This diploma thesis deals with the developement of communication skills in children with autistic spectrum disorder. The aim of this work is to explain the development of these skills by Verbal Behavior of Applied Behavioral Analysis (VB ABA), specifically in the field of children's request (manding). The thesis contains a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the description of the basic principles of the Applied Behavioral Analysis as well as the approach Applied Behavioral Analysis - Verbal Behavior which is based on this science. In more detail, the thesis explains the manding technique and the principles of motivation, whose understanding is essential for this technique and for all VB ABA intervention. Author's research follows the progress in the manding of two children with autistic spectrum disorder during the eight-month VB ABA intervention. Also the thesis analyzes the factors that could have influenced the teaching of mands, in particular the role the child's motivation in the effective development of manding skills. A certain section of the practical part of the thesis is extracted into the annexes as a non- public part of the work in order to preserve children's anonymity. The extraction of sensitive data into the worksheets is made possible by the Dean's...

<p><p><strong> </strong></p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur relationen mellan läkare och patient tas i uttryck i hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation med hälsofrämjande inriktning. Undersökningens fokus har varit på samtalet mellan läkare och patient. Huvudsyftet har varit att försöka få syn på det hälsopromotiva inslaget i samtalet mellan läkare och patient.Studiens metod bygger på fyra kvalitativa intervjuer som inspirerats av fenomenologisk ansats som sedan bearbetats och analyserats samt en deltagande observation. Studiens resultat bygger på kategorier som funnits utifrån forskningsfrågorna; Vad innebär det att arbeta hälsofrämjande i samtalet? I vilken mån tar läkare upp frågan om livsstil och levnadsvanor i samtalet med patient? Och Vilken kompetens har läkare inom samtalsmetodik? Resultatet tyder på att det finns en brist på kunskap om vad hälsopromotion är. Respondenterna blandar ihop begreppen kring de salutogena och patogena perspektivet.<em> </em>Det finns en viss kunskap och intresse för samtalets betydelse för patientens hälsa och välmående. Men att de anser att sin utbildning inte varit tillräcklig och att det finns behov och önskemål om mer kunskap inom samtals metodik samt att man i liten utsträckning utnyttjar den kunskap som finns. Slutligen visar även resultatet på att läkarna har behov av handledning och kollegialt stöd och de har en liten kunskap om vad motiverande samtal är.<em></em></p><p> </p><p> </p>

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur relationen mellan läkare och patient tas i uttryck i hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation med hälsofrämjande inriktning. Undersökningens fokus har varit på samtalet mellan läkare och patient. Huvudsyftet har varit att försöka få syn på det hälsopromotiva inslaget i samtalet mellan läkare och patient.Studiens metod bygger på fyra kvalitativa intervjuer som inspirerats av fenomenologisk ansats som sedan bearbetats och analyserats samt en deltagande observation. Studiens resultat bygger på kategorier som funnits utifrån forskningsfrågorna; Vad innebär det att arbeta hälsofrämjande i samtalet? I vilken mån tar läkare upp frågan om livsstil och levnadsvanor i samtalet med patient? Och Vilken kompetens har läkare inom samtalsmetodik? Resultatet tyder på att det finns en brist på kunskap om vad hälsopromotion är. Respondenterna blandar ihop begreppen kring de salutogena och patogena perspektivet. Det finns en viss kunskap och intresse för samtalets betydelse för patientens hälsa och välmående. Men att de anser att sin utbildning inte varit tillräcklig och att det finns behov och önskemål om mer kunskap inom samtals metodik samt att man i liten utsträckning utnyttjar den kunskap som finns. Slutligen visar även resultatet på att läkarna har behov av handledning och kollegialt stöd och de har en liten kunskap om vad motiverande samtal är.

The main purpose of this workshop is to focus upon a complementary approach to the study of, and the investigation into, concepts related to Geometry- Space Strand. It ought to benefit educators especially those who prepare teachers for the primary/elementary schools. Participants in this workshop will initially learn the skills needed in Pop-Up Engineering to produce ‘hole’ 3- D paper models which illustrate some particular geometric concepts. The process of the construction of these models allows for building imagery, testing predictions, arousing and satisfying curiosity, connecting to Geometric concepts and most of all motivating and holding interest. It is envisaged that this approach to the teaching and learning of geometric concepts will provide grounds for discussion, enrichment, exploration, clarification of and ownership of ideas, and cross curriculum integration. It has the potential to reduce the apparent difficulty students experience with the study of geometric concepts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5207.pdf: 2792864 bytes, checksum: 28f811248a67049160cf6472a58ed303 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The objective of this work is to propose a sequence for teaching motivating and interesting knowledge construction logarithm. The vast majority of textbooks adopted by school teachers addresses this issue in the traditional way, with a definition (definition of logarithm as an exponent) less suitable for the construction of this significant concept, properties and seen by most students as nonsensical rules, imposed and often unproven. Besides this the mathematical demonstrations are increasingly less practiced with students due to poor posture currently adopted by many teachers, whose reasons are: teachers does not dominate them, they believe are not necessary or that students are unable to assimilate them. This attitude results in traditional classes whose results are disinterested and unmotivated students, contributing greatly to the current scenario of the schools, where many of them finish high school without even build this important mathematical concept in their minds. The teaching sequence was developed and applied according to the concepts of Engineering Curriculum, using computer programs Geogebra 4.2, Excel 2010 and Windows Scientific Calculator in a proposed six classes: the first aimed to present the project, highlighting the importance of logarithms and its applications, the latter performing an activity where students use computer programs to observe and perceive the geometric interpretation of the natural logarithm, and other classes where students performing activities, also through computer programs, should realize and conjecture properties logarithms. To achieve a good result, the three classes immediately following the implementation of the activities were aimed at socializing the results and demonstrations of the mathematical properties of logarithms, conjectured or not the students in this project. To finish, we applied a diagnostic assessment, in order to measure the efficiency of this project, that is, if he really contributed to the building of effective knowledge logarithmic in students involved. / O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma sequência didática motivadora e interessante na construção do conhecimento de logaritmo. A grande maioria dos livros didáticos adotados pelos professores do ensino médio aborda esse tema de forma tradicional, apresentando uma definição (definição de logaritmo como expoente) menos adequada à construção significativa deste conceito, e propriedades vistas por grande parte dos alunos como regras sem sentido, impostas e muitas vezes não demonstradas. Além disso, as demonstrações matemáticas estão sendo cada vez menos praticadas com os alunos, devido a uma postura inadequada adotada atualmente por muitos professores, cujas algumas razões são: os professores não as dominam, eles acreditam não serem necessárias ou que os alunos não têm condições de assimilá-las. Essa postura tem como consequência aulas tradicionais cujos resultados são alunos desinteressados e desmotivados, contribuindo muito com o cenário atual das escolas, onde muitos deles concluem o ensino médio sem sequer construir esse importante conceito matemático em suas mentes. A sequência didática foi desenvolvida e aplicada segundo as concepções da Engenharia Didática, utilizando os programas de computador Geogebra 4.2, Excel 2010 e Calculadora Científica do Windows, em uma proposta de seis aulas: a primeira destinada à apresentação do projeto, destacando a importância dos logaritmos e suas aplicações; a segunda, realizando uma atividade onde os alunos utilizam programas de computador para observarem e perceberem a interpretação geométrica do logaritmo natural; e as demais aulas realizando atividades onde os alunos, também através de programas de computador, devem perceber e conjecturar propriedades de logaritmos. Para atingir um bom resultado, as três aulas imediatamente posteriores à aplicação das atividades foram destinadas à socialização dos resultados obtidos e às demonstrações matemáticas das propriedades de logaritmos, conjecturadas ou não pelos alunos neste projeto. Para concluir, foi aplicada uma avaliação diagnóstica, com o intuito de mensurar a eficiência deste projeto, isto é, se ele realmente contribuiu para a construção efetiva do conhecimento logarítmico nos alunos envolvidos.

A Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) aponta a relação terapêutica como meio de promoção de mudanças clínicas. Os comportamentos do cliente em sessão são classificados como CCR1s (comportamentos problema), CCR2s (comportamentos de melhora) e CCR3 (descrições funcionais a respeito do próprio comportamento). É papel do terapeuta atuar sobre esses CCRs com o intuito de aumentar CCR2 e CCR3, bem como diminuir a emissão de CCR1, o que é planejado por meio das regras: estar atento aos CCRs (regra 1), evocar diretamente CCRs (regra 2), consequenciar CCRs (regra 3), observar os efeitos do seu comportamento sobre o comportamento do cliente (regra 4) e fornecer interpretações analítico-funcionais e implementar estratégias de generalização (regra 5). Compreende-se que a similaridade funcional do contexto terapêutico com outros ambientes do cliente possibilita o acesso do terapeuta à classe de comportamentos alvo de intervenção clínica e que, ainda, é papel do terapeuta evocá-los diretamente, componente da FAP expresso pela regra 2. As pesquisas que investigam o mecanismo de mudança da FAP têm enfatizado o papel da consequenciação (regra 3) sobre a mudança comportamental observada nos clientes, entretanto, há indícios de que tal mudança seja também resultado de um processo evocativo ocorrendo em sessão, responsável por produzir o aumento da emissão de CCR2s e diminuição de CCR1s quando a FAP é conduzida. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi o identificar quais os efeitos da evocação direta pelo terapeuta na FAP (variável independente) sobre os CCRs do cliente em sessão (variáveis dependentes), sendo utilizado delineamento experimental de caso único de reversão, com arranjo A-B1-BC1-B2-BC2 para uma cliente, com controle da inserção da evocação (arranjo A-BC1-B1-BC2-B2) para outro cliente. A fase A foi correspondente à linha de base, com realização de análise de contingências externas, as fases B corresponderam à condução de FAP sem evocação direta e as fases BC, à FAP completa. As sessões foram categorizadas com o Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale (FAPRS) pela terapeuta e aferidoras de concordância, foi aplicado semanalmente o Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) que possibilitou o acompanhamento da evolução global dos clientes. Após três meses do encerramento do estudo, foi realizada uma sessão de follow-up com cada cliente, a qual indicou a manutenção de progressos com os mesmos. Como resultado no FAPRS, registrou-se o abrupto aumento de CCR2s e diminuição de CCR1s quando a evocação direta foi inserida, o aumento de CCR1 e diminuição de CCR2 quando a mesma foi retirada, bem como a replicação dessas duas fases e de seus efeitos sobre os comportamentos dos dois clientes. Nas fases em que a evocação não esteve presente, as porcentagens de CCRs assemelharam-se às observadas na linha de base. Observou-se também a importância da consequenciação com função evocativa, o que sustenta que a evocação e a consequenciação atuam de forma complementar. Tais resultados solidificam a proposta de que a produção de CCR2 nas sessões FAP tenha também por base a existência de processos evocativos atuantes, já que diante da ausência da evocação, registrou-se imediata diminuição de sua ocorrência. Nesse sentido, a evocação direta pode ser destacada como possuindo impacto relevante no mecanismo de mudança dessa psicoterapia / Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) points to the therapeutic relationship as a way of promoting clinical changes. The client behaviors in session are classified as CRB1s (problem behaviors), CRB2s (improvement behaviors) and CRB3 (functional descriptions regarding any client´s behavior). FAP therapist should act on these CRBs in order to increase CRB2 and CRB3 and to reduce the emission of CRB1, which is planned by using the rules: to be aware of CRBs (rule 1), to evoke CRBs directly (rule 2), to contingently respond to CRBs (rule 3), to observe the effects of therapist´s behavior on client´s behavior (rule 4) and to provide analytic-functional interpretations and implement generalization strategies (rule 5). It is understood that the functional similarity of the therapeutic context to other client environments allows the therapist to access the class of target behaviors of clinical intervention and that it is also the role of the therapist to directly evoke them, a component of FAP expressed by rule 2. Researches focused on investigate the mechanism of change in FAP have emphasized the role of consequence (rule 3) on behavioral change observed in clients, however, there is evidence that such a change is the result of an evocative process occurring in session, which is responsible for producing increased CRB2s and decreased CRB1s emissions when FAP is conducted. Thus, the goal of this investigation was to identify the effects of direct evocation by the therapist in FAP (independent variable) on client CRBs in session (dependent variables), using an experimental design of a single-case experimental procedure, with design A -B1-BC1-B2-BC2 for one client, with control of the insertion of the independent variable (design A-BC1-B1-BC2-B2) to another client. Phase A corresponded to the baseline, without systematic use of FAP, phases B corresponded to FAP without direct evocation and phases BC, to the use of complete FAP. The sessions were categorized with the instrument Functional Analytical Psychotherapy Rating Scale (FAPRS) by the therapist and independent coders. The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2) was applied weekly, allowing the therapist to monitor the overall evolution of clients and after three months of the end of the phases, a follow-up session was conducted with each client, which indicated the maintenance of the observed effects. As a result in FAPRS, it occurred the abrupt increase of CRB2s and decrease of CCR1s when direct evocation was inserted, the increase of CRB1 and decrease of CRB2 when it was withdrawn, as well as the replication of these two phases and their effects on the behaviors of the two clients. In the phases in which evocation was not present, the percentages of CRBs were similar to those observed in baseline. It was also observed the importance of the consequences with evocative function, which maintains that the evocation and the consequences provided by the therapist act in a complementary way. These results solidify the proposal that the increase of CRB2 in FAP is also based on the existence of evocative processes, since in the absence of evocation it is observed its immediate decrease. Therefore, direct evocation can be highlighted as having a relevant impact on the mechanism of change of this psychotherapy

The rising rate of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has resulted in challenges for teachers in public schools, concerning the delivery of evidence-based practices for superior outcomes. Thus, school districts are in need of professional learning options that can be efficiently and effectively delivered to improve the procedural fidelity of interventions. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using telepractice to teach autism teachers how to contrive motivating operations to teach manding to students with ASD. By utilizing multiple baselines across participants design, four autism teachers in public schools received intervention support through an online module along with video models as well as direct performance feedback from autism specialists via video-conferencing. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of correct responses from the instructional procedures of task analysis, and the secondary measure was the subsequent rate of student mands. Data were analyzed both visually (i.e., through the study of behavioral patterns) and statistically (i.e., analysis of effect size). Results indicate that telepractice increased accuracy of both teacher and student target responses.

The main purpose of this workshop is to focus upon a complementary approach to the study of, and the investigation into, concepts related to Geometry- Space Strand. It ought to benefit educators especially those who prepare teachers for the primary/elementary schools. Participants in this workshop will initially learn the skills needed in Pop-Up Engineering to produce ‘hole’ 3- D paper models which illustrate some particular geometric concepts. The process of the construction of these models allows for building imagery, testing predictions, arousing and satisfying curiosity, connecting to Geometric concepts and most of all motivating and holding interest. It is envisaged that this approach to the teaching and learning of geometric concepts will provide grounds for discussion, enrichment, exploration, clarification of and ownership of ideas, and cross curriculum integration. It has the potential to reduce the apparent difficulty students experience with the study of geometric concepts.

The non-profit sector is part of Swedish civil society and an arena where public health work is conducted in most ways. Sports associations contribute to physical activity, teamwork, and increased quality of life. Previous surveys from the Swedish Sports Confederation show that few seniors are voluntarily involved in sports associations. The purpose of the study is to investigate what motivational factors that active seniors in sports associations experience, and how it contributes to their quality of life. For the study, a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection method. The selection for the study was goal-oriented and consisted of seniors between 65 - 81 years. All were voluntarily involved in sports clubs in Västmanland. Six interviews were conducted and then analyzed with manifest content analysis. The results show that social community and physical activity carried out together have a positive impact on the well-being of seniors and are also the primary motivating factors in the context. Potential obstacles to actively getting involved in sports as a senior are lack of time, fear of not being physically active enough and lack of expertise in the area.  One conclusion is that active association life in sports has a positive impact on seniors' perceived well-being and quality of life, which in turn leads to sports associations being a suitable arena for continued health promotion and disease prevention work at population level regarding the target group. Finally, continued research in the subject can be beneficial in getting more active seniors in sports associations. Keywords: increased quality of life, motivating factors, seniors, sports associations, well-being / Föreningslivet är en del av det svenska civilsamhället och en arena där folkhälsoarbete bedrivs på flertalet sätt. Idrottsföreningar bidrar till fysisk aktivitet, lagsammanhållning och ökad livskvalitet. Tidigare undersökningar från Riksidrottsförbundet visar att det är få seniorer som är ideellt engagerade i idrottsföreningar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka motivationsfaktorer som aktiva seniorer i idrottsföreningar upplever, och hur det bidrar till deras livskvalitet. För studien användes kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Urvalet för studien var målinriktat och bestod av seniorer mellan 65 – 81 år. Samtliga var ideellt engagerade i idrottsföreningar i Västmanlands län. Sex intervjuer genomfördes och sedan analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys.   Resultatet visar att social gemenskap och fysisk aktivitet som genomförs tillsammans har positiv inverkan på seniorers välmående och är också de största motivationsfaktorerna i sammanhanget. Potentiella hinder att aktivt engagera sig i idrottsföreningar som senior är tidsbrist, rädsla för att inte vara tillräckligt fysiskt aktiv och brist på kompetens inom området. En slutsats är att aktivt föreningsliv inom idrott har en positiv inverkan på seniorers upplevda välmående och livskvalitet, vilket i sin tur leder till att idrottsföreningar är en lämplig arena för fortsatt hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande arbete på befolkningsnivå avseende målgruppen. Nyckelord: idrottsförening, motivationsfaktorer, seniorer, välmående, ökad livskvalitet

Magister Public Health - MPH / Introduction The Human Resource Strategic Plan of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health lists current health workforce problems as a high attrition rate among public service physicians, poor human resource management, non-conducive working conditions and high workloads. In Addis Ababa's public hospitals, the turnover of physicians is high and - as repeatedly and informally reported by hospital managers - the presence of the contributory factors listed above are also anecdotally thought to be present. These factors present a serious challenge to the delivery of high quality health care services and their presence indicates that the job satisfaction of physicians is likely to be low. However, factors responsible for job dissatisfaction among physicians and their implications for staff turnover have not been studied or documented in the context of Ethiopia's health system. It was this scenario that motivated the researcher to conduct this study in order to assist policy makers in taking appropriate actions, if and as required. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the level of job satisfaction, the factors influencing job satisfaction and the consequences of job satisfaction among physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objectives: • To describe the job satisfaction levels of physicians in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • To identify factors affecting the job satisfaction levels of physicians • To assess possible consequences linked to physicians' job satisfaction levels. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure job satisfaction, composed of 65 individual variables grouped within 13 dimensions and adapted to the Ethiopian context from the Job Descriptive Index and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. An additional questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables and the possible consequences of low job satisfaction. Analysis: A composite job satisfaction score was obtained by summing the individual answers for each of the variables to assess overall job satisfaction. Bivariate analysis was undertaken, using 2X2 tables (with 95% confidence intervals) to calculate the prevalence ratio for each of the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using the composite score cut-off levels of job satisfaction. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to obtain the adjusted prevalence odds ratios for both the potential causes and consequences of low job satisfaction, using multiple logistic regression analysis.