Cette thèse examine l'impact socio­économique de l'éco­construction en Israël et en France et vise à identifier si les aspects sociaux sont intégrés dans l'urbanisme durable dans les deux pays. Nous comparons les contextes politiques et les outils de l'éco­construction et nous examinons si le logement social et la mixité sont présents dans les politiques et les pratiques de l'éco­construction. Nous nous demandons également si les bâtiments écologiquement certifiés favorisent la gentrification, de façon involontaire ou intentionnelle. Comme nous pouvons l'observer dans d'autres pays, nous avons constaté qu'il existe une «prime verte» en Israël, où les appartements certifiés ont tendance à être systématiquement plus chers pour les acheteurs que ded appartements similaires non certifiés. La certification écologique augmente les prix de vente des appartements de 3% à 14%. En outre, la «prime verte» en termes de prix de vente d'un appartement dans un bâtiment certifié est nettement plus élevée que les surcoûts liés à l'éco­construction. Nous démontrons grâce à trois exemples significatifs (à Tel Aviv, Yavneh et Dimona) que les bâtiments écologiquement certifiés sont utilisés comme un outil de gentrification pour attirer les classes moyennes dans des quartiers précédemment populaires. En France, comme en Israël, l'éco­construction est principalement pratiquée dans les zones urbaines de classe moyenne ­et dans les quartiers à faible revenu des villes riches comme Paris, pour attirer les résidents de la classe moyenne. Comme en Israël, nous ne trouvons pas de quartiers "durables" dans les zones aisées des villes riches. Cependant, contrairement à Israël, nous trouvons des logements certifiés dans des localités pauvres (comme Reims). La politique française favorise la mixité sociale et la construction de logements sociaux certifiés dans les éco­quartiers. Ainsi, il y a un effort apparent pour construire des logements à la fois écologiques et abordables. Cependant, dans les municipalités riches et à revenus moyens, la part des logements sociaux écologiques réellement disponibles pour les populations à faible revenu est minime puisque la plupart des logements sociaux sont finalement destinés aux classes moyennes. / This thesis considers the socio­economic impact of 'green' building in Israel and France and, examines whether socil aspect are integrated in approaches to sustainable urbanism in the two countries. We compare policy contexts and 'green' building instruments in France and Israel and, considered whether affordable housing and social diversity are part of green building policy and green building implementation. We also inquire whether green buildings foster gentrification–inadvertently or intentionally. As observed in other countries, we found that there is a 'green premium' in Israel, whereby certified apartments tend to be systematically more expensive for homebuyers than similar non­certified apartments. Green building certification was found to raise apartment sale prices by between 3% and 14%. Moreover, the typical 'green premium' – in terms of the sale price of an apartment in a certified building – is significantly higher than the additional construction costs required to build it. We show in three case studies (in Tel Aviv, Yavneh and Dimona), that 'green' building is being used as a gentrification tool, to attract middle class households to previously poor neighborhoods. In France, as in Israel, 'green' building is mainly practiced in middle­class urban areas – and in low­income areas of wealthy cities like Paris, to attract middle class residents. Like in Israel, we do not find 'green' neighborhoods in rich areas of wealthy cities. However, in contrast to Israel, we find 'green' housing in poor French localities (like Reims). The French policy promotes social diversity and the construction of 'green' public social housing in the eco­districts. Thus, there is an ostensibl effort to build housing that is both "green" and affordable. However, in affluent and average municipalities, the share of 'green' social public housing actually available to low­income groups is minimal – since most public social housing is ultimately allocated to higher­income groups.

Tulsa, Oklahoma's historically African American neighborhood of Greenwood in North Tulsa has long been contested terrain. Built by black settlers beginning in the late nineteenth-century, the neighborhood evolved into a vibrant community challenged by waves of violence--segregation at statehood in 1907, the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, ongoing disinvestment, and processes of urban renewal beginning in the late 1950s--that contributed to the erosion of the neighborhood and the eventual displacement of many area residents into remote housing projects further into North Tulsa. These waves of violence were propelled by Oklahoma lawmakers, local Tulsa government officials, members of the Ku Klux Klan, and private white citizens who worked to expand the city's color line by controlling the placement and visibility of black people in Tulsa and gain ownership of Greenwood--as the neighborhood was, and is, located on desirable land. The people of Greenwood met these waves of violence with acts of resistance. They organized and lobbied against segregation at statehood, fought to save their community during the Tulsa Race Riot, and galvanized to rebuild almost immediately after. They maintained a culture of interdependence that contributed to strength in community and economy. Beginning in the late 1950s, they protested their displacement. However, by the late 1980s, the ravages of slum clearance and expressway building had rendered much of Greenwood unlivable and many residents had no choice but to relocate. The loss of historic place and increased distance between community members made it difficult to maintain their shared identity and culture of interdependence. Taken altogether, these four waves of violence functioned as tools to carry out the city of Tulsa's longstanding agenda of reclaiming the prime urban real estate of Greenwood while broadening the area of land that segregated black & white Tulsa. At the root existed white supremacy: the belief in the inherent superiority of the white race and its fundamental right to dominate society.

Gävle beräknas inom de kommande åren växa med cirka 500 invånare per år, vilket måste avspeglas i satsningar på bostäder, arbete och service. Fastigheten Skeppsbyggaren, mer känd som Philipsontomten, bär anor från svunna industriepoker och har sedan mitten av 1990-talet stått oexploaterad. Genom att närma sig vattnet med en alltmer publik verksamhet och bostäder kan kvarteret Skeppsbyggaren medföra en förtätning samt utvidgning av de centrala delarna i Gävle. Vidare kan fastigheten bli ett bidrag till en redan värdefull kulturmiljö, något som bör ligga i både invånarnas, kommunens och ägaren CA Fastigheters intresse. Vårt arbete har gått ut på att projektera ett miljöcertifierat gestaltningsförslag för Skeppsbyggaren som bidrar till en hållbar stadsutveckling och en positiv exponering av Gävle som stad. Att miljöcertifiera byggnader är något som vunnit mark de senaste åren, men vid projektering av hela bostadsområden finns ett värde i att ta ett ytterligare steg och behandla hållbarhetsfrågor rörande hela stadsdelen. Den problembild som varit knuten till fastigheten är den intilliggande industriverksamheten, områdets ansträngda trafiksituation och att gator i anslutning till fastigheten upplevs som otrygga och därmed oattraktiva att beträda. Även den höga risken för markföroreningar associerade till tidigare verksamheter har varit en central fråga. Med stöd av Gehls och Jacobs teorier om en stadsdelsplanering som lockar till möten, aktiviteter och trygghet har vi med människan i centrum tagit fram vårt gestaltningsförslag. Området utgörs huvudsakligen av flera sammanhängande byggnader som tillsammans skapar en bullerdämpande barriär mot Södra Skeppsbron och Brodingatan. Denna bebyggelse kompletteras med ett punkthus samt en lågbebyggelse i form av radhuskroppar på innergården. Målet har varit att med huskropparnas placering och dess arkitektoniska utformning skapa ett varierat och inbjudande område som uttrycker sitt århundrade med god arkitektur. Resultatet innefattar bland annat ett underjordiskt garage, förslag till systemlösningar, egen elproduktion och brukarrelaterade lösningar för en mindre miljöpåverkan såsom bilpool, urban odling och individuell mätning av elförbrukning med mera. Förslaget uppnår betyget VERY GOOD vid vår certifiering med miljöcertifieringsverktyget BREEAM Communities. / Gävle is expected to increase its population with approximately 500 inhabitants per year in the foreseeable future, which should be reflected in the development of housing, work and services. The building plot Skeppsbyggaren, also known as Philipsontomten (the Philipson plot), dates back to an old industrial epoch and has since the mid-1990s, remained undeveloped. By approaching the water with an increasingly public business and residential district Skeppsbyggaren can lead to a densification and extension of the central parts of Gävle. The site could furthermore contribute to an already valuable cultural environment, which should be of interest for the inhabitants, the society and the owner CA Fastigheter. Our aim has been to design an eco-certified housing project proposal for Skeppsbyggaren, which contributes to a sustainable urban development and a positive exposure of Gävle. In recent years, the certification of building is something that gained ground, but during the development of entire neighborhoods is worthwhile consider sustainability issues at a larger scale, throughout the district. The problems associated with the property have been the adjacent industrial activity, the area’s strained traffic and that the nearby streets are perceived as unsafe and therefore unattractive to use. The high risk of contaminated land linked to past activities was also a central issue. We have developed a design proposal with a people-centered focus supported by Gehl’s and Jacob’s theories of planning a high functional neighborhood that attract human encounters, social activities and security. The area mainly consists of several connected buildings, which together create a noise-reducing barrier against the adjacent streets. This development is complemented by tower blocks and low buildings in the form of townhouses, located in the courtyard. Our aim regarding the positions of the buildings and its architectural designs has been to create a diverse and inviting neighborhood that expresses good architecture out of its own century. The final result includes an underground garage, selection of systems such as ventilation and heating, a local production of electricity and user-related suggestions for a smaller environmental impact such as carpools, urban gardening and individual metering of the consumption of electricity, and so on. Our proposal achieves the grade VERY GOOD in our certification using BREEAM Communities.

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - GRIGOLETTO - atual.pdf: 2119347 bytes, checksum: bf1da810aa7043520a5dba5f247e0069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / No período recente, um amplo processo de criação de cooperativas em bairros rurais e assentamentos rurais de reforma agrária tem sido observado no Brasil. Diferentes estudos tem interpretado essa emergência como resultado de incentivos ao cooperativismo inscritos em políticas públicas de compra institucional de alimentos, como o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Ainda que estas pesquisas divirjam quanto à validade dessa forma organizacional como meio para a organização produtiva de agricultores familiares e assentados rurais, pouca atenção tem se dado às práticas empregadas por estes para manter essas organizações operando. O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender como se dá a manutenção de organizações de agricultores familiares em espaços impactados por ações de reordenamento fundiário. Para tanto, adota uma visão processual da organização, dando ênfase à sua emergência através de interações sociais situadas no tempo e no espaço. À essa visão, fundamentada na abordagem do organizar, procura integrar pressupostos da teoria institucional em organizações. Tomando o Guapiruvu, um bairro de Sete Barras, município do Vale do Ribeira, como espaço de análise, adota o lugar como nível de análise. Entendendo que a ação e a construção de sentidos não se dá em um vazio, mas sim como um processo relacional contínuo e historicamente situado que é delimitado por sistemas locais e extra-locais de sentidos, conclui que a manutenção se dá através de práticas de mediação institucional baseada na delimitação das fronteiras do organizar e, complementarmente, da institucionalização de contradições como forma de acomodação de inconsistências e tensões entre arranjos institucionais que se sobrepõe no lugar sem, no entanto, serem convergentes. Para tanto, propõe um modelo analítico adequado à realização de análises diacrônicas, o que permitiu identificar o relevante papel da história na formação de crenças e emoções e na ressignificação de instituições como a família e a religião, compondo, desse modo, sua substância. / In recent years, a large process of establishing cooperatives in rural agrarian reform settlements has been observed in Brazil. Different researchers have interpreted this emergency as a result of incentives to cooperativism enrolled in public food procurement schemes like Food Procurement Program (PAA) and School Feeding National Program (PNAE). Although research on the subject diverges on the validity of this organizational form as a tool for organizing settlements, little attention has been given to the different practices used by the members of these cooperatives to keep them operating. The objective of this research is to understand how the maintenance of organizations of family farmers in spaces impacted by land reform takes place. To do so, it adopts a procedural vision of the organization, emphasizing its emergence through social interactions situated in time and space. This view, based on the approach of organizing, seeks to integrate some assumptions of organizational institutionalism. The study was conducted at a neighborhood called Guapiruvu, located at Sete Barras, a municipality of Ribeira Valley. The place was adopted as the level of analysis. Understanding that action and the construction of meanings do not take place in a vacuum, but rather as a continuous and historically situated process that is delimited by local and extra-local meaning systems, this research concludes that maintenance takes place through practices of institutional mediation based on the delimitation of the boundaries of organizing and, in addition, the institutionalization of contradictions as a form of accommodation of inconsistencies and tensions between institutional arrangements that overlap in place without, however, being convergent. In order to do so, it proposes an analytical model appropriate to an institutional approach of the organizing that allows performing diachronic analyzes. By doing this, it allowed to identify the relevant role of history in the formation of beliefs and emotions that permitted the re-signification of institutions such as family and religion, thus composing its substance.

Aux États-Unis, les villes connaissent une crise urbaine qui se manifeste par l’existence de quartiers centraux détériorés, concentrant les minorités pauvres. Les quartiers de Jefferson-Mack (Detroit) et Hunts Point (South Bronx, New York) en sont des archétypes. Ils sont pourtant animés par d’importantes mobilisations civiques, se focalisant sur des questions environnementales et alimentaires. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer le potentiel d’initiatives environnementales et alimentaires à améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants des inner cities. La première partie, en mobilisant un corpus d’études urbaines, présente ces quartiers comme les produits d’une crise urbaine structurelle. Nous mettons en évidence que les habitants y subissent une « crise urbaine de l’habiter », dans laquelle les nuisances, les pollutions et le manque d’accessibilité aux ressources environnementales et alimentaires, sont déterminants pour comprendre l’essor des mobilisations. La deuxième partie explique le rôle des mobilisations civiques environnementales et alimentaires dans ces quartiers. En nous appuyant sur les corpus de la justice environnementale et alimentaire, nous démontrons que l’hybridation des questions environnementales, alimentaires, sociales et spatiales a reconfiguré l’action collective. La troisième partie analyse les enjeux de la réappropriation du territoire, à partir du corpus des commons studies. À travers le cas de l’agriculture urbaine et d’autres pratiques établies sur des espaces vacants, nous montrons que la réappropriationdu territoire procure de multiples bénéfices. Loin d’être cantonnée aux domaines environnementaux et alimentaires, elle permet d’améliorer partiellement – mais non sans heurts – les conditions de l’habiter. / American cities are still affected by the urban crisis, patent through the existence of low-income inner city neighborhoods, concentrating the urban poor and ethnic minorities. The neighborhoods of Jefferson-Mack (Detroit) and Hunts Point (South Bronx, New York) are both considered icons of the urban crisis. Yet they witness substantial environmental and food justice activism. The purpose of this thesis is to understand how grassroots environmental and food practices can be used to improve living conditions for inner city communities. The first section analyzes how these two blighted neighborhoods are products of a structural urban crisis. By using a corpus of urban studies on urban decline, we demonstrate how the daily lives of residents reveal a “crisis of urban living” in which noxious uses and pollution as well as limited environmental and food access are key factors triggering grassroots activism. The second section is grounded in a corpus of studies on environmental and food justice, in order to explore the role of environmental and food justice activism in these neighborhoods. We defend that the hybridity between environmental, food, social and spatial issues reconfigured grassroots activism. The third section mobilizes a corpus of commons studies to analyze the challenges of reclaiming urban space. By studying the rise of urban agriculture and other environmental amenities occurring on vacant land, we explore the multiple benefits of community urban space reclamation. Beyond environmental and food benefits, and despitesome conflicting issues, reclaiming urban space allows transformative processes to noticeably yet incompletely improve living conditions.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Une des priorités des gouvernements chiliens entre 1990 et 2005 était la réduction du déficit de logements. Les progrès ont été significatifs sur le plan quantitatif mais pas sur le qualitatif. Dans ce contexte, la première administration Bachelet a mis en place la Nouvelle politique du logement et d’amélioration de la qualité et l'intégration sociale, qui comprend le premier programme de réhabilitation des quartiers vulnérables, Quiero mi Barrio (PQMB). Une première étape d’étude reconstruit la généalogie et formulation du PQMB et une deuxième examine le développement, notamment à partir d’une étude de cas de deux quartiers. Les résultats indiquent qu’une intégration sociale à l’intérieur des territoires a primé sur une intégration sociale urbaine des quartiers par rapport au reste de la ville. PQMB apparaît comme un programme participatif d’amélioration d’espaces publiques, résultat qui renferme un processus dialectique provenant des décisions et des pratiques de tous les acteurs impliqués. PQMB a toutefois réussi à changer le référentiel des politiques de logement, de la satisfaction de la quantité à la considération de standards de qualité, ainsi qu’à introduire la participation comme un processus indispensable. Plutôt qu’une approche territoriale globale on observe une territorialisation des dépenses publiques, n’étant jamais suffisante pour répondre à la complexité du problème. Nous identifions ainsi trois impératifs pour la réhabilitation chilienne des quartiers défavorisés : le développement d’un système d’appui institutionnel collaboratif, riche et varié, un véritable travail interdisciplinaire, et une pratique d’échanges permanents entre chercheurs et praticiens. / One of the Chilean governments priorities between 1990 and 2005 was the reduction of the housing deficit. Progress has been significant quantitatively, but not qualitatively. In this context, the first Bachelet administration has implemented New housing policy of quality improvement and social integration, which includes the first rehabilitation program for distressed neighborhoods, Quiero mi Barrio (PQMB). A first research stage reconstructs the genealogy and formulation of the PQMB, and a second examines its development, in particular through a case study of two neighborhoods. The results show that a social integration within the territories took precedence over an urban social integration of the neighborhoods in relation to the rest of the city. PQMB appears as a participatory program to improve public spaces, which contains a dialectical process coming from the decisions and practices of all actors involved. However, PQMB has achieved a paradigm shift from quantity to quality in terms of Chilean housing policies, as well as the introduction of citizen participation as an indispensable process. Rather than a comprehensive territorial approach, a territorialization of public spending is observed, which is nonetheless never sufficient to tackle the complexity of the problem. We thus identify three imperatives for the Chilean rehabilitation of disadvantaged neighborhoods: the development of a collaborative institutional support system, rich and varied; a real interdisciplinary work; and a permanent exchange between researchers and practitioners. / Una de las prioridades de los gobiernos chilenos entre 1990 y 2005 fue la reducción del déficit habitacional. Los progresos han sido significativos en el plano cuantitativo, pero no así en el cualitativo. En este contexto, la primera administración de Bachelet implementó la Nueva Política Habitacional de Mejoramiento de la Calidad y la Integración Social, que incluye el primer programa de recuperación de barrios vulnerables, Quiero mi Barrio (PQMB). Una primera etapa de investigación reconstruye la genealogía y formulación del PQMB, y una segunda examina su desarrollo, particularmente a partir de un estudio de caso de dos barrios. Los resultados indican que una integración social al interior de los territorios primó por sobre una integración social urbana de los barrios respecto al resto de la ciudad. El PQMB aparece como un programa participativo de mejoramiento de espacios públicos, resultado que encierra un proceso dialéctico derivado de las decisiones y prácticas de todos los actores implicados. No obstante, el PQMB logró cambiar el referencial de las políticas habitacionales, de la satisfacción de la cantidad a la consideración de estándares de calidad, así como también introducir la participación como un proceso indispensable. En lugar de un enfoque territorial integral, se observa una territorialización del gasto público que nunca es suficiente para satisfacer la complejidad del problema. La tesis identifica tres imperativos para la recuperación de barrios vulnerables en Chile: el desarrollo de un sistema de apoyo institucional y de colaboración, rico y variado, un auténtico trabajo interdisciplinario, y una práctica de intercambio permanente entre investigadores y profesionales ejecutores.

The systemic model posits that informal social control directly reduces crime victimization and social networks indirectly reduce crime victimization through informal social control. While empirical testing of the systemic model advanced the theory, important analytical issues remain. First, social networks are inconsistently conceptualized and measured. Second, the conceptual relationship between social networks and informal social control remains unclear. This study addresses these issues by testing an alternative to the systemic model, including new constructs and hypotheses. The goal is to develop better indicators for the model and refine the theory, rethinking and deepening the existing theory about neighborhood effects on crime victimization. The data come from the 2002-2003 Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey (N=2,200). Structural equation modeling (SEM), a multivariate statistical technique, was used to analyze these data. The SEM included five latent constructs (neighboring, neighborhood and non-neighborhood social networks, collective efficacy, and crime victimization) and six social structural variables (racially homogeneous neighborhood, resident tenure, household income, family disruption, male, and non-white ethnicity). One of my 9 hypotheses was supported; the remaining hypotheses were partly supported. The results support my argument that the systemic model is too simplistic, but the relationships among the variables are not exactly as I hypothesized. The results provide insight into the complexities of the systemic model and areas for future research.

In this diploma thesis the main task is to clarify the development of residential properties in city of Rychnov nad Kněžnou. The thesis deals with this city since its foundation to the present day. The work is divided into several chapters of development of construction and each of these periods is represented by a characteristic building. Development of the construction, main traits of a period and the materials used for the construction of residential property are described for each period, including drawings, maps and plans of the city Rychnov nad Kněžnou, which depict the urban composition of the location and placement of selected residential properties used in the thesis. These maps binds analysis of development potential of construction. There is also a photographic documentation of historical development of Rychnov streets and neighborhoods.