Magister Artium - MA / Both Am-Xhosa and the European farmers, being pastoralists "the search for land and grass was (their) first principle", notes Walker (1928). When they met, they differed fundamentally on the "vital matter oflandholding" . So different were their perspectives, that Lekhehla (1955) suggested, as far as the treaties were concerned: "The Native Chiefs either did not understand the implications of the border treaties, or if they did, never intended to respect such treaties" (p.2 1). Hopper (1980) says the tension between the Europeans and the Africans on the land issue emanated from the fact that "Xhosa expansion" and "colonial expansion" processes were entirely different. While Am-Xhosa expanded in order to "preserve their political integrity" colonists were driven by an economic dynamic they expanded because land was necessary to accommodate growth (1980:261).

abstract: What is the effect of decision-making-style (maximizer versus satisficer) and an interdependent-versus-independent self-construal on the subjective happiness of Native Americans? One hundred seventy-nine Native American adult community members were administered the Maximization Inventory, the Self-Construal Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Correlations between variables in addition to multiple regression analyses were conducted with predictors of decision making style, self-construal, gender, annual income, traditionalism, and Native language ability with subjective happiness as the dependent variable. These variables explained a significant amount of the variance of subjective happiness for this sample of Native Americans. The most variance was explained by satisficing. Maximizing was associated with unhappiness. Individuals with greater satisficing tendencies also tended to be more interdependent. Higher income was positively associated with happiness and negatively associated with maximizing. Interdependence did not have an effect on happiness. However, independence increased happiness while having no effect on maximizing. No gender differences were found for maximizing. Traditionalism and Native language ability were not associated with satisficing nor interdependence. Limitations, implications for counseling, and future directions are explored. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2015

abstract: Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribCrit) as a theoretical framework, this dissertation analyzes a contemporary cinematic film directed by an American Indian filmmaker about American Indians and answers the question of whether the visual texts are unmasking, critiquing, confronting, and/or reinforcing reductive and stereotypical images of American Indians. Using Critical Thematic Analysis as a process, this dissertation interrogates Drunktown’s Finest (2014) to understand ways a contemporary American Indian filmmaker engages in counterstorying as a sovereignist action and simultaneously investigates ways the visual narrative and imagery in the film contributes to the reinforcement of hegemonic representations—the static, constrained, White-generated images and narratives that have been sustained in the hegemonic culture for over a century. With an increase in the number of American Indian filmmakers entering into the cultural elitist territory of Hollywood, moving from the margins to the center, I believe Natives are now in a better position to apprehend and reconstruct a multidimensional and complex American Indian identity. I posit that the reshaping of these mass-mediated images can only be countered through the collective and sustained fostering of a more complex imagery of the American Indian and that authorship of the representation is crucial to changing the hegemonic imagery of American Indians. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Curriculum and Instruction 2017

abstract: This study examines the multiple and complicated ways that Native American students engage, accept, and/or reject the teachings of a Native American literature course, as they navigate complex cultural landscapes in a state that has banned the teaching of ethnic studies. This is the only classroom of its kind in this major metropolitan area, despite a large Native American population. Like many other marginalized youth, these students move through "borderlands" on a daily basis from reservation to city and back again; from classrooms that validate their knowledges to those that deny, invalidate and silence their knowledges, histories and identities. I am examining how their knowledges are shared or denied in these spaces. Using ethnographic, participatory action and grounded research methods, and drawing from Safety Zone Theory (Lomawaima and McCarty, 2006) and Bakhtin's (1981) dialogism, I focus on students' counter-storytelling to discover how they are generating meanings from a curriculum that focuses on the comprehension of their complicated and often times contradicting realities. This study discusses the need for schools to draw upon students' cultural knowledges and offers implications for developing and implementing a socio-culturally sustaining curriculum. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2013

abstract: This dissertation explores complex representations of spiritual, social and cultural ways of knowing embedded within engraved ivory drill bows from the Bering Strait. During the nineteenth century, multi-faceted ivory drill bows formed an ideal surface on which to recount life events and indigenous epistemologies reflective of distinct environmental and socio-cultural relationships. Carvers added motifs over time and the presence of multiple hands suggests a passing down of these objects as a form of familial history and cultural patrimony. Explorers, traders and field collectors to the Bering Strait eagerly acquired engraved drill bows as aesthetic manifestations of Arctic mores but recorded few details about the carvings resulting in a disconnect between the objects and their multi-layered stories. However, continued practices of ivory carving and storytelling within Bering Strait communities holds potential for engraved drill bows to animate oral histories and foster discourse between researchers and communities. Thus, this collaborative project integrates stylistic analyses and ethno-historical accounts on drill bows with knowledge shared by Alaska Native community members and is based on the understanding that oral narratives can bring life and meaning to objects within museum collections. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Art 2013

abstract: This study examines the genesis, practice, and Native experiences of stakeholders with two Arizona kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) statute that mandate instruction of Native American history. The research questions relate to the original intent of the policies, implementation in urban school districts, how Native American parents experienced Native American history in their own education and their aspirations for this type of instruction in their children's education. Lomawaima and McCarty's (2006) safety zone theory was utilized to structure and analyze data. Critical Indigenous Research Methodologies (CIRM) (Brayboy, Gough, Leonard, Roehl, & Solym, 2012; Smith, 2012) was used in this interpretive policy analysis and phenomenological research study. Interviews were conducted with policymakers, a department of education official, urban school district personnel, and Native American parents with children in the pertinent school districts. Data included in-depth interview and legislative committee meeting transcripts, artifacts including bill versions, summaries and fact sheets, school board manuals, and the state social studies standards. The findings indicate that the intent of the statutes was to foster a better understanding among students (and hence, the state's citizenry) leading toward reciprocal government-to-government relationships between tribal nations and non-tribal governments. Teaching sovereignty and self-determination were fundamental. Although the school-based participants had limited knowledge of the policies, the district personnel believed they implemented the mandates because the state social studies standards were utilized to frame instruction. However, the 45 social studies standards related to Native Americans focus on extinct (referred to as historic in the standards) Native societies. The social studies standards ignore contemporary tribal nations and are thus inefficacious in supporting the goal of a better understanding of sovereignty, or in supporting Native American self-determination. The Native parent participants defied stereotypical images; they were involved in their children's educational attainment and were reintroducing cultural and tribal capital. Recommendations include allocating funds to support implementation of the policies at the local school and state levels, establishing culturally responsive curriculum that recognizes and promotes tribal nations and tribal sovereignty, and strengthening relationships between tribal nations, school districts, and the state department of education. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Administration and Supervision 2014

Une étape importante du cycle viral du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est l'export nucléaire de transcrits viraux incomplètement épissés, incluant le génome viral ARN. Ce processus fait intervenir la protéine virale de liaison à l'ARN Rev. Dans le noyau, Rev interagit avec les transcrits viraux non épissés et partiellement épissés en s'oligomérisant sur une séquence intronique de 350 nucléotides, appelée Element de Response à Rev (RRE). Rev recrute également le facteur d'export cellulaire CRM1 et la petite GTPase Ran pour former le complexe d'export RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran. Connaître l'architecture 3D de ce complexe ribonucléoprotéique fournirait des informations utiles pour une meilleure compréhension de l'export des ARN du VIH incomplètement épissés. Cependant, les détails moléculaires de ce complexe sont mal connus ; en particulier, la stœchiométrie des molécules Rev et CRM1 liées au RRE est en discussion.Mon doctorat vise à étudier l'architecture du complexe RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran. Dans le cadre de ce travail, j'ai utilisé des essais biochimiques et cellulaires pour caractériser les interactions entre CRM1 et Rev et entre Rev et RRE. La majorité de mes efforts ont porté sur l'étude de ces interactions par spectrométrie de masse (MS) en condition native, une méthode puissante pour déterminer la stœchiométrie de complexes macromoléculaires. J'ai mis en place des protocoles pour la préparation à grande échelle d'un fragment du RRE de 66 nucléotides (IIABC), portant un site de liaison Rev de haute affinité, protocoles que j'ai ensuite adaptés à l'analyse de IIABC par MS en condition native. Comme Rev a tendance à s'agréger et à précipiter en solution, j'ai également conçu une forme mutante de Rev (Rev*) permettant de contourner ces problèmes. L'analyse des complexes IIABC/Rev* par électrophorèse sur gel natif confirme l'oligomérisation de Rev* sur l'ARN. Après d'intenses optimisations, j'ai obtenu des spectres MS en condition native de haute qualité, révélant que IIABC lie jusqu'à 6 monomères Rev*. De plus, j'ai reconstitué un complexe à 4 partenaires IIABC/Rev*/CRM1/Ran et j'ai réussi à déterminer sa masse et sa stœchiométrie par MS en condition native, une tâche techniquement difficile. Des efforts supplémentaires pour analyser le RRE seul et en complexe avec Rev de type sauvage ont également généré des spectres informatifs, alors que l'analyse du complexe intact RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran a été plus compliquée. Ces résultats illustrent les forces et les limites de la spectrométrie de masse en condition native et son potentiel pour son développement futur en tant qu'outil d'analyse des complexes de ribonucléoprotéines. / An important step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral transcripts, including the replicated viral RNA genome. This process is mediated by the viral RNA-binding protein Rev. In the nucleus, Rev recognizes unspliced and partially spliced viral transcripts by multimerizing on a 350-nucleotide intron sequence, the Rev-response element (RRE). Rev then recruits the host cell export factor CRM1 and the small GTPase Ran to form the RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran export complex. Knowledge of the 3D architecture of this ribonucleoprotein complex would provide important insights into how unspliced viral RNA export is achieved. However, the molecular details of this complex are poorly understood. In particular, the stoichiometry of Rev and CRM1 molecules bound to the RRE is under debate.My Ph.D. project aims to investigate the architecture of the RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran complex. As part of this work, I used biochemical and cell-based assays to characterize the interactions between CRM1 and Rev and between Rev and the RRE. The majority of my efforts focused on investigating these interactions by native mass spectrometry (MS), a powerful method for determining the stoichiometry of macromolecular complexes. I set up protocols for the large-scale preparation of a 66-nucleotide RRE fragment (IIABC) bearing a high-affinity Rev binding site, and adapted these for compatibility with native MS analysis. Because Rev tends to aggregate and precipitate in solution, I engineered a mutant form of Rev (Rev*) to overcome this problem. Analysis of IIABC/Rev* complexes by native gel electrophoresis confirms multimerization of Rev on the RNA. After extensive optimization, I obtained high-quality native MS spectra of these complexes, revealing that IIABC binds up to 6 Rev* monomers. Furthermore, I reconstituted a 4-species complex, IIABC/Rev*/CRM1/Ran, and succeeded in determining its mass and stoichiometry by native MS – a technically challenging task. Additional efforts at analyzing the intact RRE and complexes with wild-type Rev have also yielded informative spectra, while analysis of the intact RRE/Rev/CRM1/Ran holo-complex has had more limited success. These results illustrate the strengths and limitations of native mass spectrometry and its potential for future development as a tool for analyzing ribonucleoprotein complexes.

The increasing globalization of trade has resulted in a growing need for Swedish corporations to ensure that their work force is able to communicate in English. In order to meet this demand, there is a growing market of companies offering courses in Business English. When English is used for communication between people from different linguacultural backgrounds in a business context it is referred to as BELF (Business English as a Lingua Franca). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the participants and teachers in different classes of Business English are more open to the non-native speaker model, as this type of course is supposed to prepare the students for communication with people of various nationalities. This was done with the aim to explore how these attitudes can be linked to the development of communicative competence in a business context. In the study a survey was distributed to twenty-one participants of courses in Business English and four teachers were interviewed. The study showed that although the business context affects the attitudes of the participants, there is still a preference for a native-like model. However, the teachers show an open attitude towards BELF, focusing instead on promoting communicative competence in their teaching. The findings of this study support previous research in the field indicating that there exists a certain discrepancy between the perceptions of the teachers and learners as to what constitutes an effective communicator.

Marknadsföring genomgår en kontinuerlig utvecklingsfas i samma takt som samhället rör sig framåt. Det uppkommer därför ständigt nya former av reklam att analysera och förstå. Native advertising är ett reklamformat som de flesta medier idag använder sig av och podcasts är ett av medierna som anammat detta. Native advertising syftar till att låna trovärdighet från det redaktionella innehållet och kallas även för redaktionellt förklädd reklam. Syftet med den här studien är att få djupare förståelse för hur lyssnare till podcast upplever sig påverkas av native advertising som reklamformat. Mycket studier har utförts huruvida konsumenter förhåller sig samt upplever redaktionellt förklädd reklam vid skriftliga media. Däremot är det mindre utforskat hur lyssnare till podcasts upplever detta. Studien undersöker konsumenters upplevda påverkan från reklam i podcast av formen “native advertising”, med Fredagspodden som empiriskt exempel då de var den första svenska podcasten att presentera sin reklam av detta format. För att få djupare förståelse i ämnet har en kvalitativ ansats valts där 10st semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Respondenternas svar analyserades sedan med hjälp av teorierna “Psykologisk reaktans” samt reklam som påverkan och informationsmedel. Av resultatet framgick det att placeringen av reklam kunde upplevas manipulerande när den förekom i mitten av podcastprogrammet, då det inte alltid tydligt framgick att det var ett sponsrat innehåll. Det upptäcktes även att lyssnarna dels upplevde den redaktionella reklamen som underhållande och informativ, men samtidigt förlöjligad vilket sänkte dess trovärdighet. Välriktad och anpassad reklam som blir relevant för lyssnarna, visade sig vara vital för en positiv upplevelse. Därmed kunde de båda valda teorierna användas för att förklara problematiken. / Marketing is undergoing a continuous developing phase, in the same phase as the society is moving forward. Hence, there will always be new marketing formats to analyze and understand. Native advertising is a way of advertising that most media today use and podcasts are one of the media channels that has embraced this. Native advertising aims to lend credibility from editorial content and is also known as editorially disguised advertising.The purpose of this study is to attain a deeper understanding of how listeners to podcasts perceive that they are being influenced by native advertising as an advertising format. A lot of studies have been conducted of how consumers relate and experiencing native advertising in written medias such as newspapers. However, how listeners to podcasts experience this is significantly less explored. This study investigates consumers' perceptions of native advertising in podcast, with “Fredagspodden” as an empirical example as it was the first Swedish podcast to present their advertising in this format. To create a deeper understanding of the matter, a qualitative approach has been chosen, where 10 semi structured interviews have been conducted. The respondents' answers were then analyzed using the theory "Psychological Reactance" as well as advertising as influence and information tool. By the results of the study, it was found that the placement of advertising could be experienced as manipulative when it occurred in the middle of the podcast program, as it was not always clear that it was sponsored content. It was also discovered that the listeners partly perceived the editorial advertisement as entertaining and informative, but at the same time ridiculed which lowered its credibility. Well-targeted and customized advertising that becomes relevant to the listeners, proved vital for a positive response. Thus, the two chosen theories could be used to explain the problematization of the matter.

The written history of modern South Africa is limited by the moratorium on archival material common to' all contemporary research, and the present study is intended, in part, to help fill this gap. It has a two- fold design: first, to point out some of the anomalies in the relationship between administration and policy and secondly, to show the extent to which they are interdependent in Dr. D.L. Smit ' s career. In the process, I hope to clarify and to comment on some of the mechanics involved in Native Administration.