Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a função comunicacional dos museus e sobre o importante papel das exposições no processo de extroversão do conhecimento e democratização do acesso à informação. Tem por objetivo analisar as propostas expográficas das exposições de longa duração dos museus estaduais na cidade de São Paulo - Museu da Imigração do Estado de São Paulo e Museu do Futebol - de modo a verificar suas contribuições para a apresentação da temática museológica. Na atualidade, os museus têm se consolidado como meios de comunicação de massa e vêm reconhecendo nos seus diversos públicos especificidades que se traduzem nos vetores para a elaboração de suas atividades. As exposições museológicas tornam-se, então, ferramentas de comunicação indispensáveis para a relação dos museus com a sociedade, de forma que suas configurações no espaço expositivo impactam diretamente na apresentação da temática museológica e, consequentemente, na sua apreensão pelo público. Neste contexto, a expografia se constitui num elemento de comunicação essencial para a concepção das exposições, possibilitando intervenções técnicas capazes de proporcionar o alcance de seus objetivos. Para ampliar a compreensão dos pressupostos teóricos e conceituais que delinearam os enunciados desta pesquisa, considerou-se uma vasta revisão bibliográfica necessária para a plena compreensão do tema apresentado, bem como a elaboração de uma Ficha de Análise Expográfica que permitiu explicitar princípios importantes da proposta expográfica das exposições de longa duração dos museus supracitados. / The present work proposes a reflection about the communication function of museums, as well as about the important role of exhibitions in the process of extroversion of knowledge and in the democratization of access to information. It aims at analysing the expographic propositions of long-term exhibitions in State museums located in São Paulo City - Immigration Museum in São Paulo State and Soccer Museum - in order to verify their contributions to the museological theme presentation. Nowadays, museums have matured as means of mass communication, and have recognized, in their various audiences, particularities that are then used for formulating their activities. That way, museological exhibitions become essencial communication tools for the museum relationship with society, so that their layout in the exhibition space directly affect the museological theme presentation, and thus, the content absorption by the audience. In this context, the expography is an essential communication element for the exhibition conception, enabling technical interventions to facilitate goal achievement. In order to amplify the comprehension of the theoretical and conceptual assumptions that outlined the present research proposition, a wide bibliographic review was checked in order to fully understand the presented theme, and the elaboration of an Expographic Analysis Form, that allowed the clarification of important principles of the long-term exhibition expographic purposes in the aforementioned museums.

Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a função comunicacional dos museus e sobre o importante papel das exposições no processo de extroversão do conhecimento e democratização do acesso à informação. Tem por objetivo analisar as propostas expográficas das exposições de longa duração dos museus estaduais na cidade de São Paulo - Museu da Imigração do Estado de São Paulo e Museu do Futebol - de modo a verificar suas contribuições para a apresentação da temática museológica. Na atualidade, os museus têm se consolidado como meios de comunicação de massa e vêm reconhecendo nos seus diversos públicos especificidades que se traduzem nos vetores para a elaboração de suas atividades. As exposições museológicas tornam-se, então, ferramentas de comunicação indispensáveis para a relação dos museus com a sociedade, de forma que suas configurações no espaço expositivo impactam diretamente na apresentação da temática museológica e, consequentemente, na sua apreensão pelo público. Neste contexto, a expografia se constitui num elemento de comunicação essencial para a concepção das exposições, possibilitando intervenções técnicas capazes de proporcionar o alcance de seus objetivos. Para ampliar a compreensão dos pressupostos teóricos e conceituais que delinearam os enunciados desta pesquisa, considerou-se uma vasta revisão bibliográfica necessária para a plena compreensão do tema apresentado, bem como a elaboração de uma Ficha de Análise Expográfica que permitiu explicitar princípios importantes da proposta expográfica das exposições de longa duração dos museus supracitados. / The present work proposes a reflection about the communication function of museums, as well as about the important role of exhibitions in the process of extroversion of knowledge and in the democratization of access to information. It aims at analysing the expographic propositions of long-term exhibitions in State museums located in São Paulo City - Immigration Museum in São Paulo State and Soccer Museum - in order to verify their contributions to the museological theme presentation. Nowadays, museums have matured as means of mass communication, and have recognized, in their various audiences, particularities that are then used for formulating their activities. That way, museological exhibitions become essencial communication tools for the museum relationship with society, so that their layout in the exhibition space directly affect the museological theme presentation, and thus, the content absorption by the audience. In this context, the expography is an essential communication element for the exhibition conception, enabling technical interventions to facilitate goal achievement. In order to amplify the comprehension of the theoretical and conceptual assumptions that outlined the present research proposition, a wide bibliographic review was checked in order to fully understand the presented theme, and the elaboration of an Expographic Analysis Form, that allowed the clarification of important principles of the long-term exhibition expographic purposes in the aforementioned museums.

Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura sobre o tema da iluminação artificial, destacando o seu papel em espaços museográficos, por estes elevarem a um expoente máximo, as potencialidades e exigências do desenho da luz. No final do século XVIII, quando os museus começaram a surgir como veículos de divulgação cultural, o seu funcionamento dependia das condições da luz natural. Na transição para o século XX, uma das grandes transformações nesses espaços resultou da introdução da iluminação elétrica, cujo desempenho, desde então, não cessou de melhorar. Hoje, a tecnologia LED surpreende-nos com resultados quantitativos e qualitativos inéditos. Em pleno século XXI, com a atual evolução das sociedades, das tecnologias e das condições ambientais mundiais, enfrentamos um novo momento de viragem. Neste sentido, a pesquisa elegeu cinco tópicos gerais de análise cuja reflexão, em nossa opinião, revela-se determinante para o resultado do projeto de iluminação de um museu contemporâneo. Começa-se pelas Pessoas, porque a luz é, antes de tudo, um elemento essencial à condição humana e, a sua vertente artificial, resulta da invenção do homem. Explora-se o tema da Arquitetura, cujas formas apenas são perceptíveis sob o efeito da luz, originando esta relação indissociável. Avalia-se o Contexto, uma vez que as condicionantes locais influenciam qualquer projeto, mesmo o de iluminação. Prossegue-se com a Tecnologia, indispensável para o desenvolvimento de uma intervenção contemporânea. Enfim, examina-se a Obra de arte, o foco derradeiro de uma exposição museográfica, por excelência. Por último, alguns exemplos contemporâneos procuram ilustrar os temas explorados. E é das iniciais desses cinco temas que surge a palavra-síntese deste trabalho: PACTO. Com efeito, acreditamos que o triunfo do projeto de iluminação museográfico dependerá do pacto, por outras palavras, do acordo e da sintonia entre os elementos cruciais envolvidos no processo: as Pessoas, a Arquitetura, o Contexto, a Tecnologia e a Obra de arte. Através de uma metodologia apoiada na permanente atualização teórica com bibliografia específica, mas acima de tudo, numa participação ativa em conferências e workshops internacionais especializados sobre o tema, procuramos absorver e aqui relatar as mais recentes descobertas e aplicações práticas de um elemento tão dinâmico e interdisciplinar como é a luz artificial. Num museu do século XXI, além da inevitabilidade do pensamento sustentável e eficiente, junta-se ao processo o desafio de adequadamente valorizar a arquitetura, enaltecer as obras de arte com máxima preservação e, com toda a sensibilidade possível, tornar a experiência do visitante funcional e, principalmente, inesquecível. / This work proposes a reading about artificial lighting, emphasizing its role in museographic spaces that raise, in a maximum exponent, the potential and exigencies of lighting design. In the late XVIII century, when the museums began to emerge as cultural spreading vehicles, their operation depended on the natural light conditions. In the transition to the XX century, one of the major changes in those spaces resulted from the introduction of electric lighting, whose performance didn\'t stop to improve since then. Today, LED technology surprises us with unprecedented quantitative and qualitative results. In the XXI century, with the current evolution of societies, technologies and global environmental conditions, we are facing a new turning point. In this sense, this research selected five general topics of analysis whose reflection, in our opinion, is decisive to contemporary museum lighting design results. It begins with People, because, first of all, light is an essential element for the human condition and the artificial version is its own invention. It explores the Architecture theme, whose forms are only perceptible under light, resulting in this inseparable relationship. It evaluates the Context, since the local conditions affect any project, even the lighting design one. It continues with Technology, essential for the development of any contemporary intervention. It examines the Artwork, the ultimate focus of a museum-exhibition, par excellence. Finally, some contemporary examples try to illustrate the explored themes. And with the initials of those five themes it comes the word that synthesizes this work: PACTO (in english: PACT). Actually, we believe that the triumph of a museum\'s lighting project will depend on the pact, in other words, the agreement and the harmony between the five crucial elements involved in the process: People, Architecture, Context, Technology and Artwork. Through a methodology supported by the permanent theoretical update with specific bibliography, but mainly through an active participation in international conferences and workshops specialized on this topic, we tried to absorb and here report the most recent discoveries and practical applications of such a dynamic and interdisciplinary element as artificial light. Besides the sustainable and efficient thinking, a 21st century museum must add to the process the challenge of adequately enhance the architecture, rise the art works perception with maximum preservation and, with total sensitivity, make the visitor experience functional and, above all, unforgettable.

Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura sobre o tema da iluminação artificial, destacando o seu papel em espaços museográficos, por estes elevarem a um expoente máximo, as potencialidades e exigências do desenho da luz. No final do século XVIII, quando os museus começaram a surgir como veículos de divulgação cultural, o seu funcionamento dependia das condições da luz natural. Na transição para o século XX, uma das grandes transformações nesses espaços resultou da introdução da iluminação elétrica, cujo desempenho, desde então, não cessou de melhorar. Hoje, a tecnologia LED surpreende-nos com resultados quantitativos e qualitativos inéditos. Em pleno século XXI, com a atual evolução das sociedades, das tecnologias e das condições ambientais mundiais, enfrentamos um novo momento de viragem. Neste sentido, a pesquisa elegeu cinco tópicos gerais de análise cuja reflexão, em nossa opinião, revela-se determinante para o resultado do projeto de iluminação de um museu contemporâneo. Começa-se pelas Pessoas, porque a luz é, antes de tudo, um elemento essencial à condição humana e, a sua vertente artificial, resulta da invenção do homem. Explora-se o tema da Arquitetura, cujas formas apenas são perceptíveis sob o efeito da luz, originando esta relação indissociável. Avalia-se o Contexto, uma vez que as condicionantes locais influenciam qualquer projeto, mesmo o de iluminação. Prossegue-se com a Tecnologia, indispensável para o desenvolvimento de uma intervenção contemporânea. Enfim, examina-se a Obra de arte, o foco derradeiro de uma exposição museográfica, por excelência. Por último, alguns exemplos contemporâneos procuram ilustrar os temas explorados. E é das iniciais desses cinco temas que surge a palavra-síntese deste trabalho: PACTO. Com efeito, acreditamos que o triunfo do projeto de iluminação museográfico dependerá do pacto, por outras palavras, do acordo e da sintonia entre os elementos cruciais envolvidos no processo: as Pessoas, a Arquitetura, o Contexto, a Tecnologia e a Obra de arte. Através de uma metodologia apoiada na permanente atualização teórica com bibliografia específica, mas acima de tudo, numa participação ativa em conferências e workshops internacionais especializados sobre o tema, procuramos absorver e aqui relatar as mais recentes descobertas e aplicações práticas de um elemento tão dinâmico e interdisciplinar como é a luz artificial. Num museu do século XXI, além da inevitabilidade do pensamento sustentável e eficiente, junta-se ao processo o desafio de adequadamente valorizar a arquitetura, enaltecer as obras de arte com máxima preservação e, com toda a sensibilidade possível, tornar a experiência do visitante funcional e, principalmente, inesquecível. / This work proposes a reading about artificial lighting, emphasizing its role in museographic spaces that raise, in a maximum exponent, the potential and exigencies of lighting design. In the late XVIII century, when the museums began to emerge as cultural spreading vehicles, their operation depended on the natural light conditions. In the transition to the XX century, one of the major changes in those spaces resulted from the introduction of electric lighting, whose performance didn\'t stop to improve since then. Today, LED technology surprises us with unprecedented quantitative and qualitative results. In the XXI century, with the current evolution of societies, technologies and global environmental conditions, we are facing a new turning point. In this sense, this research selected five general topics of analysis whose reflection, in our opinion, is decisive to contemporary museum lighting design results. It begins with People, because, first of all, light is an essential element for the human condition and the artificial version is its own invention. It explores the Architecture theme, whose forms are only perceptible under light, resulting in this inseparable relationship. It evaluates the Context, since the local conditions affect any project, even the lighting design one. It continues with Technology, essential for the development of any contemporary intervention. It examines the Artwork, the ultimate focus of a museum-exhibition, par excellence. Finally, some contemporary examples try to illustrate the explored themes. And with the initials of those five themes it comes the word that synthesizes this work: PACTO (in english: PACT). Actually, we believe that the triumph of a museum\'s lighting project will depend on the pact, in other words, the agreement and the harmony between the five crucial elements involved in the process: People, Architecture, Context, Technology and Artwork. Through a methodology supported by the permanent theoretical update with specific bibliography, but mainly through an active participation in international conferences and workshops specialized on this topic, we tried to absorb and here report the most recent discoveries and practical applications of such a dynamic and interdisciplinary element as artificial light. Besides the sustainable and efficient thinking, a 21st century museum must add to the process the challenge of adequately enhance the architecture, rise the art works perception with maximum preservation and, with total sensitivity, make the visitor experience functional and, above all, unforgettable.

Museum; ; Park; Science Museum; Technology; ; Museology; Sciences and technology; , National Museum; Concytec / Este proyecto de tesis es una exploración de la creación de un Museo de gran complejidad que por su definición y carácter tendrá el nombre de Parque-Museo Interactivo de Ciencia y Tecnología. El Museo Interactivo es un centro para la difusión de la Ciencia y la Tecnología que brinda una alternativa de apoyo al aprendizaje formal, lo cual complementa y refuerza el conocimiento adquirido en las aulas, a la vez que fomenta la creatividad en un ambiente divertido. Está dirigido para estudiantes, científicos y ciudadanos interesados en la ciencia y tecnología. Por otro lado, al concebir y diseñar una exhibición, se trata que sea accesible para todo tipo de público. Asimismo, la tipología de este museo de ciencia y tecnología es la de un Parque de Ciencia”, que consiste en reflejar la imagen de un museo dentro de un parque. Por tal motivo se considera mucho el espacio que permita experimentar el exterior con el interior, por ello se utiliza diferentes elementos como los desniveles para crear una topografía de áreas verdes y servicios públicos complementarios al museo, así brindando un espacio público recreativo. / This thesis project is an exploration of the creation of a Museum of great complexity that by its definition and character will have the name of Interactive Park-Museum of Science and Technology. The Interactive Museum is a center for the dissemination of Science and Technology that provides an alternative to support formal learning, which complements and reinforces the knowledge acquired in the classroom, while encouraging creativity in a fun environment. It is aimed at students, scientists and citizens interested in science and technology. On the other hand, when conceiving and designing an exhibition, it is intended that it be accessible to all types of public. Also, the typology of this science and technology museum is that of a Science Park ", which consists of reflecting the image of a museum inside a park. For this reason it is considered much space to experience the exterior with the interior, so it uses different elements such as unevenness to create a topography of green areas and public services complementary to the museum, thus providing a recreational public space. / Tesis

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les diverses représentations du Moyen Âge au Québec à travers un corpus d'expositions parcourant le XXe siècle et le début des années 2000. Nous nous intéressons au rôle joué par l'espace muséal québécois dans la diffusion de discours sur cette période européenne. Chaque exposition est replacée dans son contexte de création afin de mettre en évidence les raisons d'ordres religieux, culturels, politiques et linguistiques qui incitent les musées à privilégier telle ou telle représentation du Moyen Âge. / This thesis aims to study the various representations of the Middle Ages in Quebec through a corpus of temporary exhibitions held during the twentieth century and the early 2000s. We question the role played by the Quebec museums in the diffusion of discourses about this European period. In order to highlight the religious, cultural, political or linguistic reasons for museums to focus on a specific representation of the Middle Ages, each exhibition is replaced within its original context of creation.

La investigación presenta una síntesis académica sobre el rol que cumplen las tecnologías del siglo XXI en la experiencia al interior de los museos y la satisfacción que brinda a los visitantes, entre ellos los turistas. Existe una cantidad significativa de investigaciones que abordan la temática de museos inteligentes, aquellos museos que implementan tecnologías con el fin de poder preservar y conservar las piezas que están en exhibición. Por otro lado, los museos inteligentes en el sector turismo han adquirido un papel importante debido a la nueva forma de realizar turismo al interior de los museos con la ayuda de las herramientas tecnológicas como la realidad aumentada, las impresiones 3D, entre otras que permiten interactuar con las piezas sin el temor a dañarlas. El principal aporte de esta investigación es el de sistematizar y analizar los resultados de las investigaciones académicas disponibles sobre el tema. Se trata de una investigación bibliográfica basada en una revisión descriptiva y evaluativa de fuentes académicas. Se presentan las tecnologías más usadas durante la experiencia de visita al interior del museo; las razones de su uso y su relación con la satisfacción de los visitantes de la visita realizada. Destacándose la importancia y necesidad de que los museos implementen las herramientas tecnológicas en sus salas de exposición para adaptarse a nuevos perfiles, atraer a los visitantes entre ellos a los turistas y brindarles una experiencia interactiva. / The research presents an academic synthesis on the role of 21st century technologies in the experience within museums and the satisfaction it brings to visitors, including tourists. There is a significant amount of researches to present the theme of smart museums, those museums that implement technologies in order to preserve and keep the pieces that are on display. On the other hand, smart museums in the tourism sector have acquired an important role due to the new way of doing tourism inside museums with the help of technological tools such as augmented reality, 3D printing, among others that allow to interact with the pieces without the fear of damaging them. The main contribution of this research is to systematize and analyze the results of the academic research that currently exists on the subject. It is a bibliographic research based on a descriptive and evaluative review of academic sources. The study presents the most commonly used technologies throughout the visitors’ experience in the interior of the museum; the reasons for its use and its relationship with the satisfaction of visitors regarding the visit made. It is very important that museums to implement technological tools in their showrooms to adapt to new profiles of visitor, attract visitors and tourists and provide an interactive experience. / Trabajo de investigación

Cette thèse s’attache à questionner les modes de pensée de lycéens face à un passé douloureux, la Shoah. Pour cela, j’ai rencontré deux groupes d’élèves dans deux lycées du département du Calvados, à Honfleur et à Caen. Dix-sept jeunes âgés de 17 à 19 ans se sont portés volontaires pour participer à des focus group au lycée mais également pour visiter l’espace génocide et violence de masse du Mémorial de Caen. Cette visite fut menée avec des lunettes dotées de caméras, des eye-trackers et des entretiens de groupe furent organisés après la visite. Cinq mois plus tard, j’ai pu rencontrer à nouveau les élèves et leur présenter leur film de visite et recueillir leurs impressions et ressentis de visite.Le protocole de recherche pensé a permis d’obtenir des données inédites sur un temps long. Verbatim des entretiens de groupe au lycée, verbatim des focus au musée, après la visite de l’exposition, et entretiens individuels cinq mois après la visite.Trois questions sont au centre de cette thèse : - Quel est le mode de pensée des jeunes face à la Shoah depuis la classe jusqu’au musée ? - Quel type d’expérience de visite pouvons-nous identifier ? - Quelle conscience historique des lycéens ? / This thesis attempts to question the ways of thinking of high-school pupils about a painful past, Shoah. For that, I met two groups of pupils in two high schools of the department of the Calvados, in Honfleur and Caen. Seventeen youth aged from 17 to 19 years came voluntary to take part in focus group at the high school but also to visit the exhibition « genocide and violence of mass » of the Memorial of Caen. This visit was carried out with eye-trackers and took part in focus group organized after the visit. Five months later, I could meet the pupils again and present to each of them the film of their own visit and collect their impressions and feeling about their visit. This protocol of research made it possible to obtain new data over a long time.Three questions are in the center of this thesis : - Which is the way of thinking of the young people about Shoah since the class to the museum ? - Which type of visiting experience can we identify ?- Which historical consciousness for the high-school students ?

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de porter un regard critique sur l’exposition du patrimoine culturel immatériel kanak, dernièrement proposée au musée du quai Branly. Ayant pour objet de corriger l’élitisme de l’eurocentrisme, le postcolonialisme est un courant de pensée qui vise à repositionner les acteurs et enjeux marginaux. Interdisciplinaire, le discours postcolonial suscite une pluralité de perspectives pour inclure la voix des « autres ». Dans notre étude, nous choisissons de traiter du propos dans un cadre singulier. Notre approche se consacrera à l’interprétation de l’ « autre » par le musée du quai Branly, de manière à comprendre comment, aujourd’hui, la particularité du patrimoine culturel kanak y est exposée. Ce mémoire se propose d’effectuer un retour sur la venue du quai Branly dans le cadre de quelques problèmes récurrents concernant la perception et le traitement de l’objet nonoccidental, retour qui semble nécessaire à l’établissement d’un bilan sur les pratiques expositionnelles du patrimoine culturel immatériel dans l’exposition « Kanak. L’art est une parole ». Pour ce faire, les enjeux soulevés seront abordés dans les perspectives de l’histoire de l’art, de l’anthropologie et de la muséologie. Par la muséographie qu’il met en place, le musée fait part au public de son parti-pris quant au discours didactique qu’il souhaite lui transmettre. Les choix effectués pour la mise en exposition et sa contextualisation expriment la définition que le musée donne aux objets qu’il contient. Le musée du quai Branly est un cas particulier. Promu au rang de musée d’ « art premier » à son ouverture, il expose des objets ethnographiques venus d’Afrique, d’Océanie, des Amériques ou encore d’Asie pour leurs qualités esthétiques. Loin de nos préceptes occidentaux, la difficulté de ce musée est de rendre compte de l’histoire de ces objets. L’exemple de l’expression artistique kanak soulève le fond du problème dans la mesure où elle prend forme à travers des ressources orales. / The goal of this thesis is to propose a critical point of view about the exhibition of the kanak intangible cultural heritage, recently offer at the musée du quai Branly. It’s with a postcolonial point of view, which the subject will be approached. Designed to correct the elitism of eurocentrism, postcolonialism is a school of thought that seeks to reposition the fringe players and challenges in the international arena. Polysemic, postcolonial discourse creates a plurality of perspectives including the voice of the “other”. In our study, we choose to approach this subject with a particular viewpoint. Our approach will devote to the interpretation of the “other” in the musée du quai Branly to understand what, today, exposed the particularity of kanak cultural heritage. This thesis proposes to do a feedback on arrival of the musée du quai Branly througt many recurring questions about perception and handling of the non-western object. This feedback seems to be necessary to make a balance sheet on exhibitionary process of the intangible cultural heritage in the exhibition “Kanak. L’art est une parole”. For that, the issues raised will be to approach with perspective of history of art, anthropology and museology. By the museography developed, the museum share with public his commitment about didactic discourse that it would like transmits. Choices done for the exhibitionary process and his context determine the object definition that is in the museum. The musée du quai Branly is a special case. Promoted to the rank of museum of “primitive art” at his opening, it exhibits ethnographic objects came to Africa, Oceania, America and Asia for them aesthetic qualities. Far away to our western precepts, the challenge of this museum is to report on object’s history. The example of kanak artistic expression raises an issue insofar as it takes the form through intangible resources.

Cotutelle de thèse France-Québec : Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 et Université de Montréal. Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse a été dépouillée de certains documents visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier les diverses représentations du Moyen Âge au Québec à travers un corpus d’expositions parcourant le XXe siècle et le début des années 2000. Nous nous intéressons au rôle joué par l’espace muséal québécois dans la diffusion de discours sur cette période européenne. Chaque exposition est replacée dans son contexte de création afin de mettre en évidence les raisons d’ordres religieux, culturels, politiques et linguistiques qui incitent les musées à privilégier telle ou telle représentation du Moyen Âge. / This thesis aims to study the various representations of the Middle Ages in Quebec through a corpus of temporary exhibitions held during the twentieth century and the early 2000s. We question the role played by the Quebec museums in the diffusion of discourses about this European period. In order to highlight the religious, cultural, political or linguistic reasons for museums to focus on a specific representation of the Middle Ages, each exhibition is replaced within its original context of creation.