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<p>Teaching in pre-school usually takes its starting-point in children’s reality and curiosity. Apart from that it has also been important to take contains of a special subject under consideration, for example development of language and communication or mathematics development. The purpose of this study was to investigate how natural science as a special subject in pre-school education is expressed by five trainee teachers when they teach children at the age of 2-7. Generally the study focuses on the students’ teaching actions as well as their line of argument about their teaching and the choices they have to make. More specific the study focuses on the goal and important perspectives in young children’s natural science education, from the students’ point of view. Observations and interviews were carried through during the students’ last period of practical training in five different pre-schools. Natural science as a subject was predetermined but the students were free to choose any contain within the subject. The study is inspired by hermeneutic research, mainly in the procedure of analyzing the students’ expressions and statements.</p><p>The results show that the trainee teachers have different goals with their science teaching. The purposes for individual learning focus on the subject, the individual child and/or the society in a more wide perspective. The students also have purposes for the pre-school activity which they express as taking the starting point in children’s experiences, interest, specific conditions and letting the children have fun during learning. The two perspectives “The Child or the Subject” became of special interest. The trainee teachers made their teaching choices from the child’s point of view and also from the natural science subject. These perspectives were used in a mix by the students, and even if their first focus was at the subject they immediately took the child’s interest under consideration.</p> / <p>Undervisning i förskolan utgår av tradition från barnens verklighet och nyfikenhet. Under de senare åren har undervisningen också kommit att fokusera på innehållet. Syftet med föreliggande kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur naturvetenskap i ett didaktiskt perspektiv kommer till uttryck när fem lärarstudenter undervisar barn i åldrar 2-7 år, och efteråt resonerar kring undervisningen. Intressant var vilka mål de hade samt vilka perspektiv som blev viktiga att utgå ifrån i undervisningen. Observationer och intervjuer genomfördes under studenternas sista verksamhetsförlagda utbildning (termin 7), då de undervisade kring något eget valt naturvetenskapligt innehåll. Deltagarna har alla läst inriktningen ”lärande i tidiga åldrar” och får behörighet att undervisa barn i förskolan och grundskolans första år. Studien är inspirerad av den hermeneutiska forskningsansatsen, och genom ett analysförfarande som bygger på tolkning av deltagarnas uttryck och utsagor har skilda mål och perspektivval vuxit fram ur datamaterialet.</p><p>Resultatet visar att de val deltagarna gör kan vara riktade mot individuella lärandemål utifrån tre perspektiv. Målen kan vara ämnesfokuserade, individfokuserade eller samhällsfokuserade. Valen kan också vara riktade mot mål för verksamheten och då innebära att det måste vara roligt, undervisningen måste utgå från barnets intresse och förutsättningar samt från barns erfarenheter. Även om verksamhetsmålen verkar samstämmiga har de ibland skilda innebörder för studenterna. Det är tydligt att lärarstudenternas undervisning utgår både från barnet och från ämnet. Resultatet belyser hur lärarstudenterna förutom de naturvetenskapliga målen också har mål som är mer allmänna, till exempel tematiskt, ämnesövergripande och värdemål som att vänta på sin tur och att visa hänsyn. I studien kallas detta för ämnesdidaktisk respektive allmändidaktisk preferens. Resultatet visar inte på preferenser som kan knytas till personer. Det visar sig att även om ämnet ibland har första preferens så tas det direkt hänsyn till de individer som skall undervisas. Det förekommer inte vid något tillfälle att studenterna både planerat och genomfört utan att ta hänsyn till de barn eller den barngrupp de undervisar.</p><p>I diskussionen belyses bland annat resultatet ur ett styrdokumentsperspektiv samt vilka konsekvenser resultatet kan få för lärarutbildningen.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad i de naturorienterande ämnena som intresserar elever och varför. Syftet var även att undersöka vad elever finner intressant inom andra skolämnen och om detta kan användas i undervisningen i de naturorienterande ämnena, samt utifrån elevernas intresse få fram undervisningsinnehåll inom de naturorienterande ämnena. För att besvara dessa frågor användes en kvalitativ metod baserad på intervjuer. Studien utgick ifrån ett elevperspektiv där ambitionen var att elevernas egna åsikter skulle komma fram. Nio parintervjuer genomfördes med elever i årskurs sex i en och samma klass på en mellanstor skola i Västsverige. Resultatet av studien delades upp i tre olika dimensioner utifrån det som framkom angående elevernas intressen inom de naturorienterande ämnena och andra skolämnen som kan relateras till dem. Den första dimensionen var intresse för att deras prestationer resulterar i ett färdigt resultat, där den färdiga produkten var grunden för intresset. Den andra dimensionen var arbetssättets och arbetsformens påverkan för intresset där laborativt arbete, praktiskt arbete och grupparbete togs upp. Om dessa arbetssätt och arbetsformer användes menade eleverna att arbetspasset blev roligare och mer lustfyllt. Den sista dimensionen var elevernas intresse för omvärlden, både med koppling till de naturorienterande ämnena och andra skolämnen som kan kopplas till undervisningen i dessa. I diskussionen berörs bland annat att det finns risker då inte arbetssättet används för att belysa en teori och även att det verkar som görandet i sig är det intressanta för elever och inte varför ett moment görs.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to find which areas within the natural science subjects interests students the most and why this is the case. The aim was also to investigate if an interest in another subject can be used when teaching the natural science subjects. To answer these questions, a qualitative method was used where students were interviewed. The study was performed from a student point of view with ambition to obtain their opinions. Nine interviews in pairs were carried out with students in the sixth grade from a single class in a medium sized school in western Sweden. The results were divided into three different aspects with regards to the students' interest in the natural science subjects and other related subjects. The first aspect describes the interest that their achievements results in actual progress, where the finished product was the foundation for the interest. The second aspect was the impact of the ways of working on the interest, where laboratory, practical and group work were covered. When these ways of working were used the students felt that the work was more joyful. The last aspect was the students' interest for the surrounding world, both with regard to the natural science subjects and other subjects connected to the teaching of these. The discussion covers, among other things, the risks when the way of working is not used to illustrate a theory and the fact that the actual performance of a task seems more interesting to the students, than the aim of it.</p>

Submitted by THIAGO HENRIQUE DINIZ (tthiagodiniz@gmail.com) on 2018-10-08T23:47:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - Thiago Diniz.pdf: 2004422 bytes, checksum: 08126cba777f35da28db7c9b7a731f78 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-10-09T12:50:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diniz_th_me_bauru.pdf: 2004422 bytes, checksum: 08126cba777f35da28db7c9b7a731f78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T12:50:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diniz_th_me_bauru.pdf: 2004422 bytes, checksum: 08126cba777f35da28db7c9b7a731f78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / O contexto atual da escola pública a coloca como instituição legitimadora da lógica do sistema capitalista. Nessa esfera, o ensino das Ciências Naturais se apresenta sob a perspectiva positivista de ciência, na qual o conhecimento científico assume caráter determinado, acumulativo e incontestável, certificador da lógica alienante imposta por esse sistema e opressor do processo de humanização do Sujeito. Entendemos como necessária uma pedagogia que apresente bases teórico-práticas para a configuração de um ensino das Ciências Naturais que forneça elementos para superar essa condição alienante e favoreça o processo de humanização do indivíduo. Essa é uma pesquisa de abordagem crítico-dialética na qual adotamos como referencial teórico-metodológico a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica e temos como objetivo identificar as significações atribuídas por professores de Ciências ao ensino dessa disciplina nas séries finais do Ensino Fundamental, analisando-as a partir dos referenciais da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. Para isso, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas para levantamento de dados junto aos professores. Como movimento analítico utilizamos o instrumento construtivo-interpretativo dos núcleos de significação. De maneira geral os professores de Ciências apresentam Significações a respeito da desvalorização do conhecimento científico na escola, sobre a utilidade do conhecimento científico na compreensão do cotidiano e sobre a concepção de ciência embasada na perspectiva empírico-positivista. Apontamos com esse trabalho alguns elementos intrínsecos ao ensino das Ciências Naturais que se referem a práxis do professor de Ciências e necessitam estar presente nas discussões sobre formação de professores. Tal formação deve proporcionar a apropriação dos elementos necessários a formação desse profissional na sua totalidade. / The present context of the public school state it as a logic legitimating institution of capitalistic system. The Natural Science teaching is presented under a positivist perspective in which the scientific knowledge assumes decisive, accumulative, inquestionable form certifying alienating logic imposed by this system and oppressor of humanization process of the individual. We understand as necessary a type of pedagogy which presents theorical-pratical basis for a Natural Science teaching configuration to provide elements to overcome this alienating condition and to promote the humanization processo of the individual. This is a critical-dialectical approach research that one we use as theoreticalmetodological reference to the Historical-Critical Pedagogy and we have as aim to identify the meanings assigned by Science teachers to this discipline in the beginning of secundary education analysing them from Historical-Critical Pedagogy reference. Therefore, we accomplished semistructured interviews to gather data from the teachers. We used constructive-interpretative instrument of the nucleus of meaning as analitical tool. Altoghether the Science teachers present meanings regarding to scientific knowledge descredit at school, on the usefulness of the scientific knowledge on daily comprehension and on the Science concept supported by empiric-positivist perspective. By this work we indicate some inherent elements to Natural Science teaching which refer to Science teacher práxis and that need to be present in the dicussions on teachers’ education. The mentioned education should provide the appropriation of the necessary elements for this professional education in its totality.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of "Family in the classes of fundaments of civics and natural science at the 1st level of primary school". Among the main aims of this study is to determine teachers 'awareness of pupils' families, as to which difficult situations they usually encounter in practice and how the teachers present the given topic in the classes of fundaments of civics and natural science and besides in the context of various family forms build-up. The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first, theoretical part, I'm trying to explain the school subject of fundaments of civics and natural science, to briefly characterize a family with its evolution from prehistorical to recent times, while also mentioning an overview of demographic changes related to this field. The second, practical part brings results of a mixed methods research carried out among teachers at the 1st level of primary school. Questionnaire and interview method was used for research survey.

This diploma thesis verifies the knowledge of some specified science topics among pupils at lower primary school. The pupil´s knowledge was inquired by using their own drawings, and by a didactic test. The work mentions the analysis of science textbooks and workbooks that are used in schools as one of the knowledge sources of products of nature and animals. The results of the work are used to get the idea about the real extent of science education at lower primary school, and to find out what knowledge of this field the pupils actually have these days.

The study investigated how the child centred approach is applied in teaching Natural Science (NS) in Johannesburg East schools. Most attention was paid on which teaching methods were used and how they were used to teach NS. Data was collected from 5 randomly selected schools in Johannesburg East through observations of Natural Science teachers teaching, and focus group discussion with them. Data presentation and analysis revealed that NS teachers who participated in the study used a limited range of child centred teaching methods. They only used experiments, class activities, as well as question and answer method. Literature review revealed that there are numerous child centred teaching methods that NS teachers can use. Some of these methods are brainstorming, discussions, games, group/pair work, field trips, case studies and assignments, using Information and Communication Technology (ICT), debates and facilitation. The majority of teachers still used the out-dated lecture method contrary to the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) 2012 documents that call for an end in the use of traditional teaching methods such as the lecture method. The study also revealed that there are certain challenges and factors that inhibit the implementation of the child centred approach in NS. These challenges among others include the teacher centred curriculum which dictates the pace and content to the child, lack of adequate NS resources, big volumes of learners in classes, different abilities, talents, interests and skills possessed by learners, learners’ lack of discipline, as well as shortage of qualified NS teachers. All these were seen as inhibiting factors in the implementation of the child centred approach in NS. The study among other recommendations recommended that, in order for the child centred approach to be implemented successfully the Ministry of Basic Education should develop a child centred curriculum that does not dictate the pace to the child. The Ministry as well should come up with a specific or customised child centred approach model that is relevant to NS as a subject, in-service all NS teachers and empower them with the child centred teaching methods, principles and strategies, capacitate all schools with all necessary resources such as qualified NS teachers as well as relevant chemicals, materials, apparatus and information and communication technology infrastructure designated for NS. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)