Introduktion: Fysisk inaktivitet beskrivs idag som ett växande globalt folkhälsoproblem där en tredjedel av världens alla vuxna inte når upp till de internationella rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet. Fysisk inaktivitet fastställs även som en av de ledande riskfaktor för förtida död och förknippas ofta med sjukdomar som hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, diabetes och cancer. Kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år boende i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden beskrivs vara i särskild risk för fysisk inaktivitet, framförallt då bristande möjligheter till att utöva fysisk aktivitet är ledande för denna befolkningsgrupp. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva vilka riskfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk inaktivitet samt vilka skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till fysisk aktivitet bland kvinnor i åldrarna 18–64 år i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden i höginkomstländer. Metod: Den metod som tillämpades var en systematisk litteraturöversikt där 20 vetenskapliga artiklar stod till grund för resultatet. De databaser som användes i studien var PubMed och Medline och de vetenskapliga artiklarna var publicerade mellan år 2005–2020. Vidare granskades och bearbetats dessa artiklar utifrån en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisades med utgångspunkt från tre huvudteman; socioekonomiska faktorer, psykosociala faktorer samt fysisk miljö. I resultatet framkom det att faktorer som låg utbildningsnivå, låg nivå av self-efficacy, avsaknad av socialt stöd samt bristande ekonomiska förutsättningar och fysisk miljö var påverkande orsaker till fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden. Slutsats: Utifrån resultatet går det att dra slutsatsen att fysisk inaktivitet bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden är ett synnerligen viktigt ämne som berör många perspektiv, både på individnivå och på samhällsnivå. Den fysiska inaktiviteten bland kvinnor i socioekonomiskt missgynnade stadsdelar handlar i stora delar om brist på de skyddsfaktorer som kan bidra till en ökad fysisk aktivitet. / Introduction: Physical inactivity is described as a growing global public health problem where one third of all the world’s adults do not achieve the international recommendations for physical activity. Physical inactivity is also identified as one of the leading risk factors for premature death and is often associated with diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods are described as being at particular risk of physical inactivity, especially as lack of opportunitiesis common among this group of population when it comes to physical activity. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to describe the risk factors that can contribute to physical inactivity and the protective factors that can contribute to physical activity among women aged 18-64 living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods in high-income countries. Methods: The method used was a systematic literature review based on 20 scientific articles.The databases that were used in the study were PubMed and Medline and the scientific articles were published between 2005–2020. Furthermore, these articles were reviewed and processed on the basis of a thematic content analysis. Results: The results were presented on the basis of three main themes; socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and physical environment. The results showed that factors such as low level of education, low level of self efficacy, lack of social support and lack of financial prerequisites and physical environment were influential causes of physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is a particularly important topic that affects many perspectives, both at the individual level and at the societal level. The physical inactivity among women in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is largely due to a lack of the protective factors that can contribute to increased physical activity.

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to describe the interactions (formal and informal) in which macrocognitive functions occur and their location on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU); describe challenges and facilitators of macrocognition using three constructs of space syntax (openness, connectivity, and visibility); and analyze the health care built environment (HCBE) using those constructs to explicate influences on macrocognition. Background: In high reliability, complex industries, macrocognition is an approach to develop new knowledge among interprofessional team members. Although macrocognitive functions have been analyzed in multiple health care settings, the effect of the HCBE on those functions has not been directly studied. The theoretical framework, “Macrocognition in the Health Care Built Environment” (m-HCBE) addresses this relationship. Methods: A focused ethnographic study was conducted, including observation and focus groups. Architectural drawing files used to create distance matrices and isovist field view analyses were compared to panoramic photographs and ethnographic data. Results: Neighborhoods comprised of corner configurations with maximized visibility enhanced team interactions as well as observation of patients, offering the greatest opportunity for informal situated macrocognitive interactions (SMIs). Conclusions: Results from this study support the intricate link between macrocognitive interactions and space syntax constructs within the HCBE. These findings help to advance the m-HCBE theory for improving physical space by designing new spaces or refining existing spaces, or for adapting IPT practices to maximize formal and informal SMI opportunities; this lays the groundwork for future research to improve safety and quality for patient and family care.

Anthropogenic impact on the environment, mainly resource depletion and pollution, is limiting the potential for future generations to have the same resources that previous generations have enjoyed. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges of our time will be curtailing our own personal impacts on the environment. To do this, we must adopt more sustainable lifestyles at home. This research sought to understand how neighborhood identity affects sustainability at the household level. In the summer of 2012, residents of two neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon completed 314 self-report, web-based surveys. The neighborhoods selected for this research were demographically similar, but one projected a sustainable neighborhood identity and the other did not. Survey questions were designed to determine respondents: level of engagement in their neighborhood, attitudes towards the environment, and adherence to sustainable behaviors. Findings suggest that neighborhood engagement can influence household sustainability levels in Portland. This research also suggests that the city or region may have more effect on perceived household sustainability than the neighborhood does.

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I Sverige har en negativ utveckling skett i vissa geografiskt avgränsade bostadsområden, så kallade utsatta områden. Att minska brottsligheten och öka tryggheten i utsatta områden är av stor vikt. Det är därför relevant att undersöka huruvida kommuner med utsatta områden bedriver ett programtroget brottsförebyggande arbete. Syftet med studien var därmed att undersöka hur väl tre kommuner (Helsingborg, Kristianstad och Landskrona) har implementerat den brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande metoden Effektiv samordning förtrygghet (EST), samt vilka faktorer som har påverkat implementeringprocessen. De två frågeställningarna var 1. I vilken utsträckning har de tre skånska kommunerna Helsingborg, Kristianstad och Landskrona implementerat EST? 2. Vilka faktorer har påverkat kommunernas implementeringsprocess av EST? Genom tematisk analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer har studien eftersträvat en inblick i flera aktörers (N=9) arbetsprocess kring och implementering av EST-metoden. Resultatet från intervjuerna indikerar att EST till viss del är implementerad i de tre kommunerna då kommunerna arbetar med samtliga steg i EST och metoden har bidragit till en god samverkan. Det framgår dock även att det finns ett behov av utbildning kring EST-metoden och ett mer metodtroget arbete. Av resultatet framgår även att ett antal faktorer har påverkat implementeringen av EST: metodens komplexitet; kommunikation och förankring av metoden; aktörernas lämplighet; aktörernas personliga egenskaper; graden av tillgänglig information om metoden; aktörernas delaktighet; strukturella omständigheter; metodtrogenhet samt uppföljning och återkoppling. Förhoppningen är att lagen “Kommuner mot brott” tydliggör hur arbetet ska se ut och fördelas. Resultatet kan således ge en vägledning för andra kommuner gällande vilka faser i implementeringen som kan utgöra en utmaning samt vilka faktorer som påverkar implementeringsprocessen. / In Sweden, a negative development has taken place in certain geographically delimited residential areas, so-called vulnerable areas. Reducing crime and increasing perceived safety and security in vulnerable areas is of great importance. It is therefore relevant to investigate whether municipalities with vulnerable areas carry out methodical crime prevention work. The purpose of the study was thus to investigate how well three municipalities (Helsingborg, Kristianstad and Landskrona) have implemented the crime prevention method Effective Coordination for Safety (EST), and which factors have affected the implementation process. The two main issues were 1. To what extent have the three Scanian municipalities of Helsingborg, Kristianstad and Landskrona implemented EST? 2. What factors have influenced the municipalities' implementation process of EST? Through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, the study has sought an insight into several actors' (N = 9) work process regarding, and implementation of, the method. The results indicate that EST is to some extent implemented, as the municipalities work with all steps in EST, and the method has contributed to a good collaboration amongst actors. However, it is also evident that there is a need for education regarding the method and more extensive methodical work. In addition, the results show that several factors have influenced the implementation of EST: the method’s complexity; communication and anchoring of the method; suitability of the actors; personal characteristics of the actors; information available on the method; stakeholder participation; structural circumstances, as well as follow-up and feedback. It is to be hoped that the law "Municipalities against crime" clarifies how the crime preventative work should be carried out and allocated. The results can thus provide guidance for other municipalities regarding which phases in the implementation might constitute a challenge and which factors affect the implementation process.

Overall this thesis analyzes a strain of the white supremacist vision in Denton, Texas via a case study of a former middle-class black neighborhood. This former community, Quakertown, was removed by white city officials and leaders in the early 1920s and was replaced with a public city park. Nearly a century later, the story of Quakertown is celebrated in Denton and is remembered through many sites of memory such as a museum, various texts, and several city, county, and state historical markers. Both the history and memory of Quakertown reveal levels of dominating white supremacy in Denton, ranging from harmless to violent. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 focus on the history of Quakertown. I begin chapter 2 by examining as many details as possible that reveal the middle-class nature of the black community and its residents. Several of these details show that Quakertown residents not only possessed plentiful material items, but they also had high levels of societal involvement both within their community as well as around Denton. Despite being a self-sufficient and successful community, Quakertown residents were not immune to the culture of racial fear that existed in Denton, which was common to countless towns and communities across the South during the Jim Crow era. I identify several factors that contributed to this culture of fear on the national level and explore how they were regularly consumed by Denton citizens in the 1910s and 1920s. After establishing Quakertown and the racist society in which it thrived, in chapter 3 I then examine the various sects of what I term the “white coalition,” such as local politicians, prominent citizens, and city clubs and organizations, who came together to construct a reason to remove the black community out of fear because of its proximity to the white women’s college, the College of Industrial Arts. I then look at the steps they took that secured the passage of the bond referendum that would allow them to legally remove the black neighborhood. Chapter 4 largely focuses on the ways in which the white coalition ensured the black community was transferred from Quakertown to its new community on the outskirts of town, Solomon Hill, from 1922-1923. These ways overwhelmingly included outright racial violence or the repeated threat of it. I then briefly describe the quality of Solomon Hill in the years after the relocation. I also summarize how and why the story of Quakertown was lost over time–among both white and black citizens–and conclude with the discovery of a Quakertown artifact in 1989, which initiated the renaissance period of Quakertown’s memory. In chapters 5 and 6 I switch gears and analyze the memory of Quakertown today via sites of memory. I begin by providing a brief historiography of New South memory studies in chapter 5. This review is important before delving into the specifics of the memory of Quakertown, because 1920s Denton was a microcosm of the New South, specifically in terms of race relations and dominating white supremacist ideals. I explore some of the different techniques utilized by memory historians to evaluate how and why the white supremacist vision dominated the southern region during the Jim Crow era; I, in turn, then use those same techniques to reveal how the white supremacist vision in Denton dominated at the same time. In chapter 6 I provide in-depth analysis of the most prominent sites of memory in Denton that, today, are dedicated to the memory of Quakertown. Collective analysis of these sites reveals levels of white exploitation, blatant omissions, and general misuse surrounding the story of the black removal and experience. I conclude my thesis by stressing that although the white vision today is shaped differently than it was during Jim Crow, it nonetheless still exists in Denton today, as evidenced in the treatment of the sites of Quakertown’s memory.

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Notre recherche doctorale porte sur les politiques de lutte contre la dualisation socio-spatiale menées à Bruxelles et Montréal. Ces politiques publiques ont été introduites à la fin des années 1980 dans un très grand nombre de villes occidentales (Equal Opportunity Policies et Urban Regeneration Policies dans le cadre du programme Action for Cities en Grande-Bretagne, Soziale Stadt en Allemagne, la politique de la ville en France, Urban et Objectif 2 au niveau européen, etc.) en raison de la montée de l’exclusion et de menace pesant sur la cohésion sociale urbaine. Ces politiques publiques se fondent sur la logique de ciblage territorial, de mobilisation locale et sur une approche intégrée mêlant des actions sur le bâti, les équipements collectifs et des actions sociales. C’est pourquoi elles introduisent plusieurs ruptures par rapport aux modes d’intervention publique à l’œuvre jusqu’alors. La diffusion de ces politiques publiques nous a incitée à interroger la standardisation et les transformations de l’action publique véhiculées par ce type de politiques publiques. Notre démarche se caractérise non seulement par la comparaison de deux villes, mais aussi de deux politiques publiques et de trois quartiers dans chacune des deux villes. <p>1.\ / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished