This study was conducted in order to find out what translanguaging practices are used in an English learning multilingual classroom and how those practices can create scaffolding structures for the students’ language development. By attending a second language English class with adult multilingual students and conducting a structured observation it was possible to achieve gathered material sufficient to answer these questions. In class all the translaguaging incidents were written down and afterwards these incidents were structured into different themes to outline scaffolding structures. After analyzing the notes it was clear to see that in this particular class translanguaging was used as a strategy to develop supportive learning structures. The result shows the translanguaging practices correlation between teacher and students as well as in relation to different types of educational classroom applications. Besides those features the results show some indications about the spoken production of translanguaging.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the strategies that pedagogues in pre-school use to promote language development for multilingual children using the digital notepad. My two questions I have assumed are: 1 - What attitude does the pedagogues have for the digital notepad as a tool in language development? 2 - How do the pedagogues use the digital notepad as language development tools for multilingual children? Are different apps used in comparison with children who have Swedish as a native language? To my help to gather material, I have used the methods of unstructured non-participation observation as well as qualitative semistructured interviews. I have made an observation and interviewed three educators at two different pre-schools in a city in central Sweden. In the result, differences arise in such a good attitude towards language development for multilingual children and how the learning board is used for this purpose. All the pedagogues are positive to the digital notepad as tools and take advantage of the opportunities for interaction and communication that it offers. The involvement and strategies of the digital notepad as language development tools for the multilingual children in preschool are influenced partly by previous experiences and competencies regarding the subject, but also by the different values ​​and norms in the pre-school.

This paper examines the educational acculturation experience of Latinos in the United States (U.S.) and the processes of identity formation. Through the historical Latino experience in the early 20th century, we can see the remaining influences of historical inequality (e.g. exploitation of labor, de jure segregation) through negative perceptions of Latinos. Negative stereotypes and incorrect assumptions presented in society (e.g. media, educational system, and justice system) perpetuate inferiority in comparison to White Americans. In the context of a school environment, Latino children begin to realize they are different. When non-native English speakers enter the classroom, immediate differences in language, cultural values, and peer interactions impact identity development and negatively influence self-perceptions. The Two-Way Immersion (TWI) approach to teaching will allow Latinos to develop their ethnic identity without interference from the dominant American culture through an integrative language approach of English and Spanish instruction. These are the beginning steps for creating stronger ethnic identity, biculturalism, and potential method to reverse institutionalized discrimination through education.

Det går inte att undgå att dagens matematikklassrum utgörs av flera olika språk och nationaliteter. Det mångkulturella klassrummet ställer i sin tur höga krav på att läraren tillgodoser varje individs behov. Inom matematik finns det mer kognitivt krävande områden än andra och flerspråkiga elever visar sig ha större svårigheter med de uppgifter som kräver en högre kognitiv förmåga än de uppgifter som är av rutinkaraktär. Eftersom matematik är ett problemlösande ämne innebär det att matematikläraren har en avgörande roll i undervisningen för att flerspråkiga elever ska utvecklas i matematik. Syftet med studien är att klargöra hur flerspråkiga elevers problem och begränsningar i matematikämnet påverkar lärarens undervisning och sätt att hjälpa och stötta vid problemlösningsuppgifter, samt hur lärare tar hänsyn till utforskade framgångsfaktorer i praktiken. Studien utgår från ett etnomatematiskt perspektiv på lärandet och bygger på iakttagande observationer och en semistrukturerad intervju. Studien utgör ett extremfall, vilket innebär att endast en lärare har observerats och intervjuats. Resultatet visar att den observerade och intervjuade läraren i ett flerspråkigt klassrum förhåller sig till de utforskade framgångsfaktorerna både medvetet och omedvetet. Framgångsfaktorerna visar sig genom kommunikativa situationer och resultatet visar praktiska exempel på hur detta tar sig i uttryck i ett flerspråkigt matematikklassrum. Av resultatet framgår det även att undervisningen i större mån påverkas positivt av flerspråkigheten i matematikklassrummet, eftersom det får läraren att reflektera över sin undervisning i större utsträckning. Slutsatsen blir därför att genom kommunikativa och interaktiva miljöer kan flerspråkiga elever komma till sin rätt i matematikämnet. Genom att öppna upp möjligheter för tillåtande och öppna klassrumsklimat kan undervisningen av flerspråkiga elever påverkas positivt. / The modern classroom of mathematic consists of several different languages ​​and nationalities. The multicultural classroom places high demands on the teacher to meet every individual's needs. In mathematics, there are more cognitive demanding areas than others, and multilingual students find themselves having greater difficulties with the tasks requiring a higher cognitive ability than with the routine tasks. Since mathematic is a problem-solving topic, it means that the mathematic teachers have a crucial role in teaching to enable the multilingual students to develop in mathematic. The purpose of this study is to clarify how the problems and limitations of multilingual students in mathematics affect teachers' teaching purpose and ways to help and support problem solving tasks, as well as how teacher consider using the researched success-factors in practice. The study is based on a theoretical perspective of ethnomathematic of learning and it is based on observations and a semi-structured interview of a classroom.  The study is an extreme case, which means that only one teacher has been observed and interviewed.  The result shows that the observed and interviewed teacher in a multilingual classroom relates to the identified success-factors both consciously and unconsciously. Success -factors are evident through communicative situations and the results show practical examples of how this is expressed in a multilingual mathematic-classroom.  The result also shows that education is influenced in a positive way by the multilingualism of the mathematics classroom, as it forces the teacher to reflect more on his teaching.  Therefore, the conclusion is that through communicative and interactive environments, multilingual students can come to their right in the mathematical subject.  The teaching of multilingual students can be positively influenced by opening opportunities for a permitting and open classroom climate.

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of diversity on student engagement and academic success within a university setting. Understanding the impact of diversity at postsecondary institutions is important because the population of the United States is becoming increasingly diverse, a trend that is also reflected in educational institutions. Previous research has largely focused on diversity among the study body (i.e. admissions) and in the classroom (i.e. curriculum). However, the current study focuses on student experiences with diversity outside of the classroom. Student interactions with peers from diverse backgrounds were measured using the Experiences With Diversity Index (EWDI) subscale of the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ). An ANOVA was conducted to compare group differences on experiences with diversity based on gender, race/ethnicity, and generational status. The results found Hispanic college students reported more frequent experiences with diversity than did their Black or White peers. A moderated regression was conducted to examine the relationship between experiences with diversity and academic success (GPA). The results found no significant relationship between diversity experiences and GPA, regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, or generational status. Recommendations for future practice and research are discussed.

Magister Artium - MA / This study is an investigation of the application of dual-medium and parallel-medium models of bilingual schooling as implemented at two historically disadvantaged primary schools in the Western Cape. The author assumes that parallel-medium in practice uses only one language of learning and teaching (LoLT), and thus lead to monolingual classroom practice. The author used qualitative techniques (observations, interviews, and document analyses.), and triangulation method, to understand the application of dual-medium and parallel-medium instruction and the support of principals and teachers in their understanding of the design models. Observations were made in Grade 7 classrooms at selected and document analyses, triangulated with interviews conducted with principals and teachers to expound the effective practice of bilingual education at school and classroom level. Document analyses were made of classroom materials (various literary artefacts) used for the development of language proficiency. in addition, how it contributes to the Grade 7 learners academic perform and language development in dual-medium and parallel-medium classrooms. / South Africa

Understanding the language of one’s cultural environment is important for effective communication and function. As such, students entering U.S. schools from foreign countries are given access to English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) programs and they are referred to as English Language Learner (ELL) students. This dissertation examined the correlation of ELL ACCESS Composite Performance Level (CPL) score to the End of Course tests (EOCTs) and the Georgia High School Graduation Tests (GHSGTs) in the four content courses (language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies). A premise of this study was that English language proficiency is critical in meeting or exceeding state and county assessment standards. A quantitative descriptive research design was conducted using Cross-sectional archival data from a secondary source. There were 148 participants from school years 2011-2012 to 2013- 2014 from Grades 9-12. A Pearson product moment correlation was run to assess the relationship between the ACCESS CPL (independent variable) and the EOCT scores and the GHSGT scores (dependent variables). The findings showed that there was a positive correlation between ACCESS CPL scores and the EOCT scores where language arts showed a strong positive correlation and mathematics showed a positive weak correlation. Also, there was a positive correlation between ACCESS CPL scores and GHSGT scores where language arts showed a weak positive correlation. The results of this study indicated that that there is a relationship between the stated variables, ACCESS CPL, EOCT and GHSGT. Also, the results of this study showed that there were positive correlations at varying degrees for each grade levels. While the null hypothesis for Research Question 1 and Research Question 2 were rejected, there was a slight relationship between the variables.

This study investigated the vocabulary abilities of bilingual Portuguese-English-speaking children compared to their monolingual peers. Parental Report Surveys were conducted using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs), which are standardized norms for vocabulary assessment. Electronic versions of the “Words and Sentences CDI” in English and Brazilian-Portuguese were used in order to assess the vocabulary of children between the ages of 16 and 36 months. Parents answered the surveys online. Different vocabulary score types were used in order to evaluate the children’s lexicons: The Total Vocabulary score, the Conceptual Vocabulary scores, and the Total Modified Vocabulary. The analyses of the results showed that bilinguals had fewer words than the monolinguals in each language separately, but no significant differences between bilinguals and monolinguals when the two languages of the bilinguals were compared together to the monolinguals'. An analysis of cognates and translation equivalents showed that cognates help with the acquisition of words.

Generation 1.5 students, foreign-born children of first-generation immigrants, complete some or most of their K-12 education in the United States. Their oral communicative competence may be advanced, but their academic language proficiency may still be underdeveloped when they enter college. In 2013, SB1720 made placement testing optional for most Florida public high school graduates, including generation 1.5 students, making them eligible to enroll directly in the college-level English Composition 1 (ENC 1101) course. In order to succeed in this course, generation 1.5 students may need additional support appropriate to their unique needs. This study first described the literacy backgrounds of 107 generation 1.5 students at Miami Dade College. Then, guided by the interdependence hypothesis, the common underlying proficiency model of bilingual proficiency, and the compensatory model of second language reading, it examined the relationship between the predictor variables (native language literacy, English language knowledge, and pre-ENC 1101 coursework) and the criterion variables (English reading comprehension and ENC 1101 performance). Nearly a quarter (23.6%) of the MDC students who completed the initial literacy survey belonged to the generation 1.5 group. English language knowledge was significantly and positively correlated to both reading comprehension (p < .001) and ENC 1101 performance (p < .05). The negative correlation between pre-ENC 1101 coursework and reading comprehension (p < .001) was also statistically significant, but native language literacy was not significantly correlated to either English reading comprehension or ENC 1101 performance. The results of the regression analyses showed that English language knowledge accounted for nearly 50% of the variance (p < .001) in generation 1.5 students’ English reading comprehension; however, none of the independent variables contributed to a significant amount of variance in ENC 1101 performance in the regression model. This study contributed to the literature that aims to provide a better understanding of the numbers, the literacy foundations, and the instructional needs of generation 1.5 college students. While the findings did not fully support the theories that framed the study, future studies should continue to focus on generation 1.5 students producing academic texts in higher education institutions.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how new knowledge can be developed in computer-supported social practice. Participants were selected from newly qualified secondary school teachers and student teachers at a higher education institution in Rwanda. The thesis consists of four empirical case studies, the findings of which were analysed from a sociocultural perspective. In the first study, it has been shown that novice teachers are motivated to acquire information and communication technology (ICT) and to use it in their teaching and learning. The study also reveals that they succeed in situations where school administrators grant them easy access to computers. This implies a need to develop school-based curricula and appropriate pedagogy in the area of ICT literacy, which can allow teachers to develop critical reflection vis-à-vis the new technology and enable them to cope with change in social practice. In the second study, it has been shown that, while acquiring hands-on computer skills in small task-based groups, student teachers can adopt one of the three major learning patterns: individual-led, group-led, or individual-group hybrid-led. Moreover, the study shows that the group-led framework seems to create a supportive environment for knowledge building. This may require that students receive the right kind of teacher assistance and focus on criterion-referenced reflection to regulate their learning. The findings of the third article reveal that students coping with web-based literature face a twofold reality of learning discourse rooted in their sociocultural and educational contexts: the one conveyed through the foreign languages in which they are instructed, the other whose vehicle is their native language. The study suggests an alternative way of constructing a substantial learning discourse based on dissolution of language boundaries. The fourth article shows that appropriation of ICT use can stem from learning conditions including users’ motivation and their participation in social practice. Additionally, it can stem from collaboration between active users and other students. Given this, the study suggests that active ICT users can play a role as agents of change in the implementation of the new technology. Together, the four studies show that thinking and learning with ICT can develop through the interplay of mediation, learning conditions, collaboration and critical reflection.