The analysis, verification and emulation of attitude control hardware for nanosatellite spacecraft is described. The overall focus is on hardware that pertains to a multitude of missions currently under development at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies - Space Flight Laboratory. The requirements for these missions push the boundaries of what is currently the accepted performance level of attitude control hardware. These new performance envelopes demand new acceptance test methods which must verify the performance of the attitude control hardware. In particular, reaction wheel and hysteresis rod actuators are the focus. Results of acceptance testing are further employed in post spacecraft integration for hardware emulation. This provides for a reduced mission cost as a function of reduced spare hardware. The overall approach provides a method of acceptance testing to new performance envelopes with the benefit of cost reduction with hardware emulation for simulations during post integration.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Motivation von Mitarbeitern an öffentlichen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen. Anhand einer Mitarbeiterumfrage am Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik Potsdam-Bornim e. V. werden mehrere Hypothesen untersucht, die auf der Self-Determination-Theory basieren. Die Analyse zeigt, dass viele Befragte eine hohe autonome Motivation aufweisen. Insbesondere das Gefühl, Wahlmöglichkeiten und Gestaltungsspielräume bei der Arbeit zu besitzen, beeinflusst die Motivation positiv. Während Führungskräfte dieses Gefühl der Autonomie stärken können, haben Charaktereigenschaften keinen Einfluss hierauf. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass in der Wissenschaft ein Gefühl der sozialen Eingebundenheit im Arbeitskontext keine bedeutende Rolle zu spielen scheint. / This thesis deals with the motivation of employees at public scientific institutions. Based on a survey conducted at the Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim e. V., several hypotheses, grounded on the Self-Determination-Theory, are investigated. The analysis shows that many respondents have an autonomous motivation. In particular, having feelings of choice and leeway regarding the work positively affects motivation. While leaders can strengthen this feeling of autonomy, personality traits have no influence. Furthermore, a feeling of relatedness within the work place seems to play no significant role in scientific contexts.

152f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-24T13:48:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Cruz1.pdf: 1075094 bytes, checksum: 093c82ec8c30758e48a290694f288d59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T11:48:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Cruz1.pdf: 1075094 bytes, checksum: 093c82ec8c30758e48a290694f288d59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T11:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regina Cruz1.pdf: 1075094 bytes, checksum: 093c82ec8c30758e48a290694f288d59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Este estudo se propôs a avaliar a correlação entre os estágios de maturação das vértebras cervicais (C2, C3 e C4), de acordo com o método proposto por Lamparski (1972), modificado por Hassel e Farman (1995), e os estágios de desenvolvimento das unidades dentárias 43 e 47, segundo a classificação de Nolla (1960), considerando sexo e idade cronológica. Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal com uma amostra de 252 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, nas faixas etárias entre 8 e 15 nos de idade, na cidade de Salvador - Bahia. As mudanças morfológicas das vértebras cervicais foram analisadas em telerradiografias laterais, e os estágios de desenvolvimento dental em radiografias panorâmicas. Foram aplicados testes estatísticos, aceitando-se um p valor < 0,05, como significativo. Os resultados mostraram que na medida em que a idade cronológica aumenta os estágios de maturação das vértebras cervicais também aumentam, sendo mais precoce nos pacientes do sexo feminino. Ficou comprovada uma correlação positiva entre os estágios de desenvolvimento dos dentes 43 e 47 e a idade cronológica, no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os pacientes do sexo feminino e masculino. A avaliação do grau de correlação entre as fases de maturação das vértebras cervicais e estágios de desenvolvimento dental, pelo Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman, demonstrou uma correlação positiva e moderada, ou seja, a medida em que os estágios de maturação das vértebras cervicais progridem, os estágios de desenvolvimento dental, também 20 caminham para a maturidade de forma linear. Controlando o efeito da variável sexo, observou-se que essa variável tem pouca influência na correlação estudada. Porém, quando de associou a variável idade cronológica, o grau dessa correlação diminuiu muito. Ao controlar-se o efeito da idade cronológica e sexo, através do coeficiente de correlação parcial, reafirmou-se a fraca influência da variável sexo e o grande impacto da idade cronológica sobre a correlação entre as variáveis em estudo. Os resultados indicaram uma fraca correlação entre os estágios de maturação das vértebras cervicais e os estágios de desenvolvimento dental, quando controladas as variáveis sexo e idade cronológica. Com base nos dados obtidos nesse estudo pode-se verificar a dificuldade de se estabelecer uma correspondência entre a idade cronológica, maturação óssea e desenvolvimento dental. Assim sendo, é aconselhável somar o maior número de informações possíveis, para se obter uma idade biológica mais próxima da real. / Salvador

Digital games are today avaliable on all kinds of different platform. Games and game thinking is also increasingly being applied within non-traditional contexts. This thesis explores the term "gamifiation" which can be defined as "the use of game design elements in non-game contexts". The purpose of the study was to identify and give perspective on the discourse surrounding the use and applicability of the term today. More specifically, it explores the possibilities of the potentially value creating ability in the context of work, and focused on the application of gamified software in the context of project work. To understand the power in using game elements in non-game context, the field surrounding motivation in games is explored, as well as the discourse surrounding gamification. Through a qualitative survey using semi-structured interviews the potential use and value of gamification in the project context was investigated. Three approaches to gamification, a rejective, a commercial and an academic are presented. Self-determination theory is used to understand motivation in games.This and the insights resulting from the interviews, the survey of the field, and the theoretical understanding of project work are used to give a perspective on the use of game elements in project work. Among the recommendations are designing for a particular context and different user groups, connecting the use of interface elements with the users intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, using gamification as a part and not the focus of the design process, and adding percieved user values, or "fun" to motivate users. Gamification is suggested for appliance as a means to attract staff and clients to a project, motivating users to learn or achieve or motivating users to engage with the system in a certain way.

Inom elitidrott beskrivs motivation som något essentiellt för att idrottare ska orka träna och göra det som krävs för att försöka bli bäst i världen. Motivation kan undersökas med hjälp av Self-determination theory där tre grundbehov: autonomi, tillhörighet och kompetens, måste vara uppfyllda för att en inre självbestämmande motivation ska kunna uppnås. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur elitidrottares motivation förändrades under våren och sommaren 2020 när Covid-19 pandemin satte idrottsvärlden på paus med inställda tävlingar och ett uppskjutet OS. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med individuella elitidrottare genomfördes och analyserades med en teoristyrd tematisk analys. Studien kom fram till att elitidrottarna upplevde att deras grundbehov inom motivation påverkades, både positivt och negativt, av Covid-19 pandemin. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för elitidrottares behov under pandemin och inom vilka områden de behöver extra stöd. / In elite sports, motivation is described as an essential factor an athlete must have to undergo training and to do what is required to become the world’s best. Motivation can be examined using the Self-determination theory, where three basic needs: autonomy, relatedness and competence must be fulfilled to achieve intrinsic self-determined motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how motivation of elite athletes changed during the spring and summer 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic put the sports world on paus with cancelled competitions and the postponement of the Olympics. Seven semi-structured interviews with elite athletes, competing in individual sports, were conducted, and analysed with a theoretical thematic analysis. This study concluded that the basic needs in motivation of elite athletes were experienced to be both positively and negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to an increased understanding of the needs of elite athletes during the pandemic and in which areas they need extra support.

Surfactants belong to the surface active agents with the ability to reduce surface tension, which is used mainly in detergents and cleaners. The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of surfactants in waste and waste waters. The theoretical part describes the basic properties of surfactants, their distribution, valid legislation in the EU and SR in the field of working with these materials and a variety of analytical methods for the determination of these substances. The conclusion of the thesis is to evaluate the results of measuring the concentration of anionic surfactants, which were determined in samples of waste water and sludge.

"This paper relies on the belief that amelioratoin of the ethnic porblem requires the recognition and entrenchment of ethnic claims as part of a constitutional settlement in Africa not only as a matter of practical expediency but also a human rights necessity. It is expected that institutionalising group rights in a way to allow political participation and self-administraton by the sub-state groups contains ethnic conflict and necessitates collaboration and national cohesion. It is, thus, submitted that self-determination as a human right is an overriding norm and institution in the contemporary African situation. It vindicates group rights and captures some of the fundamental tensions in the politico-legal set-ups of states in Africa. As such, the potential of the right to self-determination in the realization of such objectives is closely considered. The focus of this study is, therefore, to wrestle with the query of whether institutionalising the right to self-determinaton would address inter-ethnic tension in the context of Africa. Such questions as how the right to self-determinaton is related to ethnicity and group rights and what institutional and normative solutions are present in the right to self-determination are also examined. This is done by way of examining the elements and various institutional dimensions of the right to self-determination and the experience of Ethiopia and South Africa. ... The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter one outlines the context of the study, objectives and significance of the study as well as the hypothesis and literature review. It is sought in the second chapter to explore the ethnicity problem and the right to self-determination in Africa. Chapter three deals with analysing the elements of the right to self-determination, its potentials to address the ethnicity dilemma of African and the modalities of institutionalising it. Chapter four examines the recognition of the right to self-determination under the Federal Constitution of Ethiopia and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, the manner in which it is entrenched and institutionalised in the set-ups of the two states and the lessons, good or ill, to be drawn from their experience. Finally, the study seeks to draw some conclusions that involve recommended suggestions." -- Chapter 1. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)University of Pretoria, 2003. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Inledning: I inledningen beskrivs effekterna av fysisk aktivitet och dess betydelse. Trots detta kan vi se att den fysiska aktiviteten minskar i samhället på grund av mer stillasittande arbete och mindre vardagsmotion. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka vad som motiverar studenter som läser idrottsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet till fysisk aktivitet. Metod: För att besvara syftet användes kvalitativ metod. Sex studenter som läser idrottsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet intervjuades i enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera innehållet av resultatet använde vi oss av kvalitativ innehållsanalys i form av deduktiv ansats baserat på Self- Determination Theory (SDT). Analysen utgick från de tre psykologiska behoven: autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet som benämns inom SDT. Resultat: Resultatet visade att autonomi hade en stor påverkan på motivationen som till exempel att utöva aktiviteten för nöjes skull och för välmående. Kompetensen upplevdes vara viktig för att känna att man utvecklas. Tillhörigheten påverkade informanterna på olika sätt, både under aktiviteten och i sociala sammanhang som omger aktiviteten. Slutsats: Av denna studie framkom att informanterna motiveras av olika faktorer. De vanligaste faktorerna till varför informanterna var fysiskt aktiva var av hälsoskäl som till exempel att de orkar mer, mår bättre, blir gladare, får mer energi samt kompisar och familj och utveckling i prestation. Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, motivation, Self-Determination Theory, studenter / Introduction: The introduction describes the effects of physical activity and its significance. Despite this, we can see that physical activity decreases in society due to more sedentary work and less everyday exercise. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate what motivates students studying sports science at Karlstad University to engage in physical activity. Method: A qualitative approach was used to collect data. Six students studying sports science at Karlstad University were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. To analyze the content of the results, qualitative content analysis in the form of deductive approach was used based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The analysis was based on the three psychological needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. Results: Autonomy was proved to have a major impact on motivation such as exercising for pleasure and well-being. The competence was, among the informants, experienced as important to feel that you are developing. The feel of relatedness affected the informants in different ways, both during the exercise and in social situations surrounding the activity. Conclusion: This study showed that the informants are motivated by various factors. The most common factors for why the informants were physically active were for health reasons, such as that they have more stamina, feel better, are happier, get more energy, as well as friends and family and development in performance. Keywords: motivation, physical activity, Self- Determination Theory, students

Direct measurement of blood pressure using a fluid-filled catheter and an electromechanical transducer is widely accepted in clinical practice. However, errors associated with the measurement are often not appreciated and these catheter-manometer systems are frequently unable to accurately reproduce applied pressures. To assess the accuracy of catheter-manometer systems used for invasive arterial blood pressure measurements, in vitro and in vivo evaluations were performed. The frequency response (described in terms of damped natural frequency and damping factor) for a variety of cannulae, pressure tubing and stopcocks (and combinations thereof) and their dependence on various parameters (catheter length, lumen diameter, fluid temperature and catheter material) were measured using an hydraulic pressure generator. The design and construction details of the pressure generator are presented. It was found that the damped natural frequency of the catheter-manometer system is directly proportional to lumen diameter of the pressure tubing/catheter. Furthermore, damping factor is inversely related to the damped natural frequency and stiffer catheter material (for identical radius ratios) results in higher damped natural frequency. Catheter length is inversely related to damped natural frequency and the resonant frequency decreases for an increase in fluid operating temperature. It was established that all catheter-manometer systems tested were under-damped (0.15 < β < 0.37) and that the damped natural frequency ranged from 10.5 Hz for 1500 mm to 27.0 Hz for pressure tubing of 300 mm in length. Furthermore, catheter-manometer systems which had pressure tubing in excess of 300 mm in length did not comply with the bandwidth requirements for accurate dynamic blood pressure measurement. For the in vivo assessment of the catheter-manometer system, the blood pressure waveform was analysed in the time and frequency domains. It was established that in 60 percent of the cases, the systolic pressure peak was higher when measured by a narrow bandwidth catheter-manometer system compared to that measured by a wide bandwidth system. Furthermore, values of dp/dt maximum were lower for wide bandwidth catheter-manometer systems than those measured by narrow bandwidth systems for heart rates above 90 beats per minute. In the frequency domain analysis, artifact was sometimes found to occur at frequencies higher than the bandwidth of the catheter-manometer system. This high frequency artifact was found to distort the blood pressure waveform and resulted in false high dp/dt and peak systolic pressures.

Technological advances in clinical thermometers have resulted in a variety of minimally invasive devices that give rapid results but may not have the accuracy necessary for use in acutely ill adults. Inaccurate temperatures can result in missed opportunities for the early identification and treatment of infection and sepsis. Following the methodology outlined by Whittemore and Knafl, the purpose of this project was to conduct an integrative review of the research on the accuracy of clinical thermometers used for acutely ill adults. The evidence was categorized using the Hierarchy of Evidence for Interventional Studies, and the quality of the studies was appraised using the indicators described by Hooper and Andrews. Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria; the findings on device accuracy were contradictory. Device accuracy was found in 10 (n = 27) studies on the tympanic (TM), 2 (n = 8) on the chemical dot (CH), 7 (n = 19) on the temporal artery (TAT), and 3 (n = 13) on the axillary (AX) thermometers. Two of 2 studies found the no-touch (NT) device clinically inaccurate. Diagnostic accuracy was found in 3 (n = 8) and 0 (n = 5) studies on the TM and TAT, respectively. Only 22 studies had an acceptable quality grade of A or B, limiting the validity of the evidence. The evidence did not support the use of the NT and TAT thermometers or the AX route for acutely ill adults. The CH device should be use with caution, and abnormal temperatures should be validated with a more reliable device. For thermometers in use, appropriate training and technique are essential for the most accurate results. Closing the knowledge-to-practice gap on clinical thermometers can change the culture of nursing practice, improve early sepsis identification, and increase the quality of patient care.