La prise en compte accrue de l’environnement et des nuisances dues à l’usage massif de l’automobile influence les politiques de mobilité des agglomérations françaises. De plus en plus, celles-ci se dotent d’un réseau de transport en commun en site propre ; l’idée est de rendre les transports collectifs plus attractifs pour les usagers et donc plus compétitifs par rapport à la voiture particulière. Pour toutes ces villes se pose alors la question de l’insertion de ces lignes de transport en commun à deux échelles spatiales : au niveau de la ville avec la détermination du tracé de la ligne de transport et au niveau de la voirie avec la position du site propre au sein de l’espace public et la répartition des autres usagers au sein de cet espace. Les projets de transport suscitent de l’intérêt de la part de la population locale et nombreux sont les acteurs qui souhaitent y participer. La multiplicité des acteurs concernés par le projet, et surtout la différence de points de vue qu’ils défendent, peuvent alors engendrer des blocages dans le déroulement du projet, allant parfois jusqu’à sa suspension. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’élaborer un processus permettant de déterminer d'une part le tracé de la ligne de transport et d'autre part l’implantation de la plateforme de transport et la répartition des usagers au sein de l’espace public. Ce processus doit prendre en compte les aspects liés au transport, ceux liés à l’urbanisme de l’agglomération ainsi que les points de vue des différents acteurs. La méthodologie alors développée repose sur l’utilisation de la méthode d’aide multicritère à la décision ELECTRE III comme support de la concertation. À partir de l’analyse historique des projets de transport qui se sont déroulés en France, les critères permettant de choisir l’implantation du tracé de la ligne et la répartition des différents usagers de l’espace public ont été déterminés. Dès lors, l’utilisation d’ELECTRE III constitue un support de débats avec les différents acteurs pour mettre en exergue les éléments du projet sur lesquels les points de vue divergent. Pour animer ces débats, un nouvel acteur, le facilitateur, est introduit au sein des projets de transport. À partir des recommandations issues de la phase de concertation, les élus, véritables décideurs du projet, peuvent prendre les mesures qui s’imposent, notamment en termes de communication, afin que le projet subisse le moins de retard possible et aboutisse à une variante acceptée par le plus grand nombre d’acteurs / Taking into account the environmental aspects and the nuisances due to the massive use of private cars use has an influence on the French agglomerations mobility policies. More and more, these agglomerations develop their own public transport network; the idea is to make public transport more attractive for the users than today and therefore more competitive than private cars. For all cities, the question of the public transport lines implementation is posed at two levels: that of the city to determinate the public transport layout and that of the street in order to choose the position of the transport platform and the distribution of users in the public space. Public transport projects arouse the interest from the local population, and a lot of stakeholders are thus encouraged to participate in them. The multiplicity of stakeholders concerned by the project, and especially the different points of view they defend, can also block the project progress, even leading to its end. Our research is aimed to develop a process to determine, on the one hand, the public transport line layout and on the other, the platform implementation and the public space users distribution. This process has to take into account the aspects linked to transport, those connected to the agglomeration urban design and the different stakeholders’ points of view. The methodology we have created is based on the use of ELECTRE III, a multicriteria decision aiding tool, as a support for "concertation"¹. From the historical analysis of the French public transport projects, the criteria used to choose the line layout and the public space users distribution have been determined. Then, the use of ELECTRE III is a support for the debates with the various stakeholders, to highlight the parts of the projects that are problematic because the different viewpoints are divergent. To conduct the debates, a new actor, the facilitator, is introduced in the transport project. From the recommendations stemmed from the concertation stage, the elected representatives, the real project decision makers, can take the necessary steps, notably in terms of communication, so that the project suffers from as fewer delays as possible and attains the acceptance of most stakeholders ¹ The French word “concertation” does not have any real equivalent in English. It designates a participative decision-making process in which the various stakeholders are able to express their point of view and have it taken into account in the decision-making process

Un projet de développement d’une nouvelle installation pétrolière est lancé lorsque des études d’exploration et d’appréciation estiment que l’exploitation du gisement d’hydrocarbures découvert sera suffisamment rentable. La taille des projets rencontrés en industrie pétrolière impose de les découper en plusieurs périmètres. Chaque périmètre est attribué à un contracteur avec un type de contrat particulier, formant ainsi la stratégie contractuelle du projet. Durant le processus de sélection de la stratégie contractuelle, les entreprises pétrolières font face à trois difficultés récurrentes : 1) l’identification et la génération d’un nombre raisonnable et pertinent d’alternatives ; 2) l’évaluation des alternatives réalisables, qui dépendent de critères d’échelles et de natures différentes ; et enfin, 3) le besoin de justifier la solution proposée. La problématique de recherche est donc de concevoir une méthodologie d’aide à l’élaboration et la sélection de la stratégie contractuelle des projets de développement. Elle devra être la plus adaptée non seulement en termes de performances coûts, délais, mais devra également tenir compte des risques associés à ces performances. De plus, les interfaces entre contrats devront être considérées, car la performance collective de la stratégie peut être dégradée par rapport aux performances individuelles de chaque contrat. Ainsi, notre travail de recherche vise à mettre en place des solutions à la fois techniques et pratiques pour d'une part répondre à la question d'identification et de génération d'un ensemble pertinent d'alternatives de contrats et de stratégies contractuelles. D'autre part, construire et mettre en œuvre un système d’estimation et évaluation, permettant d’arriver à une proposition de stratégie contractuelle la plus performante pour le projet de développement. / A development project of a new oil and gas facility starts when the exploration and the appraisal studies estimate the exploitation of the hydrocarbon deposit is economically viable. The complexity and the size of the projects encountered in the industry impose to split them into several pieces, which represent the scope of future contracts. Each scope is then awarded to a contractor with a specific type of contract and selection mode, forming the contractual strategy to adopt in the project. During the contractual strategy selection process, oil companies encounters three recurring difficulties related to: 1) the identification of a reasonable and relevant set of alternatives; 2) the evaluation of potential alternatives, which depends on criteria from different scales and natures; and, 3) the need to substantiate the chosen contractual strategy solution. The research problem is to propose a decision aiding methodology for the development and selection of the most appropriate contractual strategy. It has to be the most performing in terms of cost and schedule, but should also consider the risks associated with these performances. In addition, the interfaces between the different contracts should also be considered, because the collective performance of the whole strategy may be degraded compared to the performance of each individual contract. Thereby, our work seeks to implement both technical and practical solutions to answer on the one hand the question of identification and generation of a relevant set of alternatives, at contracts and contractual strategy levels. On the other hand, to build and implement a system of estimation and evaluation of contractual strategies, allowing to come up with the most performing proposal to the upstream development project.

La qualité de service est devenue aujourd'hui une notion incontournable dans le développement des applications logicielles, en particulier dans le cadre des architectures orientées services. Les travaux de cette thèse se focalisent sur la supervision de la qualité de service des applications orientées services, définies sous forme d'orchestrations de services. L'approche de supervision proposée dans ce contexte est générique. Elle repose sur des patrons de flux de contrôle des orchestrations de services pouvant être implémentés en intégralité ou en partie par tout langage d'orchestration de services. D'autre part, elle ne pose aucune restriction, ni sur les attributs qualité à surveiller par le système de supervision, ni sur leurs représentations. Cette approche de supervision se distingue des approches existantes par l'exploitation d'un modèle de préférences orienté utilisateur, permettant de représenter fidèlement la satisfaction de ce dernier. Le degré de satisfaction, issu du modèle de préférences, constitue une information de haut niveau représentant la qualité globale de l'orchestration étudiée. Sur la base de ce degré de satisfaction, de nouvelles stratégies de surveillance sont proposées afin de satisfaire les attentes de l'utilisateur. L'élaboration du modèle de préférences exploite la méthode d'aide à la décision multi-critères MACBETH étendue avec l'opérateur d'agrégation de l'intégrale de Choquet 2-additive. Une illustration de l'approche de supervision a été réalisée sur une orchestration de services, représentant un processus industriel dans le domaine du pilotage d'atelier de production. Les travaux de cette thèse ont été réalisés dans le cadre d'un projet R&D regroupant sept éditeurs de progiciels dans le domaine du MES (Manufacturing Execution System). / Quality of Service (QoS) is an important issue today in the developement of software applications, especially in the context of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA). The work of this thesis focuses on QoS supervision of service-oriented applications, defined as service orchestrations. The proposed supervision approach is generic. It is based on workflow control-flow patterns, which can be entirety or partillay implemented by any service orchestration language. On the other hand, it does not make any restrictions, neither on the monitored QoS attributes , nor on their representations. This supervision approach is based on a user-oriented preferences model, that represents faithfully the user satisfaction. The satisfaction degree derived from the preferences model is a high-level information representing the overall quality of the orchestration. New monitoring strategies are proposed on the basis of this satisfaction degree in order to satisfy user expectations. The elaboration of the preferences model uses the MACBETH method extended to the 2-additive Choquet integral operator as a multi criteria decision aiding method. An illustration of the approach is carried out on a service orchestration representing a Manufacturing Execution System (MES) process. This work was realized in a R&D project involving seven software vendors in the field of MES.STAR

[pt] O objetivo da tese é desenvolver uma metodologia multicritério de apoio à decisão, orientada para a negociação em grupo e apoiada em metáforas técnicas e comportamentais. Em tal metodologia, os modelos multicritério são as ferramentas que os agentes de negociação podem utilizar para análise, comparação, seleção e ordenação das alternativas não-dominadas, segundo as suas preferências e recursos. A busca do consenso (pela discussão e entendimento claro, na participação da essência de pontos de vista individuais mais importantes) é um dos princípios de trabalho do grupo no quadro de referência do processo de decisão. O apoio de metáforas técnicas e comportamentais dos modelos de decisão existentes é fundamental. Essas metáforas, quando combinadas com as tecnologias computacional e de comunicação, ajudam os decisores a utilizar mais eficaz e eficientemente os métodos multicritério de apoio à decisão. A metodologia de apoio à decisão em grupo é ilustrada pela simulação de dois casos (caso 1 - a Compra de um Apartamento e caso 2 - a Fábrica de Montagem de Caminhões - a Manufatura Virtual). Eles mostram a importância e a utilidade desse padrão metodológico no ambiente de decisão em grupo: as metas são melhor explicitadas e evoluem para patamares de preferência superiores e homogêneos no grupo (os objetivos ficam mais claros, explícitos e dimensionados nas discussão do grupo); os critérios individuais acompanham essa dinâmica, transformam-se em critérios decisores do grupo, (independentes, exaustivos e operacionais) e, na etapa final do processo, no(s) critério(s) fundamental(is) decisor (es), como a soma das propriedades fundamentais dos critérios; as soluções são comparadas entre si em sucessivas etapas, conforme o grupo explicita e consensa os critérios individuais, os critérios de grupo e o(s) critério (s) fundamental(is) decisor(es); esse(s) último(s) apontará (ão) a solução não-dominada e final. Em cada uma dessas etapas, as soluções dominadas são abandonadas e só permanecem no processo as não-dominadas. Os resultados nos dois casos mostram uma maior eficiência e satisfação no grupo, pela solução final consensada. Ela é superior qualitativa e quantitativamente à solução indicada pelos modelos tradicionais, até mesmo se comparada à(s) alternativa(s) julgada(s) pelo critério fundamental(is) decisor(es) financeiro, além de mais criativa e envolvida com as variáveis ambientais do processo de decisão. Os riscos assumidos pelo grupo são discutidos, avaliados e minimizados na análise e avaliação das alternativas finais (por meio das ações e reações) e mostram elas serem alcançáveis se implementadas. Elas podem ser maiores, mas são melhor analisadas e ponderadas na racionalidade do consenso do grupo e a solução final aplaudida. / [en] The main purpose of the thesis is to develop a multicriteria decision methodology to support the group negotiation, based on the classic multicritera approaches technical and behaviour metaphors. Such a methodology combines the multicriteria approaches as tool, where the decision agents can use them to analyse, to compare, to select and to rank the non domain solutions, by their preferences and resources. Negotiation is a interactive decision process between two or more agents to research their preferences and needs agreement. The search of the consensus on the group is one important source to the framework and it is primordial the basis of the multicritera approaches technical and behaviour metaphors. These metaphors mix the computer and communication technologies and help, capacity and efficiency, the agents to use the multicriteria approaches. The vigour and value of the multicriteria group system is confirmed by two simulate cases (case 1 - Purchase a Flat; case 2 - The new VW Truck Assemble). They show the approach utility on group decision: the goals flow to high group preferences and homogenous levels; the criteria s increase their value and dynamics, they exchange themselves to decision and last group criteria s (independent, robust and better quantifies ones) to compound a total factor or an identical sum to the criteria properties; the non-domain solutions are compared each other in progression stages, first by the individual criteria properties, after by the group criteria s and finally by the total consensus decision factor, it will mark the winner non domain solution. On each step, the dominate solutions are disregarded and only the non-dominate solutions remain on the process. The winner consensus solution for each case has an higher add value and a group gratification. It has a better quality and quantity dimension (financial and qualifying - industrial production environmental) when it is compared with the classic approach ones; or even with the last non- domain solutions, before the essential decision criteria(s) runs, it is more inventive and the decision process environmental sources can involve it. During the group discussion the risks are contested, valued and minimised when the final solutions (activities and reactions) are compared: they can be greater but they will be better analysed and measured by the rationality group consensus and the final solution is succeeded. / [es] El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una metodología multicriterio de apoyo a la decisión, orientada a la negociación en grupo y apoyada en metáforas técnicas y comportamentales. En tal metodología, los modelos multicriterio constituyen la herramienta principal que los agentes de negociación pueden utilizar para el análisis, comparación, selección y ordenamiento de las alternativas no-dominadas, según sus preferencias y recursos. La búsqueda del consenso (a través de la discusión y entendimiento claro) es uno de los principios de trabajo del grupo en el cuadro de referencia del proceso de decisión. Es fundamental el apoyo de metáforas técnicas y comportamentales de los modelos de decisión existentes. Estas metáforas, cuando se combinan con las tecnologías computacional y de comunicación, ayudan a los decisores a utilizar más eficaz y eficientemente los métodos multicritério de apoyo a la decisión. La metodología de apoyo a la decisión en grupo se ilustra a través de la simulación de dos casos (caso 1 - la Compra de un Apartamento y caso 2 - la Fábrica de Montaje de Camiones - la Manufactura Virtual). Estas simulaciones muestran la importancia y utilidad del padrón metodológico en el ambiente de decisión en grupo: las metas son mejor explicitadas y se observa una evolución en la preferencia y homogeneidad del grupo (los objetivos fican más claros, explícitos y dimensionados en las discusión del grupo). Los criterios individuales acompañan esa dinámica, se transforman en criterios decisores del grupo, (independientes, exhaustivos y operacionales). En la etapa final del proceso, en el(s) criterio(s) fundamental(es) decisor(es), visto como la suma de las propiedades fundamentales de los criterios, las soluciones se compararan entre sí en sucesivas etapas, conforme el grupo explicita y consensa los criterios individuales, los criterios de grupo y el(los) criterio(s) fundamental(es) decisor(es); este(estos) último(s) indicará(an) la solución no-dominada y final. En cada una desas etapas, se abandonan las soluciones dominadas y sólo permanecen en el proceso las no-dominadas. Los resultados en los dos casos muestran una mayor eficiencia y satisfacción en el grupo, por la solución final consensada. Ésta es superior cualitativa y cuantitativamente a la solución indicada por los modelos tradicionales, incluso cuando se compara con la(s) alternativa(s) juzgadas(s) por el criterio fundamental(es) decisor(es) financiero, además de ser más creativa y relacionada con las variables ambientales del proceso de decisión. Los riesgos asumidos por el grupo se discuten, evalúan y minimizan en el análisis y evaluación de las alternativas finales (por medio de las acciones y reacciones). Éstas pueden no ser mayores, mas son mejor analizadas y ponderadas en la racionalidad del consenso del grupo y la solución final, aplaudida.

[pt] O gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos contribui para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva da firma. Neste contexto, as capacidades dinâmicas alinhadas às cadeias de suprimentos tornam-se fundamentais quando as empresas enfrentam crescente turbulência e incerteza, especialmente em situações de crise, como o ocorrido a partir do surto de COVID-19. O presente estudo propõe uma metodologia de apoio ao planejamento estratégico voltado às cadeias de suprimentos. Integra técnicas de prospecção de cenários à modelagem de apoio multicritério de decisão, mediante a aplicação do método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) às capacidades dinâmicas em cadeias de suprimentos. Foram prospectados três cenários – pessimista, atual e otimista – visando obter quais seriam as relações das capacidades dinâmicas e respectivas práticas em cada cenário. As capacidades dinâmicas em cadeias de suprimentos, os 3A s – Agilidade, Adaptabilidade e Alinhamento – foram extraídas de Whitten et al. (2012) que, por sua vez, baseou-se em Lee (2004). O modelo foi testado empiricamente. Especialistas atuantes na área de gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos responderam ao questionário formulado. Os achados indicam que as capacidades dinâmicas e respectivas práticas variam em função dos cenários. Como contribuição prática, espera-se que este estudo auxilie no processo de planejamento estratégico das organizações. Como o gerenciamento de cadeias de suprimentos é um campo que permanece em construção teórica, entende-se que a hierarquização das capacidades dinâmicas em cadeias de suprimentos – agilidade, adaptabilidade e alinhamento – em função de cenários prospectivos possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento desta teoria. / [en] Supply chain management contributes to the firm s competitive advantage. In this context, dynamic capabilities aligned with supply chains become critical when companies face increasing turmoil and uncertainty, especially in crises such as the one that occurred during the COVID-19 outbreak. The present study proposes a methodology to support strategic planning aimed at supply chains. It integrates prospective scenarios to multicriteria decision analysis modeling, by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to dynamic capabilities in supply chains. Three scenarios were prospected – pessimistic, current and optimistic – to obtain what would be the relationships of dynamic capabilities and respective practices in each scenario. Dynamic capabilities in supply chains, the 3A s – Agility, Adaptability and Alignment – were taken from Whitten et al. (2012) which, in turn, was based on Lee (2004). The model was empirically tested. Specialists working in the area of supply chain management answered the questionnaire formulated. Findings indicate that dynamic capabilities and related practices vary across scenarios. As a practical contribution, it is expected that this study will help in the strategic planning process of organizations. As supply chain management is a field that remains under theoretical construction, it is understood that the hierarchy of dynamic capabilities in supply chains – agility, adaptability and alignment – in terms of prospective scenarios can contribute to the development of this theory.