How the theme of this diploma project says, this work deals with present law regulation concerned to property rights, its content, its preservation and restriction, ways of its acquirement, co-ownership and expropriation, regulation of neighbourhood law, negotiation of realty ownerships and record of this ownerships to real estate register.

Ce mémoire traite de synthèse de textures volumiques anisotropes à partir d’une observation 2D unique. Nous présentons différentes variantes d’algorithmes non paramétriques et multi-échelles. Leur principale particularité réside dans le fait que le processus de synthèse 3D s’appuie sur l’échantillonnage d’une seule image 2D d’entrée, en garantissant la cohérence selon les différentes vues de la texture 3D. Deux catégories d’approches sont abordées, toutes deux multi-échelles et basées sur une hypothèse markovienne. La première catégorie regroupe un ensemble d’algorithmes dits de recherche de voisinages fixes, adaptés d’algorithmes existants de synthèses de textures volumiques à partir de sources 2D multiples. Le principe consiste, à partir d’une initialisation aléatoire, à modifier les voxels un par un, de façon déterministe, en s’assurant que les configurations locales de niveaux de gris sur des tranches orthogonales contenant le voxel sont semblables à des configurations présentes sur l’image d’entrée. La deuxième catégorie relève d’une approche probabiliste originale dont l’objectif est de reproduire, sur le volume texturé, les interactions entre pixels estimées sur l’image d’entrée. L’estimation est réalisée de façon non paramétrique par fenêtrage de Parzen. L’optimisation est gérée voxel par voxel, par un algorithme déterministe de type ICM. Différentes variantes sont proposées, relatives aux stratégies de gestion simultanée des tranches orthogonales contenant le voxel. Ces différentes méthodes sont d’abord mises en œuvre pour la synthèse d’un jeu de textures structurées, de régularité et d’anisotropie variées. Une analyse comparée et une étude de sensibilité sont menées, mettant en évidence les atouts et faiblesses des différentes approches. Enfin, elles sont appliquées à la simulation de textures volumiques de matériaux composites carbonés, à partir de clichés obtenus à l’échelle nanométrique par microscopie électronique à transmission. Le schéma expérimental proposé permet d’évaluer quantitativement et de façon objective les performances des différentes méthodes. / This thesis deals with the synthesis of anisotropic volumetric textures from a single 2D observation. We present variants of non parametric and multi-scale algorithms. Their main specificity lies in the fact that the 3D synthesis process relies on the sampling of a single 2D input sample, ensuring consistency in the different views of the 3D texture. Two types of approaches are investigated, both multi-scale and based on markovian hypothesis. The first category brings together a set of algorithms based on fixed-neighbourhood search, adapted from existing algorithms of texture synthesis from multiple 2D sources. The principle is that, starting from a random initialisation, the 3D texture is modified, voxel by voxel, in a deterministic manner, ensuring that the grey level local configurations on orthogonal slices containing the voxel are similar to configurations of the input image. The second category points out an original probabilistic approach which aims at reproducing in the textured volume the interactions between pixels learned in the input image. The learning is done by non-parametric Parzen windowing. Optimization is handled voxel by voxel by a deterministic ICM type algorithm. Several variants are proposed regarding the strategies used for the simultaneous handling of the orthogonal slices containing the voxel. These synthesis methods are first implemented on a set of structured textures of varied regularity and anisotropy. A comparative study and a sensitivity analysis are carried out, highlighting the strengths and the weaknesses of the different algorithms. Finally, they are applied to the simulation of volumetric textures of carbon composite materials, on nanometric scale snapshots obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The proposed experimental benchmark allows to evaluate quantitatively and objectively the performances of the different methods.

Abstract Background. It is relatively well established in previous research that unemployment has direct health consequences in terms of mental and physical ill health. Recently, knowledge has emerged indicating that unemployment can lead to economic consequences that remain long after re-establishment in the labour market. However, few empirical studies have been able to apply a life course perspective asking whether there are also long-term health consequences of unemployment, and, when and in which context unemployment may affect the individual health status across the life course. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the relationship between unemployment and illness across the life course, and how it relates to individual and structural factors in the geographical setting of northern Sweden. In particular, three main areas have been explored: youth unemployment and illness in adulthood (Paper I and Paper II), contextual unemployment of national unemployment rate and neighbourhood unemployment (Paper II and Paper III) and lastly, social determinants of health inequality between employment statuses (Paper IV). Methods. This thesis is positioned in Sweden between the early 1980s and the mid-2010s, following two comparable cohorts sampled from northern Sweden (26 and 19 years follow-up time respectively from youth to midlife) and a cross-sectional sample from 2014 of the four northernmost counties in Sweden. The two longitudinal cohorts comprised the Northern Swedish Cohort and the Younger Northern Swedish Cohort, consisting of all pupils in the 9th grade of compulsory school in Luleå municipality in 1981 and 1989. The participants responded to an extensive questionnaire on socioeconomic factors, work and health, in 5 and 2 waves respectively of data collections. Neighbourhood register data from Statistics Sweden was also collected for all participants in the Northern Sweden Cohort. At the latest data collection, 94.3% (n=1010) participated in the Northern Sweden Cohort and 85.6% (n=686) in the Younger Northern Sweden Cohort. The cross-sectional study Health on Equal Terms is a national study, administered by the Public Health Agency together with Statistics Sweden and county councils with the aim of mapping public health and living conditions in the country over time. In this thesis, material from 2014 has been used for northern Sweden with a response rate of around 50% (effective sample n=12769). The statistical analyses used were linear regression, multilevel analysis and difference-in-difference analysis to estimate the concurrent and long-term health consequences of unemployment, and a decomposition analysis to disentangle the inequality in health between different labour market positions. The health outcomes in focus were functional somatic symptoms (the occurrence of relatively common physical illnesses such as head, muscle and stomach ache, insomnia and palpitation) and psychological distress. Results. Among men only, as little as one month of youth unemployment was related to increased levels of functional somatic symptoms in midlife, regardless of previous ill health or unemployment later in life, although only during relatively low national unemployment (pre-recession) when comparing with youth unemployment during high national unemployment (recession). This was explained by the health promoting effect of more time spent in higher education during the recession period. Furthermore, the health impact of neighbourhood unemployment highlights the importance of the contextual setting for individuals’ health both across the life course and at specific periods of life. Lastly, employment-related mental health inequalities exist for both men and women in all life phases (youth, adulthood and midlife). Economic and social deprivation related to unemployment and illness varied across different phases in life and across genders. Conclusion. The key findings of this thesis paint a rather pessimistic vision of the future: one’s own and others’ unemployment may cause not only ill health today but also ill health later in life. Importantly, the responsibility of unemployment and the associated ill health should not be placed on the already marginalised individuals and communities. Instead, the responsibility should be directed towards the structural aspects of society and the political choices that shape these. In other words, health inequality manifested by the position in the labour market is socially produced, unfair and changeable through political decisions. The results of this study therefore cannot contribute to any simple or concrete solutions to the concurrent or long-term health consequences of individual or contextual unemployment, as the solution is beyond the areas of responsibility and abilities of research. However, if there are long-term health consequences of one’s own and other people’s unemployment, labour market and public health policies should be initiated from a young age and continue throughout the life course to reduce individual suffering and future costs of social insurance, sick-leave and unemployment benefits.

The thesis "Zbraslavsko in sources of collective character 17.-19. century" treats informations from the register of births, marriages and deaths of the church St. James the Greater in Zbraslav in 1652-1800 years. The purpose of this thesis next to basic demographical data is the first name question - what (or who) had a bearing on this selection. Here are writing out all first names of this time together with the main factors, which have been able to decide on bearing the first name.

In this thesis, the main objects of study are probability measures on the isomorphism classes of countable, connected rooted graphs. An important class of such measures is formed by unimodular measures, which satisfy a certain equation, sometimes referred to as the intrinsic mass transport principle. The so-called law of a finite graph is an example of a unimodular measure. We say that a measure is sustained by a countable graph if the set of rooted connected components of the graph has full measure. We demonstrate several new results involving sustained unimodular measures, and provide thorough arguments for known ones. In particular, we give a criterion for unimodularity on connected graphs, deduce that connected graphs sustain at most one unimodular measure, and prove that unimodular measures sustained by disconnected graphs are convex combinations. Furthermore, we discuss weak limits of laws of finite graphs, and construct counterexamples to seemingly reasonable conjectures.

L’Union européenne (UE) se sert principalement d’outils normatifs pour exercer du pouvoir sur la scène internationale, notamment par la promotion de ses propres lois et standards. Le meilleur exemple est l’élargissement de l’UE, processus ayant contribué à stabiliser l'Europe et à transformer les candidats en des démocraties de marché, notamment en promouvant un rapprochement avec les normes européennes en échange d’une perspective d’adhésion à l’UE. La Politique européenne de Voisinage (PEV) utilise les mêmes mécanismes développés lors des élargissements, notamment la promotion de réformes en échange d’incitatifs financiers. Par contre, la PEV n’offre aucune perspective d’adhésion à l’UE aux États qui y participent. Ainsi, plusieurs études ont conclu que cette politique ne pourrait engendrer les réformes escomptées. Bien que la coopération au sein de la PEV ne soit pas aussi fructueuse que lors des élargissements, on remarque que certains pays plus que d’autres ont, malgré l’absence de perspective d’adhésion, fait des changements à leur législation en conformité avec les normes européennes. En comparant la coopération dans le secteur de la Justice et des affaires intérieures en Moldavie et en Ukraine, nous montrons que la différence s’explique par l’importance des facteurs internes des pays concernés, notamment l’existence d’identités nationales contestées et les batailles politiques intérieures portant sur la politique étrangère. / The European Union (EU) relies heavily on normative tools to exert power in world politics, such as the promotion of its own laws and standards. The most successful case is the EU enlargement process, which has contributed to stabilize the vicinity and transform candidates into market-based democracies by promoting alignment with European legislation and offering the prospect of EU accession. The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) uses the same mechanisms that have made enlargement a successful policy, notably incentives-fueled reform. It does not however offer participating states a membership perspective and therefore most scholarly studies have drawn bleak prospects on its ability to promote reform. While cooperation in the ENP framework is not as intense as during the enlargement rounds, we find that some countries have indeed been making changes to their legislation and aligning themselves with the acquis communautaire, while other countries have not been so successful. By comparing norm implementation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs in the cases of Moldova and Ukraine, we show that differences are explained by the significant impact of domestic factors, such as contested state identities and domestic political battles over foreign policy.

Diploma thesis "the European Union's influence on the Middle East" is focused on problems of the European Union and its role and influence in that region. From this thesis is evidence that Europe or the EU took and still take interest in the Middle East and that its influence on that region from 90's of 20th century is getting bigger because of emergent common policy of EU in face of that region. EU increasing influence on the Middle East will be looked about EU foreign policy on the Middle East aimed at its economic and politic or security aims. This thesis is stressed at power-political and human-cultural structure among regions like the basis for understanding of complete influence the EU on that region. In next step the research characterizes foreign policy of the EU on the Middle East from the view of rise and development, actors, instruments and economic and politic or security aims. From the view of economic aims the thesis point out the energetic links focusing on oil and natural gas. From the view of politic or security aims the thesis approves that EU has increased its presence on the Middle East particularly by civil missions in Palestine and Iraq. The rise of Union for the Mediterranean in 2008 with the aim to institutionalize the running cooperation between the EU and...

In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.:Einleitung; Die Übertragung der Low – Cost Hypothese auf die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen; Datenbasis und Operationalisierung; Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick

Stadsdelsmammor 2.0 i Helsingborg anordnar utbildning för invandrarkvinnor. Utbild­ningen leder till att kvinnorna får uppdrag som stadsdelsmammor i ett bostadsområde. Syftet är att dessa stadsdelsmammor ska dela med sig av sina kunskaper och öka delaktigheten bland de boende i området. Denna studies syfte var att utforska främ­jandet av deltagarnas hälsa genom utbildningen samt hur stadsdelsmammorna bygger upp och upprätthåller sociala nätverk i bostadsområdet. Studien baseras utifrån ett salutogent synsätt och använder ”Känsla av sammanhang” (KASAM) som modell för analys tillsammans med det transformativa och livslånga lärandet. Studiens empiri bygger på enskilda intervjuer av semistrukturerad karaktär baserat på KASAM. Resultatet från de 11 intervjuerna analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Utifrån ett hälsopedagogiskt perspektiv synliggjordes att diplomering till stadsdels­mamma ger ökad legitimitet och stärker stadsdelsmammornas position i samhället och roll som vägvisare. Utbildningen möjliggör för de kvinnor som önskar att få vara en vägledare. Dessutom leder lärandet till transformativ och personlig utveckling. Dels genom nya kunskaper och erfarenheter, men också genom möjligheten till socialt stöd via den process som utbildningen startar. Stadsdelsmammorna upplever också positiva känslor av utbildningen samt efterföljande uppdrag. De sociala nätverken i bostads­området kan skapas och bestå genom stadsdelsmammans närvaro, spridande av infor­mation samt allmänhetens kännedom om stadsdelsmamman. De sociala nätverken som stadsdelsmamman möjliggör existerar utifrån olika nivåer; sociala band, sociala broar och sociala länkar. Både stadsdelsmammorna och boende i bostadsområdena har fått ökad begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet, vilket därmed främjar känsla av sammanhang. / Stadsdelsmammor 2.0 in Helsingborg provides education for immigrant women. The education leads to women being assigned as neighbourhood mothers in a residential area. The purpose of this study was to explore the promotion of participants’ health through education and how the neighbourhood mothers build and maintain social networks. The study is based on a salutogenic approach and uses ”Sense of Coherence” (SOC) as a model for analysis together with transformative and lifelong learning. The study’s empirical data is based on individual interviews of a semi-structured nature based on SOC. The results of the 11 interviews were analyzed on the basis of a qualitative content analysis. From a health educational perspective, it was made clear that diplomacy for neighbourhood mothers gives increased legitimacy and strengthens the neighbourhood mothers’ position in society and role as a guide to life. The education makes it possible for the women who want to be a guide to life for others. In addition, education leads to transformative and personal development. Partly through new knowledge and experience, partly through access to the social support given by the educational network. The neighbourhood mothers also experience positive feelings about the education as well as subsequent assignments. The social networks in the residential area can be created and consist through the presence of the neighbourhood mother, dissemi­nation of information and the public’s knowledge of the neighbourhood mother. The social networks exist on different levels; social bonds, social bridges and social links.

The prefabricated apartment buildings are on the west bank of the river and family houses on the east bank of the river. On the east side there are private areas of family houses and on the west side there are prefabricated buildings with poor quality public spaces. There is only the anonymity of the city, isolation and a lack of human dimension. My concept solves the problem of combining two opposing approaches. It emphasizes neighborly relations in the form of community and the development of community thinking. What should urbanism that unites people look like?