Louise Erdrich's novel Love Medicine presents a variety of voices that depict thetruths of Chippewa life and how they as a group are victims of a society that authorizesoppression and domination. Studies show that Chippewa tribes have a close connectionto nature and with each other as people. Ecofeminist critics draw analogies between theexploitation of nature and the oppression of groups such as those based on race, class,and sexuality, which results in a distortion of Native people's identity and connection tonature. Since the characters and nature are both oppressed and exploited by the U.Sgovernment, it becomes relevant to draw parallels between Erdrich's characters andnature with ecofeminism. The analysis concludes that ecofeminism can be applied toErdrich's novel because they share some values such as the importance of striving forinterconnection between humans and nature to free both from the power structure. TheChippewa characters and the U.S government can be identified in ecofeminist discourseas a set of dualisms. However, there are also some differences between ecofeminismand the way in which Erdrich depicts her Chippewa characters and nature. Erdrich’sstory shows that both female and male characters of Chippewa origin possess a sacredrelationship to Mother Earth, not only women, as ecofeminists would suggest.

Due to the growth of the mobile phone application market, which development method can efficiently develop high-performance applications has become a problem. This experimental study compares the rendering performance of applications developed through native development and React Native on the Android platform. By developing an application with the ability to render pictures, and measuring the rendering performance of the application. The measurement results show that natively developed applications usually have high stability, while the average rendering time of React Native applications is similar to that of natively developed applications as the rendering performance pressure gradually increases. In future work, other image types may be measured, or text and video may be measured. It is also possible to run multiple different experiments to collect data to improve development tools or develop new performance analysis tools. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

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In the world of mobile applications, there is no lack of frameworks and languages to use for development. One of the most used frameworks is React Native, which builds on React for web browsers. The React Native framework allows the developer to write the application in JavaScript, and run the application on iOS or Android devices. As the market for mobile applications expands, the time it takes to develop an application is under pressure, and a framework allowing for one codebase for two applications can save time and money. Deedster is a company that provides a mobile application where the user can learn about climate change and perform small tasks, deeds, that give a positive impact on the environment. A common request from the users is the automatization of completion of deeds. This thesis creates two implementations of a QR-code scanning application for completion of deeds, one with Swift and one with React Native, and compares the experiences during development and the results of the implementation. The evaluation uses both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis. The produced application fulfilled most of the requirements, including the scanning of a QR-code to open the application, an authentication process and the completion of a deed with confirmation for the user. The execution times for the two implementations did not differ largely, but the measurements of the application launch time proved flawed in design due to the difference in measurement technique between the two implementations. When it came to the development process, the React Native framework provided major difficulties with configuration and dependencies, resulting in difficulties when locating the source of errors. The launching process for the Swift application required some manual configurations that proved difficult such as creating certificates, while the React Native implementation used Expo to convert the project to a launchable file format which created all required files for the developer. While the usage of Expo was smooth once it worked, build errors and lacking bridges appeared which proved hard to solve. In conclusion, while the process for React Native was smooth once all dependencies were figured out, the time it took to get all configurations in place consumed a large chunk of the project’s time budget while the Swift implementation provided steady progress with few unexpected errors. / För applikationsutveckling för mobiler finns det en uppsjö av språk och ramverk för att underlätta utvecklingsprocessen. Ett av de vanligaste ramverken är React Native som bygger på React för webbläsare. React Native-ramverket låter utvecklare skriva koden i JavaScript, men köra applikationen på både iOS- och Android-enheter. I takt med att marknaden för mobilapplikationer växer, sätts det högre press på kortare utvecklingsfaser och snabbare lansering. För att underlätta processen och spara tid och pengar kan React Native vara en bra lösning. Deedster är ett företag som erbjuder en mobilapplikation där användaren kan lära sig om klimatförändringar och utföra små uppdrag, deeds, som ger en positiv påverkan på klimatet. En vanlig förfrågan från användare är ett sätt att automatisera avklarandet av deeds. Den här uppsatsen skapar två implementationer av en applikation som scannar en QR-kod för att markera en deed som avklarad. Den ena byggs med Swift och den andra med React Native och syftar till att jämföra utvecklingsprocessen och den resulterande applikationen. Evalueringen sker med både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys. Den färdiga applikationen uppfyllde de flesta kraven som Deedster ställt, inklusive att appen öppnas genom att scanna en QR-kod, en användare kan autentisera sig, klicka för att markera en deed som klar och få bekräftelse från appen om att det är klart. Exekveringstiderna för de två implementationerna varierade inte märkbart, men mätningarna för starttiden för applikationerna visade sig bristfällig då mättekniken för de två apparna inte blev jämförbar. Gällande utvecklingsprocessen resulterade användandet av React Native i stora problem med konfigurationer och versionskompatibilitet vilket gjorde felsökning svårt. Lanseringsprocessen för Swift-appen krävde en del manuell konfigurering med till exempel certifikat, medan React Native implementationen använde Expo för att konvertera React Native-projektet till ett lanserbart filformat som skapade alla behövda filer åt användaren. Trots att Expo för pakethantering var enkelt och smidigt när det väl fungerade så krävde alla fel vid kompilering och avsaknad av bryggor mycket tid och var svårt att lösa. Slutsatsen blev att React Native var smidigt när alla konfigurationer var på plats, men den tid det tog att konfigurera allt stod för merparten av den tid som lagts på att bygga applikationen. För Swift var processen istället smidig om än inte lika automatiserad, och bjöd på få om ens några oväntade fel.

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<p>The marketing of Indigenous peoples, lands, art and culture from within areas that can loosely be drawn together under the rubric of “tourism,” draws Indigenous peoples in a tenuous and complex web of negotiations of imagery, authenticity, nationalism, economics, and identity. Many scholars have explored the economic implications of such interactions. My dissertation, however, is instead focused on attending to the relationship between the contemporary representation of Indigeneity, Canadian national identity, and the intensifying commoditization of ‘all things Indigenous’ (such as Indigenous bodies, identities, languages, spirituality, and material culture) within such spaces. My work asks, what are the consequences of particular forms of commodification of Indigenous culture and identity? In what ways are Indigenous peoples complicit with such forms and in what ways do we negotiate and/or resist them? How do current representations differ from those during the height of “Wild West” shows during Canada’s early nation- building phase, if at all? Mapping a trajectory of representations and visual spectacle in the latter part of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries across a number of sites I explore Indigenous and Canadian tourism marketing, the 1976, 1988 and 2010 Olympics, and Casino Rama. Such Indigenous self-conscious representation has often taken up through a constitutive, discursive lens of “Aboriginality.” Since the Canadian state’s entrenchment of the term “Aboriginal” within the <em>Constitution Act</em> (1982), Aboriginality has become its own representational force whereby some Indigenous peoples embrace it as a pathway to community economic revitalization. It is rather more productive, I argue, to recognize the Aboriginal as an allegorical figure of a contemporary market-focused society. While certainly related to what Daniel Francis refers to as the “Imaginary Indian,” the figure of the Aboriginal and of Aboriginality conceals much more sinister state projects that are tied to lingering Canadian state racism and colonializing agendas that seek, through, neoliberal economic terms, to assimilate Indigenous peoples. This assimilationist project is relaunched by the intensification of the corporatization and marketing of culture and identity. Indigenous peoples participation in the production of Aboriginality is increasingly positioned by the state as evidence of a willingness to assimilate but also as evidence of the reconciled nature of relationship between Indigenous and settler Canadians and the indigenization of settler Canadians. I close out by engaging in the fourth chapter a discussion of the artistic expression of Indigenous mixed media artists Rebecca Belmore and Terrance Houle, artists who, I contend, resist the increasingly regimented frame of Aboriginality and challenge the ease with which the state and settlers lay claim to Indigenous imagery, stories, lives, and lands.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)