram às queixas gastrointestinais mais observadas 66,19% e 56,76%. Verificou-se correlações significantes entre baixos níveis de hemoglobina e o sexo feminino (p=0,011), % de PEP e ocorrência de vômito com deficiência de vitamina B12 (p=0,028) e (p=0,022). Conclusão: O BGYR é eficiente na promoção e manutenção de perda de peso em longo prazo. Especial atenção deve ser dada aos grupos de maior risco para desenvolvimento de deficiências nutricionais, mulheres em idade fértil, perda de peso excessiva e naqueles que apresentam vômitos freqüentes. / Background: The goal of this study is determining both the efficacy of the surgery and the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies in the long term after the Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass and search for relations of theses deficiencies with other factors. Methods: 8 men and 67 women consecutives patients, who had 5 years or more after the surgery were assessed during regular visits. Pre and Post-operative BMI, excess weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms were registered. Nutritional deficiencies were accessed by standard laboratory assays. Result: The initial BMI was 56,5 +/- 10 Kg/m2. After 2 years, the mean BMI had dropped to 29,4 +/-6 and by and average of 87 months it was 34,3 +/-10 Kg/m². A inverse association beetwen Excess Weight Loss (EWL) and time of postoperative was verified (P= 0,27; p=0,0183). After 2 years only 1,33 % (n=1) had not achieve a EWL of at least 50%. At the end, 30,6% (n=23) could not maintain this EWL. The more commom nutricional deficiencies are vitamin B12 (61,82%) and D (60,53%). Low levels of hemoglobin (50,82%) was also verified. Vomiting and dumping syndrome was reffered in 66,19% and 56,76%. Significant correlation and with clinical signify was observed between low hemoglobin levels and femine sex (p=0,011), % of weight loss and the B12 deficiency (p=0,028) and vomiting and deficiency of B12 (p=0,022). Conclusion: The RYGB is efficient to promotes and maintain the weight. Special attention should be given to patients with massive weight loss, frequent vomiting and women in reprodutive age.

Obesity is a major public health problem. Bariatric surgery is currently the only available treatment that offers sufficient weight-loss and metabolic benefits over time. Although bariatric surgery is considered safe now, serious complications still occur. The aim of this thesis was to identify factors associated with an increased risk for postoperative complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. Study I included patients operated with laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in Sweden from May 2007 until September 2012. The risk for serious complication was low (3.4%). Suffering an intraoperative adverse event or conversion of the operation to open surgery were the strongest risk factors for postoperative complication. The annual operative volume and experience of the procedure at the institution were also important risk factors. Patient-specific risk factors appeared to be less important although age was associated with an increased risk. In Study II, a raised glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was evaluated as a risk factor for serious postoperative complications in non-diabetics. A higher incidence of serious postoperative complications was seen with elevated HbA1c values, even at levels classified as ‘‘pre-diabetic’’. Study III was a multicentre, randomised clinical trial (RCT). 2507 patients planned for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were randomised to either mesenteric defects closure or non-closure. Closure of the mesenteric defects reduced the rate of reoperation for small bowel obstruction from 10.2% to 5.5% at 3 years after surgery. A small increase in the rate of serious postoperative complication within the first 30 days was seen with mesenteric defects closure. This relatively small increase in risk was however outweighed by the marked reduction of later reoperations for small bowel obstruction. Study IV was a comparison between study III and an observational study on the same population under the same period of time. Although the observational study reached the same conlusion as the RCT, the efficacy of mesenteric defects closure was less pronounced. Observational studies may thus be an alternative to RCTs under situations when RCTs are not feasible. The efficacy may however be underestimated.

A obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, e à cirurgia bariátrica vem se mostrando uma ferramenta eficaz no tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Devido a esses fatos é de se esperar que tenhamos cada vez mais, em nossa prática esse procedimento cirúrgico, que depende do atendimento de uma equipe multidisciplinar, na qual a enfermagem está inserida. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as dificuldades do enfermeiro de Centro Cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no período transoperatório. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário elaborado a partir de revisão de literatura pertinente ao tema e distribuído no 7.º Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico, Recuperação Anestésica e Centro de material e Esterilização. A seleção da amostra fez-se mediante a constatação da experiência do enfermeiro na assistência ao paciente obeso mórbido atendendo a cirurgia bariátrica. A apresentação dos resultados foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira parte caracterizando a amostra demograficamente, e a segunda sintetizando as dificuldades dos enfermeiros de centro cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Várias são as dificuldades, mencionadas pelos enfermeiros da amostra, porém conclui-se que a maioria relaciona-se á condições técnicas e de materiais que proporcionem condições de segurança ao paciente, principalmente: mesa cirúrgica, maca transfer, afastador específico, perneiras tipo bota e material para anestesia. / Obesity is considered a public health problem in Brazil, and bariatric surgery has shown to be an efficient tool in treating morbid obesity. Because of that it is expected that in our practice we will have more and more of that surgical procedure, which depends on the attendance of a multi-disciplinary team, of which nursing is included. The aim of this paper is to identify the difficulties that nurses of Surgical Centers have when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery in the perioperative period. The data were collected by a questionnaire prepared after revising literature pertaining to the subject and distributed at the 7th Brazilian Congress on Perioperative Nursing, Anesthetic Recovery and Central Supply and Sterilization. The sample selection was made through the experience verified by nurses while attending morbid obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. The presentation of the results was divided in two parts: the first part characterizes the sample demographically, and the second part synthesizes the difficulties that perioperative nurses go through when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Several difficulties were mentioned by the nurses from the sample; however, most of them were related to technical and material conditions that would offer a safe environment to the patient, especially: surgical table, transfer stretcher, bariatric surgery retractor, compression boots and anesthesia materials.

New medical technologies have been viewed as the primary cause of rising health are expenditures by health policy researchers in the United States. Since the mid 1990s, with the prevalence of obesity among Americans, the utilization of bariatric surgery, a medical innovation, has increased rapidly among U.S. hospitals. Generally, current literature only states that the volume of bariatric procedures is increasing dramatically.Very limited studies have been conducted to investigate the growth of bariatric procedures.The objective of this study is (1) to provide a detailed description about the adoption and utilization of bariatric procedure in hospitals in 11 states, and (2) to identify the factors significantly enhancing hospitals to adopt or expand the service of surgical treatment for obesity.A panel design from 1995 to 2000 was employed in this study. Several databases are merged together for the final analysis. The descriptive analyses show that the increase in bariatric procedures is coming from two contributors: the entry of hospitals into the market of bariatric surgery, and the continuous expansion of capacity of offering the surgery by antecedent adopters. The panel analyses provided mixed support to the factors influencing hospitals' decision on adoption or expansion of bariatric surgery. The fixed-effects logit model suggests that hospital size, competition and cumulative adoption rate in a local market are strong predictors of hospitals' adoption of the surgery. The fixed effects model shows that ownership status, payment mix improvement, and cumulative adoption rate in a local market are strongly impact the expansion rate of bariatric procedures in hospitals.These findings suggest determinants enhancing hospitals to adopt or expand the bariatric service program. As the provision of bariatric procedures continues to increase among U.S. hospitals, health plans and policy makers will face greater challenges to balance the demand of patients with morbid obesity and the rapid increasing healthcare expenditures related to the surgery.

The main objectives of this dissertation were to examine the effects of bariatric surgery on medication and health services utilization among a cohort of Commercial and Medicare insured members from a large health benefits organization in the U.S.. A total of 1,492 members with morbid obesity underwent gastric bypass (n=785) or gastric banding (n=707) procedure between January 2005 and June 2008. Administrative claims databases were accessed and three data files including a member file, a medical file and a pharmacy file were merged at the member level. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank tests revealed that the average number of all prescription claims were significantly lower during the 12 months post-surgery, compared to the 12 months pre surgery (p<0.0001). Moreover, McNemar’s Chi Square analyses showed that after the surgery, there was a statistically significant (p=<0001) decline in the proportion of members utilizing antihypertensives, antidiabetics and antihyperlipidemics. Our results also showed that the average number of prescription claims for each of these medication groups significantly declined during the 12-month post-surgery period, among members who had at least one prescription for these medications before the surgery (p<0.0001). Logistic regression modeling revealed that members who underwent bypass procedures were more likely to discontinue antihypertensives (OR=2.04; 95% CI= 1.30-3.23) , antihyperlipidemics (OR=3.25; 95% CI 1.96-5.40) and antidiabetics (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.13–3.08) post-surgery than members who underwent banding procedures. In terms of medical services utilization, our results showed a significant decline in the average number of medical claims for all outpatient services overall from the 12 months pre to the 12 months post-surgery (p<0.0001). In contrast, the average number of medical claims for emergency room and inpatient hospitalizations were significantly increased from the pre to the post-surgery period (p<0.01). Logistic regression modeling revealed that the type of bariatric surgery was a significant positive predictor for inpatient hospitalizations post-surgery (OR =2.33; 95% CI= 1.76-3.08; p<0.0001) but not for emergency room visits (OR=1.23; 95% CI 0.97–1.56). The implications of the findings from a managed care perspective are discussed, along with limitation and future directions.

Bakgrund: Sjukligt feta människor upplever ofta ohälsa eller minskad livskvalité i form av fysiska komplikationer, stigmatisering och diskriminering. En metod att hjälpa sjukligt feta personer att gå ner i vikt är obesitaskirurgi. Majoriteten av människorna som väljer obesitaskirurgi är kvinnor. Detta tros bero på att kvinnor blir mer stigmatiserade än män och att de blir psykiskt påverkade vid relativt lågt BMI. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa kvinnliga patienters upplevelser efter obesitaskirurgi. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie och baserades på elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Kvinnorna upplevde att tiden efter operationen förändrade deras liv, vilket upplevdes som både positivt och negativt. Upplevelsen att få en andra chans i livet och upplevelsen av att få en förändrad relation till mat var vanligt förekommande känslor. Slutsats: Operationen hjälper kvinnorna att äta mindre genom den förminskade magsäcken, men ingreppet botar inte de psykosociala problem som de eventuellt har innan operationen. Sjuksköterskor har en viktig uppgift i att stödja och vägleda dessa kvinnor. / Background: Obese people often experience illness and low quality of life which can be expressed in physical complications, stigma and discrimination. Obesity surgery is a method to help obese people to lose weight. The majority of people who chose obesity surgery are women. Women are thought to be more effected mentally by their obesity in lower BMI than men. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of female patients after obesity surgery. Method: The study was constructed as a general literature review based on eleven scientific articles. Results: The patients experienced that the time after surgery had changed their lives. The experience was both positive and negative. The experience of getting a second chance in life and the experience of changed relationship to food was common feelings. Conclusion: The surgery helps women to eat smaller portions because of the diminished stomach, but doesn’t cure the underlying psychosocial problems they might have before surgery. Nurses have an important task in supporting and guiding these women.

Gastric bypass achieves weight loss in the morbidly obese. Preoperative weight loss is used to reduce the enlarged fatty liver that otherwise reduces visibility during surgery. The purpose of gastric bypass is to provide patients with long-term weight loss. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the result of preoperative low calorie diet on liver volume and to evaluate the long-term result of gastric bypass. Paper I showed that four weeks of low calorie diet reduces intrahepatic fat by 40% and facilitates surgery mainly through improved visualisation. Paper II demonstrated that all of the reduction of liver volume occurs during the first two weeks of treatment with low calorie diet.  In paper I liver volume was reduced by 12% and in paper II by 18%. Paper III focused on long-term results and showed that gastric bypass achieves a mean 63% excess body mass index loss in obese patients after 11 years. However, of these 40% undergo abdominoplasty and 2% require additional bariatric surgery. Only 24% adhere to the lifelong recommendation on multivitamins and 72% to Vitamin B12 recommendations. Paper IV evaluated gastric bypass as a revisional procedure after earlier restrictive surgery had failed. Similar weight results as after primary gastric bypass are attained. No patient taking vitamin B12 supplementation was deficient at follow-up, regardless of whether the vitamin was taken as a pill or as intramuscular injections.

Η αύξηση του σωματικού βάρους και η παχυσαρκία αντιπροσωπεύουν μία ραγδαία αναπτυσσόμενη απειλή για την υγεία του πληθυσμού που επηρεάζει χώρες σε όλα τα γεωγραφικά μήκη και πλάτη, κατά μείζονα λόγο τις χώρες του αναπτυγμένου κόσμου και λιγότερο τις αναπτυσσόμενες, και αποτελεί μείζονα πηγή ανησυχίας για τους ασθενείς, τους παροχείς υγείας, τα εμπλεκόμενα στο σύστημα υγείας άτομα και τις κατά τόπου ρυθμιστικές υγειονομικές αρχές. Πράγματι πλέον στις ημέρες μας η παχυσαρκία είναι τόσο συχνό πρόβλημα που πιο κλασικές νοσηρές καταστάσεις όπως ο υποσιτισμός και τα λοιμώδη νοσήματα χάνουν τον πρωταγωνιστικό τους ρόλο σαν αιτιολογικοί παράγοντες κακής υγείας. Η μόνη αποδεκτή στρατηγική που θα μπορούσε να είναι αποδοτική, όχι μόνο με υγειονομικούς αλλά και οικονομοτεχνικούς όρους, θα ήταν μία πληθυσμιακή θεραπευτική προσέγγιση, όμως μία τέτοια στρατηγική σήμερα αν όχι ουτοπική, θα μπορούσε να χαρακτηριστεί τουλάχιστον θεραπευτική πρόκληση. Συνεπώς σήμερα στηριζόμαστε αποκλειστικά στους θεράποντες ιατρούς, οι οποίοι σε καθημερινή βάση έρχονται σε επαφή με παχύσαρκα άτομα. Η βασική επιθυμία αυτής της ομάδας ατόμων, είναι η απώλεια σωματικού βάρους και η μακροχρόνια διατήρηση αυτής της απώλειας. Έχοντας εξαντλήσει κάθε άλλη προσέγγιση (είτε πρόκειται για απλό διαιτητικό πρόγραμμα, είτε για δίαιτα με διαιτολογική καθοδήγηση, είτε για εμπορικά διαθέσιμα προγράμματα απώλειας βάρους), αποτυγχάνοντας να επιτύχουν σταθερή και μακροπρόθεσμη απώλεια βάρους μία μεγάλη ομάδα νοσηρά παχύσαρκων ατόμων φαίνεται να στρέφονται σήμερα στα χειρουργεία παχυσαρκίας. Φαίνεται πλέον σήμερα ότι η χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση της παχυσαρκίας είναι η πιο αποτελεσματική διαθέσιμη θεραπεία για τη νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία, η οποία εξασφαλίζει μακροπρόθεσμη απώλεια σωματικού βάρους και πλήρη ή σχεδόν πλήρη υποχώρηση μίας σειράς συνοσηρών καταστάσεων που σχετίζονται αιτιολογικά με την υπερβολική αύξηση του σωματικού βάρους. Ο σκοπός της μελέτης μας ήταν να δούμε εάν το γαστρικό bypass σχετίζεται με μεταβολές της λειτουργίας της αορτής και της αριστερής κοιλίας, σε νοσηρά παχύσαρκους ασθενείς 3 και 36 μήνες μετά από το χειρουργείο. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε υπερηχογράφημα καρδιάς για την εκτίμησης 60 νοσηρά παχύσαρκων ασθενών που υποβλήθηκαν σε χειρουργική επέμβαση , 20 νοσηρά παχύσαρκων ασθενών που δεν υποβλήθηκαν σε χειρουργική επέμβαση και 40 ατόμων με φυσιολογικό δείκτη σωματικής μάζας. Όλοι είχαν παρόμοια ηλικία, φύλο και παράγοντες κινδύνου στην επίσκεψη αναφοράς. Μετρήσαμε την αορτική τάνυση, διατασιμότητα, δείκτη ανενδοτότητας, το συντελεστή αορτική πίεσης – τάνυσης καθώς επίσης και υπερηχογραφικούς δείκτες doppler διαστολικής λειτουργίας της αριστερής κοιλίας (το λόγο του κύματος Ε προ; το κύμα Α, το χρόνο ισοογκωτικής χάλασης και το χρόνο επιβράδυνσης). Οι υπερηχογραφικές μετρήσεις που αφορούσαν τόσο την αορτή, όσο και τη διαστολική λειτουργία της αριστερής κοιλίας, ήταν επηρεασμένα στους νοσηρά παχύσαρκους ασθενείς σε σχέση με την ομάδα ελέγχου με φυσιολογικό δείκτη σωματικής μάζας. Κατά τη διάρκεια της παρακολούθησης τόσο στους 3 όσο και στου 36 μήνες, τόσο η μάζα της αριστερής κοιλίας, όσο και οι δείκτες λειτουργικότητας της αορτής και οι διαστολικοί δείκτες της αριστερής κοιλίας επανήλθαν στο φυσιολογικό(διατασιμότητα αορτής 1.9 προεγχειρητικά, 3,4 στους 3 μήνες και 4,3 στους 36 μήνες, συγκρινόμενο με το 3,36 των ατόμων με φυσιολογικό δείκτη σωματικής μάζας), φυσιολογικοποίηση ου δεν παρατηρήθηκε στη ομάδα των ασθενών που δεν έχασαν βάρος. Η ελάττωση του δείκτη σωματικής μάζας μετά το χειρουργείο σχετιζόταν σε στατιστικά σημαντικό ποσοστό (p < .01) με την ελάττωση τόσο των δεικτών της αορτικής λειτουργίας όσο και με το χρόνο ισοογκωτικής χάλασης, μετά από ρύθμιση με βάση την ηλικία, το φύλο, τη συνυπάρχουσα αρτηριακή πίεση, τα λιπίδια και τη συγκέντρωση χοληστερόλης. Συμπερασματικά η απώλεια σωματικού Βάρους που επιτυγχάνεται με τα χειρουργεία παχυσαρκίας, ελαττώνει την κοιλιακή υπερτροφία και συνεπώς, βελτιώνει τη λειτουργία της αριστερής κοιλίας σε νοσηρά παχύσαρκους ασθενείς σε μια περίοδο παρακολούθησης διάρκειας 3 ετών. / Body weight gain and obesity represent a rapidly growing threat for public health that affect countries all over the world, mainly of the developed world and less the developing countries, consisting a major topic of interest, for patients, health provider and persons involved in the health system. Nowadays obesity considered to be so frequent as a problem that other classic clinical entities as malnutrition and infectious diseases lose their main role as reasons for bad hygiene. The only acceptable strategy that could be efficient not only in relation to with health, but also under logistic conditions, would be a therapeutical approach for the entire population. However such a strategy could be characterized at least a therapeutic challenge if not utopic. Having depleted any other approach (either a simple dietary program, commercial weight loss programs or dietician guidance) and failing to achieve stable and long term weight loss, a large group of morbidly obese people seems to prefer surgical solutions. Surgical management of obesity seems to be the most efficient therapeutic approach that ensures complete resolution of comorbidities that are related with body weight gain. The purpose of our study was to observe if gastric bypass is related with aortic and LV functional changes, in morbidly obese patients in 3 and 36 months after surgery. We performed echocardiographic measurements in 60 morbidly obese patients who had gastric bypass, 20 morbidly obese that did not had surgery and 40 persons with normal body mass index. All of them had similar age, sex and risk factors as it was mentioned in the reference visit. We measured aortic tension, distensability and aortic pressure, we conducted Doppler echocardiography for diastolic function of LV , E/A ratio, isovolumic relaxation time and deceleration time. Echocardiographic measurements of the aorta and diastolic function of LV were affected more in morbidly obese patients than the control group with normal blood pressure. During observation time in 3 and 36 months , LV mass, functional measurements of the aorta and diastolic function of LV were normalized. Aortic distensability 1,9 presurgically, 3,4 in 3 months and 4,3 in 36 months, correlated with 3,36 in persons with normal BMI. No relation was observed in the group of patients that did not lose weight. BMI reduction after surgery is correlated statistically significant with improvement of aortic function, as well as , isovolumic relaxation time based on age, sex, hypertension and lipid profile. Conclusively body weight loss achieved with obesity surgery, decreases ventricular hypertrophy and consequently improves LV function in morbidly obese patients in a period of 3 years.

Orientador: Daisy Maria Favero Salvadori / Banca: Denise Fecchio / Banca: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Resumo: A obesidade é uma desordem multifatorial que envolve agentes hereditários, ambientais e estilo de vida, e suas consequências não são apenas sociais ou psicológicas, mas também estão relacionadas à presença de comorbidades como a hipertensão arterial, diabetes tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares, sendo considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma epidemia global. A obesidade é definida como uma doença associada à inflamação crônica de baixo grau, caracterizada pelos elevados níveis circulantes de citocinas inflamatórias e proteínas de fase aguda e ao excesso de adipocinas no tecido adiposo. A cirurgia bariátrica, importante forma de tratamento para a obesidade mórbida, tem dentre seus efeitos positivos a melhora do perfil inflamatório devido à redução do tecido adiposo. Contudo, esse procedimento produz alterações na anatomia e fisiologia gastrointestinal, as quais têm consequências na absorção de alimentos, podendo resultar em deficiências de micronutrientes como vitaminas e sais minerais. Sabe-se que vários micronutrientes podem contribuir para a redução de distúrbios associados à obesidade devido à habilidade de regular a expressão gênica, modular a adipogênese e o processo inflamatório. Diante desse cenário, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a ingestão de micronutrientes, o perfil de citocinas plasmáticas circulantes e o padrão de expressão dos genes IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α em mulheres com obesidade mórbida (n =30), antes e após suplementação nutricional com as vitaminas A, B6, B12, C, E e D3, ácido fólico, ferro, selênio e zinco, e a cirurgia bariátrica. Os dados obtidos mostraram que apenas para as vitaminas C e D3 foram detectadas concentrações séricas abaixo dos valores de referência após a suplementação e cirurgia bariátrica. Com relação às citocinas TNF-α, VEGF e MCP-1, todas apresentaram concentrações mais altas nas mulheres... / Abstract: Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving hereditary and environmental factors and lifestyle, its adverse effects are not only social or psychological, but are also related to the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, being considered by World Health Organization as a global epidemic. Obesity is defined as a disease associated with chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by elevated levels of circulating cytokines and acute phase proteins and excess of adipokines in adipose tissue. Bariatric surgery, important treatment for morbid obesity, has among its positive effects the improvement of inflammatory profile promoted by the reduction of adipose tissue. However, this procedure leads to changes in the gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology and, consequently, alters the absorption process, which may result in micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamins and minerals. It is known that several micronutrients may contribute to the reduction of obesity-related disorders due to the ability to regulate gene expression, modulate adipogenesis and inflammation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between micronutrient intake, the expression pattern of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α genes and the profile of circulating plasma cytokines in women with morbid obesity (n = 30) before and after dietary supplementation with vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D3, and E, folic acid, iron, selenium, zinc, and bariatric surgery. The data showed that only vitamin D3 and C serum concentrations were detected below reference values after supplementation and bariatric surgery. The circulation levels of TNF-α, VEGF and MCP-1 cytokines were significant higher in obese women compared to normal weight women, confirming the inflammatory state associated with obesity. IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF circulation levels were significant decreased after bariatric surgery. Gene expression data also showed ... / Mestre