Sea level rise concerns millions of people in coastal areas across the globe. One of the largest uncertainties to project future sea level rise is the frontal ablation (accounting for calving and submarine melt) at marine ice margins, around the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheet. High rates of frontal ablation have been observed to imply, through loss of the buttressing effect but not limited to it, increased mass loss from marine terminating glaciers and hence, associated sea level rise. This study focuses on calving processes at a freshwater lake in northern Sweden, which represents a simpler environment to study calving processes than the marine one, because impacts of tides, salinity, and circulation (all known to be relevant at marine ice-ocean boundaries) can be neglected. A multi-method approach to quantify and characterize calving events is presented here, exploring and analysing the underwater acoustic soundscape at a calving glacier front, in connection with optical, image-based methods such as time- lapse photography, and photogrammetry based on footage acquired by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV). An acoustic detector is developed, tested and applied to data set acquired during 2020, and results indicate that the acoustic detector can be an important complement in the range of tools used to observe, and quantify, calving. Applied in remote locations, where continuous monitoring is difficult and where optical methods are of limited use, collecting acoustic data and monitoring calving by means of its acoustic signature could render insights previously not available (because of lacking data and methodology).

Pulp and paper industries in Sweden have since the end of the 19th century until late 70s been active in dumping wastewater into adjacent water bodies that have created fibrous sediments called fiberbank and fiber-rich sediment. Fiberbanks are large banks of predominantly organic material while fiber-rich sediment is fibrous sediment that has been mixed with bottom sediment. The fiberbanks comprise of high levels of processed wood fibres and contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It also produces carbon dioxide and methane gas by microbial activity and leaves the sediment with exit holes called pockmarks. These sediments have been proven to cause environmental harm to the benthic biological environment around it, also causing it to become anoxic/hypoxic. Some of the POPs bioaccumulate which also affect humans through fishing. If the fiberbanks are disturbed through e.g. mass movement, toxic contaminants could be released into the aquatic environment. Fiberbanks need to be remediated and more research is needed to characterise it. In-situ capping is a remediation technique that is being tested at the laboratory scale for its application to fiberbanks. It involves placing a layer of clean material on top of the sediment, in order to stabilize it and to limit contaminant release.Because of their high organic content and low density, these sediments might behave differently than typical natural sediments. Therefore, laboratory experiments are necessary to understand their key properties. This thesis focuses on the Sandviken site, for which the bearing capacity of fiberbanks, their thickness, and the compression rate of fiber-rich sediments are studied. The bearing capacity is the capacity for a sediment to hold a weight, and in the case of in-situ capping it is an important parameter to study. The thickness was interpreted from physical data collected by a fluid mud penetrometer (FluMu), from the University of Bremen to assess the fiberbank volume. Fiber-rich sediment is examined to expand the knowledge on its physical properties by testing consolidation and potential gas production.Bearing capacity was tested by placing sediment in a tank and placing a cap on top of it. The site thicknesses were interpolated in ArcMap into a visual topography where the volume could be calculated. Fiber-rich sediment consolidation was tested by placing the sediment in columns with different capping thicknesses. By monitoring bubbles and pockmarks, gas production was confirmed.Results show that the tank sediment construction kept its shape without collapsing or failing at the edges. Sediment/cap interface was sharp, it means little to no mixing between the layers. This proves that Sandviken fiberbank has enough bearing capacity to hold up a cap and that it contains contaminants well. FluMu interpretation resulted in a fiberbank volume of 51885 m3. The fiberbank thickest layer was interpreted as being in front of the sulphate factory which is a credible result. The fiberbank volume is not conclusive since the FluMu has not measured complete thicknesses of the layers. This can be said since thicknesses have been measured at a minimum of 6 m and the thickest point interpreted was 1,11 m. The fiber-rich sediment consolidation showed that a cap that is very thick will cause most consolidation and more rapid dissipation of pore water. Bubbles and pockmarks were observed and confirm gas production. / Papper- och massa-industrin i Sverige har varit aktiv fram till 1970-talet och har dumpat förorenat vatten i angränsande vattendrag. Detta har gett upphov till fibersediment som kallas fiberbank och fiberrikt sediment. Fiberbanker är stora banker av övervägande organiskt material och fiberrikt sediment är en blandning av fiberbank sediment och bottensediment. Fiberbankerna består mestadels av bearbetade träfibrer och föroreningar som tungmetaller och långlivade organiska föroreningar (POPs). Sedimentet producerar även växthusgaser genom mikrobiell aktivitet. Dessa sediment orsakat miljöskada på den biologiska bottenmiljön i omgivningen då den förlorat syreinnehåll. Samtliga POPs samlas i fisk vilket därav även påverkar människors hälsa. Om fiberbankerna skulle störas, släpps giftiga föroreningar ut i miljön. Fiberbanker måste åtgärdas och en saneringsteknik som undersöks i laboratorieskala är in-situ övertäckning. Detta innebär att placera ett lager av rent material ovanpå sedimentet för att stabilisera det och stoppa frigöring av föroreningar.På grund av sedimentets annorlunda karaktär är experiment i laboratorier nödvändiga för att förstå deras nyckelegenskaper. Detta arbete fokuserar på fiberbanken i Sandviken, fiberbankens bärförmåga, dess tjocklek och kompressionshastigheten för fiberrika sediment studeras. Bärförmågan är kapaciteten för ett sediment att hålla en vikt och när man ska belasta ett sediment med ett övertäckningslager är detta viktigt. Tjockleken av sedimentet undersöks för att bedöma fiberbankens volym i området. Fiberrikt sediment undersöks för att utöka kunskapen om dess fysiska egenskaper genom att testa konsolidering och om det producerar gas likt fiberbanksediment.Bärförmågan testades genom att placera sediment i en tank och placera ett lager av rent material på. Platstjocklekarna tolkades från fysiska data från en typ av sensor som penetrerar sediment och interpolerades därefter i ArcMap till en visuell topografi där volymen kunde beräknas. Fiberrik sedimentkonsolidering och gasproduktion testades genom att placera sedimentet i kolumner med olika locktjocklekar.Resultaten visar att bärförmågan av fiberbanksedimentet var tillräckligt för att klara av en grundlig belastning. Gränsen mellan sedimentet och övertäckningslagret var skarp i slutskedet, det innebär liten eller ingen blandning mellan skikten. Detta bevisar att sedimentet bibehåller övertäckningslager väl över sig då ytan är platt. Tolkningen av sensordata resulterade i en fiberbankvolym på 51885 m3. Fiberbankvolymen är inkomplett eftersom FluMu inte har uppmätt skiktens fullständiga tjocklekar eftersom tjocklekar har tidigare uppmätts till minst 6 m och den tolkade tjockaste punkten var 1,11 m. Den fiberrika sedimentkonsolideringen visade att ett övertäckningslager som är mycket tjock kommer att orsaka mest och snabbast konsolidering. Observationer bekräftade även gasproduktion i sedimentet.

Given an increasing number of teachers who find it difficult to engage students in teaching, it is  important  to  find  out  but  also  to  understand  the  reasons  why  students  study  geography. Furthermore, as results in education are based on student motivation, since motivation affects both the productive and the receptive knowledge, it is important to emphasize the importance of  motivation  as  a  key  factor  in  education.  Previous  research  in  this  field  is  deliberated, however, this study focuses on learners’ motivation. This study aims to investigate students’ reasons  and  their  motivation  to  study  geography  but  also  to  find  out  whether  there  are differences  concerning  motivation  depending  on  the  factors  of  age  and  gender.  Moreover,  a further purpose is to create a debate about the concept of motivation and present the significance of  motivation  in  learning.  To  achieve  the  aim  but  also  to  answer  the  research  questions,  a qualitative  method  was  used  in  this  study  in  the  form  of  a  survey.  This  study  consists  of  66 participants,  which  are  secondary  school  students  and  university  students  in  Sweden.  The respondents’ answers from the survey were converted into statistics and results are presented in table form and are based on Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Continuum. Results show that  there  are  statistically  significant  differences  according  to  age  and  gender  concerning intrinsic  and  integrated  regulation.  Based  on  the  findings  of  this  study,  suggestions  for increasing  and  developing  teachers’ knowledge   of   motivation,   since   teachers   have   a predominant role in this. For this reason, this study is valuable from an educational perspective to create successful learning.

While the school subject geography is defined as a unified subject, academic geography is divided into two scientific disciplines; human geography and physical geography, which makes the relationship between the academic disciplines and the school subject geography somewhat complicated. Research shows that the textbook is often equal to the course. The textbook has a central role in the teacher's planning of the course and is thus crucial for the student's learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate and discuss how the school subject geography is presented in textbooks. I examine how the interdisciplinary, unified subject geography, which illustrates the connections and the mutual influence between societal development, natural environments and human activity, is exemplified, and what challenges teachers face depending on the design of the textbooks. In addition to a quantitative analysis, I make a more qualitative one in order to concretize and nuance the image that emerges. The study shows that the school subject geography is mainly presented according to the identified common and specialized areas of interest, concepts and theories for the respective discipline of human and physical geography. Overall, relatively few examples in the textbooks are identified, only about 35 percent of all analyzed pages, where human-nature interaction is clear and which portrays the coherent, unified subject of geography according to the curriculum.

The increasing rate of global sea mean level rise, one of many effects of climate change, will most likelyproduce heightened risk of coastal flooding. Cities located along coastlines have to adapt to thesecircumstances that otherwise will increase the magnitude and frequency of coastal flooding. The purposeof this study is to evaluate the current and future risk of coastal flooding in central Stockholm in relationto global sea level rise. The overall coastal flood risk of central Stockholm is assessed using the currentsea level as well as with possible future sea level rise. Wave modelling is carried out in Saltsjön toestimate the possible addition to extreme sea levels from wave action. The wave characteristics isdetermined according to the physical properties of inner Saltsjön and local meteorological conditions.In-depth case studies regarding flood risk and flood prevention measures are carried out on Stadsholmenand Hammarby Sjöstad, two areas with very different physical characteristics. Areas most prone toflooding in these districts are identified using flood vulnerability maps. Suggestions for flood defencemeasures for the identified vulnerable areas are presented. It is evident that implementation of flooddefence should be adapted after the physical and social properties of the locality. Results of this studycorrelates with well with similar research claiming that there is a small risk of significant coastalflooding in central Stockholm. The flood risk will not increase significantly in the near future, primarilydue to the effect of regional uplift counteracting the global sea level rise. The accelerating rate of globalsea level rise in combination with possible trend changes of meteorological extremes will however mostlikely generate larger problems with coastal flooding in a longer time span. / En av de mest påtagliga effekterna av pågående klimatförändringar är global havsnivåhöjning. Ökademedel- samt extremnivåer kommer innebära ökad risk för översvämningar längs med kuststräckor.Städer belägna längs med kuster behöver anpassa sig efter dessa framtida förhållanden för att undvikaomfattande skador och förluster. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera den nuvarande och framtidarisken för kustöversvämning i centrala Stockholm med koppling till global havsnivåhöjning. Dengenerella risken för kustöversvämning i centrala Stockholm bedöms för den nuvarande havsnivån såvälsom för möjliga framtida havsnivåer. Modellering och beräkning av möjliga våghöjder för Saltsjönutförs för att uppskatta det potentiella tillägget till extrema havsnivåer från vågeffekter. Den potentiellavåghöjden i inre Saltsjön kontrolleras främst av de rådande meteorologiska och fysiskaförutsättningarna, så som vindens styrka och riktning. Mer ingående fallstudier gällandeöversvämningsrisk och åtgärder för att förhindra översvämningar utförs för Stadsholmen (Gamla Stan)och Hammarby Sjöstad, två områden med distinkt olika stadsbild och förutsättningar. Områden mestsårbara för kustöversvämning i dessa distrikt identifieras med hjälp av översvämningssårbarhetskartor.Förslag till åtgärder för att förhindra översvämningar i dessa områden presenteras. Hur och vad för typav översvämningsskydd som anläggs bör anpassas efter den specifika plats fysiska och estetiskaförutsättningar. Resultaten i denna studie stämmer överens med tidigare forskning vad gällande den lågarisk för kustöversvämning som finns i centrala Stockholm. Översvämningsrisken kommer inte ökanämnvärt i den närmaste framtiden, främst på grund av den regionala landhöjningens motverkandeeffekt till den globala havsnivåhöjningen. Däremot kommer hastigheten hos den globalahavsnivåhöjningen att öka. Detta i kombination med möjliga förändringar i meteorologiska extremerkommer troligtvis utgöra större risk för kustöversvämningar i ett längre tidsperspektiv.

The purpose of this work is to review how households and individuals have adapted to today's pandemic by seeing how the everyday elements that exist have changed and where movement patterns have been re-evaluated and converted into a new form of patterns. Issues that will be highlighted are: - How has the movement pattern for the household changed from a “normal everyday” life to Covid-19? - How have households adapted to conflicts over the distribution of household space? - How has the individual adapted to the new everyday life? The essay will be based on an in-depth study of households everyday lives. Where a time-geographical approach will form the basis for the theory of work. This work will be based on three parts. The primary data will consist of time diaries and semi-structured interviews. Secondary data in the form of literature will also build up a background understanding. A description of individuals' movement patterns from the time diary will shed light on different results and a deeper understanding will be gained from the interviews that are presented. Individuals 'and households' everyday lives have changed drastically since Covid-19 started, where adaptations are a big part of how individuals design their new movement patterns in their new everyday life.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of geochemistry in Swedish till and whether interpolations could predict unknown values of geochemistry between samples at a national spatial level, Sweden, and a regional, the county of Västerbotten. The information of the spatial distribution of the elements and the interpolations accurateness has several applications. For example, the establishing of infrastructure.  Which, in Sweden, is regulated by Naturvårdsverkets guidelines for sensitive land management (KM) and less sensitive land management (MKM) since elements can be harmful for the environment and health above certain levels. The guidelines for waste disposal of soil with levels of less than slight risk (MRR) does also acquire knowledge about the background levels of an area which are found in the C-horizon. The aim of the study was therefore to answer the following questions 1) Which interpolation method provides the most accurate prediction for the various elements at the national and regional level? 2) How does the calculated levels of geochemistry differ from the sampled ones for the two spatial levels? The study was conducted by studying the levels of ten elements in the C-horizon at the two spatial levels were the regional had greater sample density than the national. The interpolations that were used for these elements were the local interpolation methods kriging, inverse distance weighting (IDW), natural neighbour, thiessen polygons and triangular irregular network (TIN). Samples were gathered from Sweden’s geological Surveys (SGU) for the elements that are regulated by Naturvårdsverkets guidelines which was why these ten elements were studied: arsenic, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc. The interpolations were done with two thirds of  the data. A validation was done with the remaining third by calculating root mean square error (RMSE). For the interpolation method with the lowest RMSE, the mean absolute square error (MAPE) was calculated for all the validation points to see how the calculated levels differed from the samples. The result showed that kriging and IDW were the most accurate interpolation methods for the data but that some of the studied elements need even greater sample density to become more correct. This can be solved by doing a cross-validation of the existing data. Furthermore, the interpolations were more accurate at the regional level for elements except antimony. The higher accuracy can be explained by the higher sample density at the regional level. At the national level the interpolations worked better in the north of Sweden than in the south which needs further studying. Overall, the interpolations were the least accurate when the levels of the elements were low, which may be the reason why antimony showed higher RMSE at the regional level. In conclusion the study showed that it is possible to use interpolations to predict values at unknown places with different accurateness.

Soil erosion has been recognized as an increasing threat to the environment and humans worldwide as anthropogenic activities have accelerated the soil degradation rate. In Sweden, it is estimated that 15% of the arable land is affected by soil erosion, and studies have shown that fields in the south of Sweden lose a substantial amount of soil under certain weather conditions. However, few studies have investigated current soil erosion rates and sediment yield on a large scale, focusing on Sweden. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the annual soil erosion for all erodible surfaces in the southern half of Sweden and calculate the sediment load emitted into adjacent seas. I here applied the RUSLE model, which is the most widely used soil erosion model worldwide. The model required secondary data of precipitation, soil properties, LULC, and topography.The findings showed that most erodible surfaces in the study area eroded less than 0.5 t ha-1y-1. However, it varied considerably in both space and time. The catchments on the western part of the study area had, in general, a higher mean value than watersheds on the eastern coast. The total sediment load entering the Baltic Sea was 123500 t y-1, while Skagerrak and Kattegat's load was approximately 20% higher. Higher soil erodibility, rainfall erosivity, and steeper slope gradient in these regions could partly explain the spatial pattern. Large temporal variabilities in rainfall erosivity indicated that soil erosion and sediment transportation mainly occurred during the summer. However, previous research suggests that other erosive processes have a more significant impact on soil erosion than rainfall. Thus, the RUSLE may not predict the full extent of soil erosion occurring in the study area. Nevertheless, since there is no previous large-scale estimate of soil erosion in Sweden, it provides insights into the potential risks and extent of rainfall-induced erosion.

Carbon storage in agricultural soils is an important measure to mitigate climate change. As the soil management techniques can greatly influence the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils, the influence of different managements was analyzed in a literature review for northern Europe and Sweden. With a unique dataset, the temporal development of soil organic matter, and in a case study the influence of SOM on crop yield in Sweden was examined, as well as the relationship of SOM towards clay content and pH level. For northern Europe, organic amendments in form of manure and sewage sludge application and crop residue incorporation as well as nitrogen fertilization and diverse crop rotations indicate a positive impact on soil organic carbon. The influence of reduced tillage was found to be less impactful. Detailed development of SOM in Swedish agricultural fields remains unclear due to data restraints and scarcity, but for the Skåne region the data analysis suggests a stable SOM content for the time period analyzed. The relationship of SOM to crop yield remains unclear but indicates that SOM can have a positive effect on crop yield. More research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of development, management influence and yield response on soil organic carbon for northern Europe.

Measuring soil moisture content (SMC) in mining waste rock is important for assessing and modelling hydrological processes which influence pollutant release. Here, an experimental setup containing mining waste rock is established to compare the performance of 4 Arduino capacitance moisture sensors to one single Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensor. Furthermore, the performance of these sensors is evaluated in both sieved and unsieved mining waste rock. Fitted calibration curves are provided for both the TDR- and Arduino-sensors individually and in combination. These calibration curves are evaluated using the RMSE and R 2 of each curve and compared between sensors and soil texture. It is concluded that using more capacitance sensors significantly improves the fit statistics of the calibration curves and that using at least 4 capacitance sensors can enhance calibration curve fitting. For both the TDR and capacitance sensors, the calibration curves in sieved soil provided the best fit, meaning that soil specific calibration of sensors is recommended. On a sensor individual basis, the temporal precision of the TDR sensor was superior to each individual capacitance sensor. Use of 4 or more Arduino capacitance sensors may especially be justified in circumstances where the spatial variability of SMC is addressed by executing a large number of measurements. Here, the feasibility of the Arduino sensor system means that the use of these low-cost sensors, despite their reduced temporal precision, can be upscaled at relatively small costs.