Orientador: Paulo Cesar Lodi / Resumo: A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (Lei nº 9.433/1997) estabelece o enquadramento dos corpos hídricos como um dos instrumentos de gestão das águas. A CETESB – Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, que compõe o Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos criado por esta Lei, mantém Programa de Monitoramento da qualidade das águas e utiliza índices de qualidade das águas como ferramenta para a interpretação de dados ambientais complexos, com a finalidade de auxiliar no processo decisório das políticas públicas municipais além de informar técnicos e público em geral. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar a evolução da qualidade de um manancial em área urbana e a sua conformidade em relação ao enquadramento, este estudo de caso apresenta uma análise sobre os Relatórios de Qualidade das Águas Interiores do Estado de São Paulo emitidos pela CETESB com ênfase nos arquivos relativos aos resultados dos parâmetros e indicadores de qualidade das águas do ponto de interesse, o Rio Lençóis, situado na UGRHi-13, de 2009 a 2018. O índice de conformidade ao enquadramento (ICE) foi aplicado anualmente e, também, bienalmente separados o período chuvoso do seco. Os principais resultados demonstram que as variáveis que mais apresentaram-se em desacordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 foram ‘ferro dissolvido’, ‘Escherichia coli’, ‘fósforo’ e ‘PFTHM’, proveniente de fontes difusas de poluição e em concentrações mais elevadas após ocorrência de chuvas, relacionadas ao a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The diploma thesis deals with the paradox that arises based on a conflict of actions and opinions on the consumption of animal products. The aim of the work was to reveal the social factors that cause this discrepancy, assuming that social factors play an important role. This assumption is based on the consideration of meat as a social construct rooted in culture, and thus the consumption of meat is examined in this paper not as an individual decision but as a result of the influences of different institutions and social structures. This paradox is being studied on ecologically active individuals, and it is assumed that in this case the discrepancy between opinions on animal products and actual behaviour will be even more pronounced. The conclusion of the work reveals as one of the most important factors family and traditions, which cause that individuals are afraid of exclusion from the social group of the family and at the same time they want to be true to traditions. Respondents often preferred to conform to members of the groups to which they belong or to culture and traditions. The work also deals with the guilt caused by this discrepancy, taking into account the impact of ecology as an external factor.

Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute Indian born around the year 1844, crossed cultural boundaries and became an influential voice within both white and Indian societies. This thesis employs a settler colonial framework that places the sexuality and rape of native women at the center of colonial relations in the settlement of the Americas. Viewed through this lens I perform an in-depth analysis of Winnemucca's gendered critique of colonialism that focused on sexual violence. Rather than the unstable, mixed messages of native resistance and assimilation emphasized by earlier scholars, I argue that Winnemucca purposefully employed a strategy of oppositional conformity to publicize an unwavering political message that championed Paiute sovereignty, exposed white cruelty, and re-wrote the dominant gendered, racial, political and cultural constructs that bound Native American women's identity. The introduction begins with a brief history of Winnemucca's life and accomplishments. In the introduction I also address the authenticity of Winnemucca's published narrative, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883) and identify the constraints of the settler colonial lens through which I view Winnemucca's public voice. In chapter one I argue that Winnemucca's narrative employs the gendered moral rhetoric of the colonizer to cultivate white audience receptiveness, while simultaneously criticizing whites for their brutality against Indians. In chapter two I assert that Winnemucca employed multiple political strategies to cut away at Euro-American settlers' moral justifications for colonialism, and that she articulated a unique vision of Paiute citizenship that rejected complete Indian assimilation. In chapter three I highlight the ways in which Winnemucca used her public voice to articulate rape and the sexuality of Indian women as a foundational part of colonialism hidden from view in the media coverage of the Indian wars of the late nineteenth century. Unlike her biographers, who mostly overlook Winnemucca's public challenge to the negative sexual stereotypes that plagued Indian women during Winnemucca's lifetime, I argue that Indian women's sexuality was a foundational theme in Winnemucca's public discourse. Winnemucca grasped and resisted the gendered dimensions of colonialism and her consistent focus on this theme echoed in her lived reality. Finally, I conclude that ultimately personal accusations as well as her inability to escape the heathen identity forced on Indians by Christian reformers thwarted the success of Winnemucca's political message.

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<p>This dissertation consists of three chapters on economic topics related to crime and early childhood. In the first chapter, I explore the effect of a criminal justice policy on crime. The second chapter examines the relationship between gender nonconformity in childhood and life outcomes. In the third chapter, I study the relationship between access to local mental health care for children and juvenile crime.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>In my first chapter, I study the causal impact of post-release supervision on recidivism and new crime. Prior to 2011, inmates who committed lower-level offenses in North Carolina were not subject to post-release supervision. The North Carolina \textit{Justice Reinvestment Act} changed policy to require nine months of post-release supervision. Leveraging a discrete policy effective date in a regression discontinuity in time model and using administrative data from the North Carolina Department of Public Safety, I explore the effects of this legislative change on criminal outcomes. Evidence indicates that post-release supervision decreases property and violent crimes, but these changes do not persist beyond the supervision period. Results suggest that supervision leads to more individuals returning to prison at a faster rate due to technical, not criminal, violations; however, requiring lower-level offenders to undergo post-release supervision is a cost-effective program.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>The second chapter of this dissertation is coauthored with Torsten Santavirta and Miguel Sarzosa. We study the role of childhood gender conformity in determining gender gaps. We present a conceptual framework that uses gender norms to explain why some women make less profitable choices than comparable men. Using unique longitudinal survey and register data, we show that gender-nonconforming girls have substantially better education and labor market outcomes than gender-conforming girls. In contrast, gender-nonconforming boys perform substantially worse at school, sort into lower-paying occupations, earn less, and have a greater incidence of mental health disorders and substance abuse during adulthood than gender-conforming boys. Our analyses suggest that such divergence develops from an early age. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In my last chapter, I explore the relationship between mental health care for children and juvenile crime. Using data with information on facilities that specifically treat children, I exploit the county-level variation in the number of mental health treatment facilities for minors in a two-way fixed-effects model to explore the relationship between access to mental health care in a given year and juvenile crime the following year. I find that outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities for children have heterogeneous effects on juvenile crime.</p>

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Varje år omhändertas ungdomar på grund av nutidens ungdomskriminalitet. Flera av dessa ungdomar placeras på HVB (hem för vård eller boende) i syfte att rehabiliteras från antisocialitet vilket kan förstås som en social hållbarhetsåtgärd. HVB har däremot kritiserats för att missgynna en hälsosam utveckling i och med en eventuell negativ socialiseringsprocess. Alla individer påverkas undermedvetet av sin omgivning vilket kan argumenteras vara mer påtagligt under ungdomsåren, därav kan konceptet av att samla flera ungdomar med liknande problematik på ett HVB ifrågasättas. Detta fenomen studeras utifrån teorier om social påverkan, konformitet, social inlärning, social identitet samt självbestämmandeteorin. Med hjälp av teorierna har studien som syfte att utforska behandlingsassistenters subjektiva erfarenheter av HVB-placerade ungdomars kriminella beteenden. Studien undersöker socialpsykologiska processer i form av interpersonella relationer och normkultur för att se hur de påverkar ungdomars upprätthållelse eller utveckling av kriminella beteenden. Med en kvalitativ design tillämpas semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett urval av 10 behandlingsassistenter i svensk kontext. Studiens tematiska analys identifierade tre huvudteman: “yrkesverksammas förhållningssätt”, “skyddsfaktorer” samt “riskfaktorer” med totalt 12 tillhörande subteman. Resultatet visar att en samling av antisociala ungdomar i samma sammanhang oftast bidrar till en negativ påverkan för ungdomarna. Hur ungdomarna påverkas av sin HVB-vistelse beror på vilka skyddsfaktorer samt riskfaktorer de besitter, men även hur behandlingsassistenter förhåller sig och arbetar med ungdomarna. / Every year, young people are taken into custody due to the youth crime prevailing in today's society. Several of these youths are placed in HVB (homes for care or residence) around Sweden to rehabilitate from their destructive lifestyles which can be seen as a concept of action from a social sustainability perspective. However, HVB have been criticized for disadvantaging the healthy development of youths due to a potential negative socialization process. All individuals are subconsciously influenced by their environment which can be argued to be more sensitive for youths, hence the concept of gathering several youths with similar issues in an HVB can be questioned. The social psychological theories underlying this issue include social influence, conformity, social learning, social identity, and self-determination theory. Using these theories, the study aims to explore caregivers' subjective experiences of HVB-placed youths' criminal behaviors. The study examines social psychological processes in the form of interpersonal relationships and norm culture to see how they affect youths' maintenance or development of criminal behaviors. With a qualitative design, the study uses semi-structured interviews with a sample of 10 caregivers in a Swedish context. Through thematic analysis, we have been able to identify three overarching themes:“professionals' approaches”, “protective factors”, and “risk factors” with a total of 12 associated subthemes. The results indicate that gathering a group of antisocial youths in the same setting often contributes to a negative influence for the youths. How the youths are affected by their residential care depends on the protective and risk factors they possess, as well as how caregivers engage with and work with the youths.

Ungdomar över hela landet hamnar år efter år i en farlig och destruktiv våldsspiral präglad av normbrytande beteenden. Att förstå sig på fenomenet ungdomskriminalitet och vägen dit, är av största vikt för att bryta denna destruktiva våldsspiral. Därför är syftet med denna studie är att genom professionellas perspektiv utforska vanligt förekommande faktorer som bidrar till att barn och unga involveras i ungdomskriminalitet. Studiens metod bestod av en kvalitativ ansats där tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Samtliga intervjuer skedde med professionella individer, som aktivt arbetade med barn och unga på uppdrag av socialtjänsten. Nio av studiens intervjuer genomfördes med en respondent per intervju, och en av studiens intervjuer genomfördes med två respondenter. I studiens resultat framkom de professionella perspektiven på problematiken. De lyfte vikten av miljö, där en ungdoms benägenhet till konformitet samt ungdomens risker för negativ exponering fungerade som starka riskfaktorer. Nästkommande riskfaktor blev sociala normer, där individens grupptillhörighet och sociala nätverk framkom som starka riskfaktorer. Sista riskfaktorn för studien blev identitet, där ett bristande välbefinnande hos en ungdom, NPF-diagnoser samt en ungdoms personliga förutsättningar framkom som omfattande riskfaktorer. Samtliga riskfaktorer framkom som omfattande utifrån de svar som förekom i studien. / Young people all over the country find themselves year after year in a dangerous and destructive spiral of violence characterized by norm-breaking behaviors. Understanding the phenomenon of youth crime and the path leading to it is crucial to break this destructive spiral of violence. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore, through the perspectives of professionals, common factors contributing to the involvement of children and young people in youth crime. The study employed a qualitative approach, conducting ten semi-structured interviews. All interviews were conducted with professional individuals actively working with children and young people on behalf of social services. Nine of the study's interviews were conducted with one respondent per interview, while one interview was conducted with two respondents. The study's results revealed the perspectives of the professionals on the issue. They highlighted the importance of the environment, where a young person's tendency towards conformity and the risks of negative exposure served as strong risk factors. The next identified risk factor was social norms, where the individual's group membership and social networks emerged as strong risk factors. The final risk factor identified in the study was identity, where a lack of well-being in a young person, neurodevelopmental disorders, and a young person's personal circumstances emerged as significant risk factors. All risk factors were found to be extensive based on the responses in the study.

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