Le noctambulisme est un phénomène émergeant dans les villes métropolitaines dynamiques, telles que Paris et Madrid. Sortir en ville la nuit est une pratique démocratisée parmi les jeunes urbains, s’extériorisant des lieux marchands et assimilant en quantité alcool, tabac et drogues. Les représentations sociales négatives font référence tant à une problématique de santé publique (nommée la « défonce » des jeunes vulnérables), qu’à une problématique morale du bien « vivre ensemble ». La symbolique nocturne accentue ces traits.La nuit est devenue un enjeu électoral. Analyser la construction de la politique publique de la vie nocturne rend compte du décalage des acteurs en négociation avec le noctambulisme. La légitimation des dispositifs sociotechniques de répression s’effectue au moyen d’une participation publique biaisée, dont les sortants sont absents. Les résidents-plaignants s’attaquent au bruit des terrasses, les exploitants d’établissements défendent le développement économique de leur activité, les institutionnels encouragent l’attractivité touristique nocturne.Or, ce phénomène social met en lumière la désynchronisation des rythmes sociaux entre eux et des temporalités urbaines, relative à la troisième modernité. Comprendre comment les sortants publicisent en situation cette désynchronisation permet de mettre à jour les valeurs et normes produites. Il s’agit d’étudier leurs tactiques face à la programmation urbaine, la gestion du stigmate qu’ils portent, les formes de légitimation dans l’investissement ordinaire des nuits urbaines. En leur redonnant la parole, apparaissent des conflits symboliques de cohabitation nocturne, une problématique de reconnaissance de la jeunesse / Night-strolling is a phenomenon emerging in the dynamic metropolitan cities like Paris and Madrid. Having party in town during the night-time is a practice democratized among urban young people. They go out of the merchant locations and take a large quantity of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. The negative social representations refer to a public health problem (“stoned” vulnerable young people) and a legal problem of the way to “live together”. Night symbolic highlights these dimensions. Night-time has become an electoral issue. Analyzing the construction of a public policy about nightlife reflects the gap between the actors in negotiation and the night-strolling. A biased public participation – without the night-strollers - allows the legitimation of socio-technical systems of repression. Residents-plaintiffs attack the noise terraces, ownerships of night-enterprises defend the economic development and institutional actors encourage night tourism attraction. However, this social phenomenon highlights the desynchronization of social rhythms and urban temporalities, specific to the third modernity. Understanding how young people publicize this desynchronization in situation give elements about norms and values produced. This study deals with their tactics face the urban planning, the management of the stigma they carry, the forms of legitimization in the ordinary placement of urban nights. The symbolic conflicts of nocturnal cohabitation emerge by the voice of night-strollers: a youth recognition problem

Submitted by Natália Fernanda da Silva Trigo null (ntrigo@ymail.com) on 2017-03-12T22:09:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO.pdf: 2622143 bytes, checksum: 4ae65c0ffcd4ae74cfdf9533a570c462 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-17T14:32:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 trigo_nfs_me_sjrp.pdf: 2622143 bytes, checksum: 4ae65c0ffcd4ae74cfdf9533a570c462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T14:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 trigo_nfs_me_sjrp.pdf: 2622143 bytes, checksum: 4ae65c0ffcd4ae74cfdf9533a570c462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho analisa de que maneira as reflexões teórica sobre a criação poética de Novalis, que se materializam nos fragmentos de Pólen, relacionam-se com os poemas que compõem os Hinos à Noite. Procuramos analisar a relação dialética que as duas obras estabelecem que consiste no fato dos fragmentos possuírem características da poesia e de suas ideias estarem presente nos poemas. Analisamos os fragmentos que refletem sobre as teorias românticas acerca da poesia e do poético, compreendendo como se constitui nessa obra o pensamento crítico de Novalis sobre poesia e linguagem, estabelecendo, depois, ligações com os poemas, associando a reflexão crítica presente em Pólen com alguns elementos poéticos marcantes nos Hinos como o misticismo, a ideia de conhecimento, o símbolo, a valorização da Noite, da Morte e do Amor. Compreendemos que as duas obras estabelecem uma conexão de ideias, pois, entendemos os Hinos como uma poesia transcendental, sobre a qual Novalis teorizou em seus fragmentos, além disso, analisamos que os símbolos do Amor e da Morte estão presentes em ambas as obras e são construídos a partir de características em comum. Refletimos ainda que as duas obras se aproximam também no aspecto formal, uma vez que em ambas Novalis faz experimentações formais: em Pólen temos o desenvolvimento do fragmento como gênero, enquanto nos Hinos temos o poema em prosa e em verso. Verificamos, então, que Novalis dissolve as fronteiras entre poesia, teoria e crítica, tanto em relação as reflexões propostas e a linguagem utilizada quanto a composição formal, criando, com isso, uma maneira original de se pensar e se produzir as obras literárias, suas teorias e suas críticas. / The present work studies the way the theoretical reflection about the poetic creation of Novalis, that are present in the fragments of Pollen, have a relation with the poems of the Hymns to the Night. We analyze the dialectics relation that the two works have, which is the fragment having characteristics of poetry and the ideas of the fragments being present in the poems. We analyze the fragments that reflect the romantic theories about poetry and poetic, understanding how the critical thoughts by Novalis about poetry and language are made, establishing, after that, connections with the poems, and linking the critical reflection that’s in Pollen with some important poetic elements of the Hymns, as the mysticism, the idea of knowledge, the symbol, the valorization of Night, Death and Love. We recognize that the two works have a connection of ideas, because we understand the Hymns as the transcendental poetry, that Novalis theorized in his fragments. Furthermore, we analyze that the symbols of Love and Death are in both works and made with sharing characteristics. We also reflect that both works have similarities in the formal aspect, once that in both Novalis make formal experimentations: in Pollen we have the development of the fragment as a genre, and in the Hymns the poem in prose and verse. We also verified that Novalis dissolves the frontiers among poetry, theory and criticism, in relation to the proposed reflections and the language used as well as the formal composition, creating, with this, a new way of thinking and producing the literary compositions, their theory and their criticism.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho à construir uma funÃÃo de demanda por serviÃos de hotelaria para o Brasil, de modo a oferecer à indÃstria hoteleira um diagnÃstico adequado sobre os principais determinantes da taxa de ocupaÃÃo. Tal processo serà realizado a partir de informaÃÃes extraÃdas do FÃrum de Operadores Hoteleiros do Brasil â FOHB, o qual apresenta observaÃÃes sobre a taxa de ocupaÃÃo, revpar, diÃria mÃdia, localizaÃÃo, fluxo de indÃviduos e sazonalidade para dez capitais brasileiras, as quais sÃo: SÃo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, VitÃria, Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Salvador, BrasÃlia, Curitiba, Porto Alegre e Manaus. Os dados apresentam-se de forma mensal e corresponde ao perÃodo entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2012. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se na tÃcnica de dados em painel, em suas versÃes para efeito fixo, efeito aleatÃrio e modelo dinÃmico. Os resultados destacam o efeito depreciativo do preÃo da diÃria, do componente sazonal e do fluxo de indivÃduos sobre a ocupaÃÃo, enquanto que a dummy de localizaÃÃo e o RevPar impactaram de forma positiva. Tais fatos indicam que o serviÃo de hotelaria à um bem do tipo comum, que apresentam variaÃÃes negativas no consumo em perÃodos de baixa estaÃÃo e flutuÃÃes positivas quanto maior a qualidade do serviÃo. / The objective of this work is to construct a function of demand for hotel services to Brazil, in order to offer the hotel industry a proper diagnosis of the main determinants of occupancy. This process will be conducted based on information extracted from the Hotel Operators Forum Brazil - FOHB, which presents observations on the rate of occupancy, RevPAR, daily price, location, seasonality and flow individuals to ten Brazilian capitals, which are SÃo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, VitÃria, Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Salvador, BrasÃlia, Curitiba, Porto Alegreand Manaus. The data are presented on a monthly basis and corresponds to the period between January 2009 and December 2012. The methodology used is based on the technique of panel data, in its versions for fixed effect, random effect and dynamic model . The results highlight the prejudicial effect of the daily rate, the seasonal component and the flow of individuals on the occupation, while the dummy location and RevPAR positively impacted. These facts indicate that the hotel service is a very common type, which exhibit negative changes in consumption during the low season and positive the higher the quality of service fluctuations.

There is a growing political discourse in Scotland acknowledging alcohol to be a significant contributor to crime. A significant portion of this is directly related to the evening and night-time drinking based leisure industry i.e. the night-time economy (NTE). The NTE is often characterised by violent and disorderly behaviour concentrated in and around pubs and nightclubs (‘hotspots’) on weekend nights presenting considerable public health, criminal justice and urban management issues. Recently the political rhetoric has been backed up by new legislation in an attempt to counterbalance what was previously a market-driven economy. There now exists various crime reduction partnerships and situational crime prevention technologies to restrict and control certain behaviours and the presence and movements of persons and groups. This research project has specifically focussed on the role of police in this rapidly changing regulatory NTE context. Combining data gathered from participant observation sessions with front-line police and in-depth interviews with multiple NTE stakeholders in a multi-site comparison study across Scotland, this research project provides a robust evidential base from which to analyse and interpret policing of the NTE at the national and local scales using various conceptual frameworks of contemporary policing in western societies. What my findings have shown is that front-line officers have adapted their police work in order to suit the specific context within which they are operating. I have termed this specific variation on traditional understandings of ‘cop culture’ as being the ‘street craft of policing the NTE’. Furthermore, while this street craft was evident across all three case study areas, the extremely tangled and convoluted nature of local security provision at the local scale necessitates that front-line officers adapt this street craft to meet the local specificities of their respective NTEs.

O presente trabalho objetivou, de um lado: reconstituir as trajetórias individuais e coletivas de músicos da noite de Porto Alegre, foram eles: Ari Fernando, Cigano Durque Costa, Luiza Hellena, Jô de Sousa, Gilberto [Pedro] Lara, Sabiá Juvêncio Rodrigues, Paulo Jorge Linier, Eneida Martins, Fabrício Rodrigues, Norminha Duval, Ziláh Machado, Zé Carlos Silveira, Zé da Terreira e outros; de outro lado, através do trabalho de campo realizado entre 2016 e 2017, etnografar o cotidiano dos colaboradores da pesquisa, indivíduos que têm em comum a idade acima de 60 anos, que frequentam o Sindicato dos Músicos do Rio Grande do Sul, a Casa do Artista Rio-Grandense, bares, etc. Através de uma etnomusicologia da memória, busquei compreender os motivos pelos quais alguns músicos são lembrados e outros estão esquecidos socialmente. Ao longo da pesquisa, observei que suas atividades profissionais, iniciadas entre os anos 1950 e 1970, nos circos, cabarés e casas noturnas, têm em comum as relações trabalhistas em condições de subalternidade. Percebi, também, que o esquecimento social que pesa sobre suas carreiras musicais está ligado aos prejuízos sociais causados pelas condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis, pelo racismo, pela opressão masculina sobre as mulheres e pela velhice. / The present work aimed at reconstituting the individual and collective trajectories of the night musicians of Porto Alegre: Ari Fernando, Cigano Durque Costa, Luiza Hellena, Jô de Sousa, Gilberto [Pedro] Lara, Sabiá Juvêncio Rodrigues, Paulo Jorge Linier, Eneida Martins, Fabrício Rodrigues, Norminha Duval, Ziláh Machado, Zé Carlos Silveira, Zé da Terreira and others; On the other hand, through the fieldwork conducted between 2016 and 2017, ethnographing the daily life of the research collaborators, individuals who have in common the age of over 60, who attend the Sindicato dos Músicos do Rio Grande do Sul, the Casa do Artista Rio-Grandense, pubs, etc. Through an ethnomusicology of memory, I sought to understand the reasons why some musicians are remembered and others are socially forgotten. Throughout the research, I observed that his professional activities, begun between the 1950s and 1970s, in circuses, cabarets and nightclubs, have labor relations in common under subaltern conditions. I also noticed that the social forgetfulness that weighs on their musical careers is linked to the social damages caused by unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, by racism, by male oppression of women and by old age.

O trabalho por turnos é definido como aquele realizado fora dos horários considerados “convencionais”, por exemplo: pelo trabalho no turno noturno ou o trabalho de forma contínua, através do revezamento de equipes. Durante as últimas décadas, a proporção de trabalhadores que executam as atividades em escalas de turnos vem aumentando e, com as mudanças nas condições de trabalho, a organização do ambiente social, familiar, dos hábitos de vida e das necessidades básicas desses trabalhadores passou por significativas transformações, que podem causar danos saúde. O desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e distúrbios metabólicos em trabalhadores de turnos já é bastante evidenciado na literatura, e os estudos epidemiológicos demonstram associações consistentes entre o trabalho por turnos e a ocorrência de doenças, como obesidade, diabetes e síndrome metabólica. Além da relação entre alterações dos ritmos biológicos, disruptura do sistema circadiano e alterações metabólicas, mudanças comportamentais experienciadas pelos trabalhadores de turnos são apontadas como potenciais fatores de risco adicionais ao desenvolimento de doenças. Dentre as alterações nos hábitos de vida, a alimentação parece ser alterada em decorrência do trabalho por turno. Mudanças nos horários de sono, vigília, da atividade laboral, bem como na disponibilidade de alimentos e tempo para realização das refeiçoes em locais adequados, são fatores determinantes nas escolhas alimentares desses indivíduos. Ainda que estudos voltados à avaliaçao da alimentação de trabalhadores de turnos tenham sido propostos e bastante discutidos na literatura, a real influência do turno de trabalho nos hábitos alimentares é pouco elucidada. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi revisar sistematicamente os resultados de estudos que avaliaram os hábitos alimentares de trabalhadores de turnos, de forma a esclarecer como o turno de trabalho influencia, positiva ou negativamente na alimentação. A sumarização de evidências permite a elaboração de condutas e estratégias nutricionais específicas a esse grupo de risco. Além disso, destaca aspectos importantes a serem considerados no desenvolvimento de futuros estudos, visando contribuir com a qualidade das informações obtidas. / Shift work is defined as the one performed outside the "conventional" hours, for example by working the night shift or working continuously through the team relay. Over the last few decades, the proportion of workers performing turn-based activities has been increasing and, with changes in working conditions, the organization of the social, family, living, and basic needs of these workers has changed significantly which can cause health damage. The development of chronic noncommunicable diseases and metabolic disorders in shift workers is already well documented in the literature, and epidemiological studies demonstrate consistent associations between shift work and the occurrence of diseases such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In addition to the relationship between changes in biological rhythms, disruption of the circadian system and metabolic alterations, behavioral changes experienced by shift workers are indicated as potential additional risk factors for the development of diseases. Among the changes in life habits, food habits seems to be altered as a result of shift work. Changes in sleep schedules, wakefulness, labor activity, as well as food availability and time to make meals in appropriate places, are determining factors in the food choices of these individuals. Although studies aimed at evaluating the feeding of shift workers have been proposed and discussed in the literature, the real influence of work shift on eating habits is little elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematically review the results of studies that evaluated the eating habits of shift workers, in order to clarify how the work shift influences, positively or negatively in the diet. Summarizing evidence allows the elaboration of specific nutritional strategies and strategies for this risk group. In addition, it highlights important aspects to be considered in the development of future studies, aiming to contribute to the quality of the information obtained.

On October 19, 1908, night riders at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee kidnapped and murdered Captain Quentin Rankin, an attorney and shareholder in the West Tennessee Land Company. The murder made national news, with coverage emphasizing the night riders' demand for fishing rights. In response, Governor Malcolm Patterson called out the militia to suppress the uprising and advocated for state acquisition of the lake as a means to prevent further violence. In the accepted historical narrative, the uprising at Reelfoot Lake represents an example of rural resistance to the threat that modernization posed to traditional access rights but ignores much of the violence that proceeded Rankin's murder. When contextualized within local conditions and Tennessee's political climate, the night riders' crimes reveal a targeted attack on the exploding cotton economy in which the lake became the arena where farmers contested the agricultural, social, and political changes that accompanied this new economic system.

Morten Lauridsen is one of the most prolific composers of choral music in the 20th and 21st centuries. His characteristic tone is both readily identifiable and timeless. Works such as Lux Aeterna, Les Chansons des Roses, “Sure on this Shining Night” (from Nocturnes) , and “O magnum mysterium” have solidified his place as one of the most important compositional voices in modern choral music. Lauridsen’s most often-performed choral works have been individual movements excerpted from his larger choral works, due to their accessibility for advanced high school and collegiate choirs. For example, the popular “Dirait-on” comes from the cycle Les Chansons des Roses; “O nata lux” from Lux Aeterna; and “Sure on this Shining Night” from Nocturnes. Although “Sure on this Shining Night” is performed across the United States on a variety of concert programs from high school to professional choirs, it is rare to encounter a performance of the choral cycle Nocturnes in its entirety. Morten Lauridsen composed Nocturnes as the Raymond W. Brock Commissioned Work for the 2005 American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) National Convention in Los Angeles. At the time of its composition, Nocturnes was a choral cycle consisting of three movements: “Sa Nuit d’Été,” “Soneto de la Noche,” and “Sure on this Shining Night.” Later, in 2008, he added a fourth piece, “Epilogue: Voici le Soir,” which would round out the cycle. Interesting elements of both unity and contrast weave through this choral cycle, potentially leaving the listener and performer to wonder what inspired Lauridsen to select the variety of languages, poetry, and instrumentation. Three different languages and poets are utilized throughout the cycle: “Sa nuit d’Été” in French, set to a poem by Rainer Maria Rilke, “Soneto de la Noche” in Spanish, set to a poem by Pablo Neruda, “Sure on this Shining Night” in English, set to a poem by James Agee, and “Epilogue: Voici le Soir returning to French and the poetry of Rilke. Another element of contrast exists in the instrumentation, with three out of the four pieces utilizing the piano. “Soneto de la Noche,” however, is a cappella with much more pervasive vocal divisi than the other pieces, making it the most technically difficult piece in the cycle. The variety of languages and difference in level of difficulty is one reason that this song cycle is not widely performed in its entirety. This monograph draws on background information regarding other similar works by Lauridsen, information regarding the poetry of these works, and musical analysis of these works, in addition to an interview with Lauridsen himself.

Temps de l’obscurité et du repos social, la nuit urbaine a longtemps été considérée comme une discontinuité dans le rythme global de la société. Cependant, les temps changent. Entraînées par le mouvement de la société contemporaine, les nuits de nos villes s’animent et deviennent un nouvel espace-temps de la vie quotidienne.Aujourd’hui, qu’on le veuille ou non, une ville qui se veut internationale, attractive et dynamique, est représentée comme vivant intensément la nuit. Cette dernière autorise effectivement le fonctionnement en continu de l’économie mondialisée. Elle répond également au désir de vivre intensément éprouvé par les individus contemporains pour qui le « tout, tout le temps, tout de suite » devient une norme de la vie hypermoderne.Si la nuit cristallise de nombreux enjeux de la société contemporaine, elle est de plus en plus tiraillée entre deux forces antagonistes. D’un côté, la nuit doit être animée pour répondre aux exigences économiques et à l’envie de divertissement des habitants. Mais de l’autre, elle doit rester une temporalité apaisée pour assurer le nécessaire repos de la société.Entre temps global et temps local, animation et apaisement, divertissement et repos, les nuits de nos villes apparaissent comme un nouveau champ de tension où les notions de conflits et de régulation sont souvent présentées comme des données centrales des politiques publiques locales. Mais en étant régulièrement analysée au prisme des conflits et de la régulation de ses activités, la nuit reste finalement peu considérée comme une dimension singulière de nos villes. Pourtant, en se référant à d’autres territoires, mais aussi à des activités, des économies, des populations ou encore, des pratiques reconfigurées, la nuit illustre finalement la recomposition temporaire de tout un système urbain.Entre enjeu d’animation et enjeu d’apaisement de la ville, cette thèse de doctorat se propose de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la nuit urbaine. En nous appuyant sur le cas des nuits de la métropole lyonnaise en France, nous analyserons notre objet de recherche du point de vue de sa symbolique, de ses représentations, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle ou encore de ses activités. Afin de dépasser la notion de conflit, nous proposons également d’aborder la nuit sous un angle renouvelé. Pour opérer ce changement, nous avons choisi d’aborder la nuit à travers le concept de qualité de vie qui suppose de mettre en regard les potentialités d’un cadre de vie donné - celui de la nuit urbaine - avec les aspirations de celles et ceux qui le fréquentent de manière constante ou temporaire.Entre animation et apaisement de la ville, nos investigations nous conduiront à formuler des pistes de réflexion afin d’imaginer des nuits urbaines plus accueillantes, inclusives et soucieuses de la qualité de vie des individus. Nous proposerons notamment de mieux intégrer la dimension nocturne des territoires dans la pratique de l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement urbain ou encore de repenser les aménités de la ville à travers l’élaboration d’une politique publique de la nuit. Pour ce faire, il nous semble indispensable de placer les individus au centre de la démarche pour faire de la nuit le sujet d’un vaste projet urbain pensé par et pour la qualité de vie. / Time of darkness and social rest, the urban night has for a long time been considered as a pause in the overall pace of society. However, times are changing. Driven by the movement of contemporary society, the nights of our cities have come alive and become a new space-time of everyday life.Today, whether we like it or not, a city that wants to be international, attractive and dynamic, is represented with an intensely lively nightlife. The latter effectively allows the continuous operation of the globalized economy. It also fulfills the desire of an intense life shared by contemporary individuals for whom "everything, all the time, immediately" becomes a standard of hypermodern life.If the night crystallizes many stakes of the contemporary society, it is more and more torn between two antagonistic forces. On the one hand, nights must be lively to meet the economic requirements and the people’s desire of entertainment. But on the other hand, it must remain a quiet time to ensure the necessary rest of society.Among global and local time, vibrancy and calm, entertainment and rest, the nights of our cities appear as a new field of tensions where the concepts of conflict and regulation are often presented as central in local public policies. But because the night is often analyzed through conflicts and nighttime activity regulation, it remains little considered as a singular time within our cities. Still, since referring to other territories, but also activities, economies, populations, or altered practices, in the end nights exemplifies a time-framed reorganization of an entire urban system.Facing the issues of vibrant and calm city nights, this PhD thesis aims to understand better how the urban night works. Based on the example of the Lyon metropolis nights in France, we will analyze the subject with emphasis on symbolism, representations, space and time organization, and activities. To investigate beyond the notion of conflict, we also propose to study nights from a renewed angle. To make this change, we have chosen to address the night through the concept of quality of life, leading us to compare the offer of a given living environment - that of the urban night - with the aspirations of those who are constantly or temporarily involved in it.Among vibrancy and calm of the city, our investigations will lead us to propose lines of thought in order to design urban nights that are more welcoming, inclusive and concerned about the quality of life of individuals. Among other things, we will propose a better integration of territories night aspect in town planning and urban area development, and to redesign the city appeals through the development of a night-oriented public policy. To do this, placing people at the heart of the process seems essential to make nights a subject within a vast urban project designed by and for the quality of life.

Shift work is becoming increasingly prevalent in our society, with 17% of the full-time work force and 36% of the part-time work force working non-standard shifts (Beers, 2000). The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between several shift work variables and retention of employees working in a retail organization that is open 24-hours a day. Results indicated no significant differences between workers in fixed versus mixed shift schedules on job satisfaction or role stress. Contrary to my hypothesis, mixed shift workers reported higher levels of commitment and remained with the organization longer than fixed shift workers. As predicted, night shift workers reported lower levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment than evening workers. However contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences between morning and night shift workers. Supervisor support did not moderate the relationship between shift work and commitment, satisfaction, or role stress. However is was a significant moderator of the relationship between day versus evening shift and role stress, with individuals working evening shifts and perceiving high levels of supervisor support remaining with the organization the longest.