Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på vilka sätt människans vardagsliv blivit begränsat i det sociala livet på grund av covid- 19 och få kunskap om hur de offentliga rummen i Sunne har påverkats av restriktionerna. Frågeställningarna som besvaras handlar om hur det sociala livet och människors vardagsliv har förändrats på grund av restriktionerna och hur användningen av de offentliga rummen har förändrats i Sunne. Vi har använt oss av kvantitativa metoden för att få svar till våra frågeställningar. För att bygga upp och omfattande statistik. Litteratur i form av böcker, vetenskapliga artiklar och pålitliga digitala källor använts. Det genomfördes en enkätundersökning för att få svar på frågeställningarna. Resultatet visar att respondenterna i Sunne har blivit begränsade av olika restriktioner till följd av covid-19 som resulterat i social distansering och en förändrad vardag. Resultatet pekar också på att det är minskad rörelse i de offentliga rummen och att respondenterna i Sunne använder platserna på ett säkert sätt. Slutsatsen kan dras att alla människor påverkas på något sätt av restriktionerna som vidtagits, vilket också har fått konsekvenser för användningen av de offentliga rummen. / The purpose with the essay is to describe and account for how people`s everyday life and social life has been affected by the restrictions as a result of covid-19 in Sunne and also illustrate how the public places in Sunne have been affected by the restrictions. The issues that are answered are about how the use of public places has changed in Sunne. We have used a quantitative method to get answers to our questions. To build up a lot of comprehensive statistics. Literature in form of books, scientific articels and reliable digital sources has been used. A survey was conducted to get answers to the questions. The results show that the respondents in Sunne have been limited by various restrictions as a result of how covid-19 which has also resulted in social distancing and change in everyday life. The results indicate that there is reduced movment in the public places and that the respondents in Sunne use the places in a safe way. It can be concluded that all people are affected in some way by the restrictions that have been taken, which has also had consequences for the use of public places.

To date, previous discussions of the practise of ”weapon deposition” in prehistoric Scandinavia have focused primarily on the Roman Iron Age. The focus of these investigations have been the large offerings of weapons in bogs, which were presumably taken from enemies defeated in battle. Until recently, these particular kind of ritual practises were thought to have ceased in the middle of the 6th century. It is now widely acknowledged, however, that this sort of ritual practises did not simply dissappear, but instead re-emerged during the Vendel- and Viking age in a changed state. These rites, which are frequently associated with elite groups and so called ”central places” are embodied, for example, in the weapons and other valuable objects deposited in the lake adjacent to the Late Iron Age magnate site at Tissø, Denmark. Similar finds have been recovered in Scania and Gotland, but these practises have not received enough attention compared to other ritual aspects of the Viking Age. This essay therefore aims to investigate the ideologies and motivations underpinning these rites, and provide a reassessment of their possible connection to elites, political and religious centralization, and central places/manorial sites.

The purpose of this study was to identify what business executives do to counteract unwanted cultures within male dominated trades. This study will investigate two questions that are based on how business management experience the culture within an organization and what they do to actively prevent unwanted norms, attitudes and values in a work place. Nine semistructured interviews were conducted utilizing a qualitative method. All interviewees were in a position of power within male dominated trades. Collected data was analysed with an inductive thematic analysis which resulted in four main themes. The first main theme was trade culture, within which jargon and generational shift are discussed. The second main theme was the challenges and advantages of leadership. This theme discusses company leaders' ability to correct behaviors and be a good role model. It is also about diversity and employer - employee relations. The third main theme was safety culture, which concerns the idea of clarifying and reinforcing certain behaviors and expectations. The fourth and last main theme was the work of change. This theme enlightens the support that leaders may offer, as well as the values that permeate a workplace.

The Ackerman Unit of the Tombigbee National Forest has served as the location of numerous archaeological investigations. Despite all of the work done, there is a question of whether a representative sample of the archaeological record has been saved and subsequently whether the reports and findings from the Ackerman Unit of the Tombigbee National Forest are legitimate and can be applied to a larger body or research at the regional, and even national scale. This thesis will evaluate whether a paradigmatic classification of occupations can be used to assess if a representative sample of the archaeological record has been saved, and consequently whether identifiable bias exists among the practitioners who recorded those occupations.

In the modern consumer economy, experience is playing an increasingly important role. We are looking to buy a special but authentic experience, in particular when it comes to food consumption. These developments have led to a resurface and reinvention of the traditional covered market hall. New versions of the conventional concept have been created, and these covered food halls put emphasis on creating an attractive public realm for the visitor. However, the different versions of the covered food halls have different public realms with varied effects on the sense of place and conviviality for the visitor. The aim of this research is to find out what the drivers of the public realm of the modern covered food hall are, and to analyze how these influence, and can possibly improve the sense of place and conviviality. Three case studies of new covered food halls in Rotterdam provided valuable insights. From the theories it became apparent that there are four drivers of the public realm when it comes to the creation of a sense of place and conviviality: economical, social, cultural and political. The case studies showed the same result, however it has come to show that the tangible public realm is first and foremost the result of the intangible organization behind the covered food halls, relating to the political driver of the public realm. The structure and the aim of the organization determine the other 3 drivers, resulting in the physical structure of the public realm, and the activities that take place in the space. Within the physical realm, elements such as personalization, flexibility and transparency have shown to be crucial to create a sense of place and conviviality. The organization behind the hall also influences the activities that take place inside and around the hall. In order to possibly improve the public realm of the covered food hall, it is therefore important to start with finding a fitting organization for the aims and goals the covered food halls has as part of the public realm.

Abstract With increased urbanization and a larger number of people choosing to move into cities, the importance of a good urban environment also increases. Along with this, the use of public space for social purposes has achieved an increased relevance. This essay is a study that deals with and analyses how the physical urban design of public places and perceived space affect social interactions and how these are applied to two different public places. This study is focused on the urban design of the physical environment for public usage and the perceived space by the users. Previous studies suggest that the perception of space will affect social interactions and use of the space. The study has been carried out in two different public places in the newly built residential area Vallastaden in the municipality of Linköping. The two public spaces that were selected for the study was; (1) the square named Nobeltorget, and (2) the green area Paradiset. The purpose of the study was to study people's interaction with urban design and how the design can contribute to the residents' social life. The purpose of this study was also to analyze which qualities are important to increase and promote the use of public places.Theoretically, the study is based on three theories that describe in different ways the importance of public places and how public places are created so that people want to stay there. This study is based on theories by, eg Matthew Carmona ́s theory about the physical environments role on social life, David Madden ́s thinking about social exclusion and Ali Madanipour ́s theory about public spaces availability. The study departs from the perspective of an urban planner, therefore, the relationship between the user and the city structure plays a key role. In order to try to discern in what way public places contribute to social meetings and interactions and which qualities can be assumed to be important for the planning of a public place. To answer the essay's purpose, different methods have been used. These are a document study, a literature study, observations and interviews. The essay shows that the public places in a city district have great importance for social life and that different public places have different functions in the city. This is a prerequisite for people to meet, which is a necessity for a community and a social life in the city. / Sammanfattning Med ökad urbanisering och ett större antal människor som väljer att flytta in i städer ökar också betydelsen av en god stadsmiljö. Tillsammans med detta har användningen av det offentliga rummet för sociala ändamål uppnått en ökad relevans. Denna uppsats är en studie som behandlar och analyserar hur den fysiska stadsutformningen av offentliga platser och upplevt rum påverkar sociala interaktioner och hur dessa appliceras på två olika offentliga platser. Denna studie fokuserar på den urbana utformningen av den fysiska miljön för allmänt bruk och det upplevda utrymmet av användarna. Tidigare studier tyder på att uppfattningen av rummet kommer att påverka sociala interaktioner och användningen av rummet. Studien har genomförts på två olika offentliga platser i det nybyggda bostadsområdet Vallastaden i Linköpings kommun. Två offentliga utrymmen valdes ut för studien; (1) Nobeltorget, och (2) parken Paradiset. Syftet med studien var att studera människors interaktion med stadsdesign och hur gestaltningen kan bidra till de boendes sociala liv. Syftet med denna studie var också att analysera vilka kvaliteter som är viktiga för att öka och främja användningen av offentliga platser. Teoretiskt utgår undersökningen från tre teorier som på olika sätt beskriver vikten av offentliga platser och hur offentliga platser skapas för att folk ska vilja stanna där. Denna studie är baserad på teorier av t.ex. Matthew Carmonas teori om den fysiska miljöns roll i det sociala livet, David Maddens tänkande om socialt utanförskap och Ali Madanipours teori om tillgången till offentliga rum. Studien utgår från en stadsplanerares perspektiv, därför spelar relationen mellan användare och stadsstrukturen en nyckelroll. Uppsatsens syfte är att försöka urskilja på vilket sätt offentliga platser bidrar till sociala möten och interaktioner och vilka egenskaper och kvaliteter som kan antas ha betydelse för planeringen av en offentlig plats. För att svara på uppsatsens syfte har olika metoder använts. Dessa metoder är en dokumentstudie, en litteraturstudie, observationer och intervjuer.Uppsatsen visar att de offentliga platserna i en stadsdel har stor betydelse för det sociala livet och att olika offentliga platser har olika funktioner i staden. Detta är en förutsättning för att människor ska mötas, vilket är en nödvändighet för en gemenskap och ett socialt liv i staden.

Walking through time: a window onto the prehistory of the Yorkshire Dales through multi-method, non-standard survey approaches Keywords: Yorkshire Dales, prehistory, veneration, natural places, geophysical survey, walkover survey, field-system, clearance, land tenure The large-scale field-systems, ubiquitous across upland and marginal parts of the Yorkshire Dales, are insecurely dated and poorly understood. Apart from some sporadic academic interest, the archaeology of this region has yet to receive the level of scholarly attention it deserves. The research presented here involved an intensive investigation of an area near Grassington, Upper Wharfedale, UK. Detailed field analysis revealed a section of one of these field-systems to be only a single element in a complex, multi-layered prehistoric landscape, which it is proposed may have roots as far back as the early Neolithic. Contextualisation of the survey area against palynological data, radiocarbon dates and comparative material moves the date of inception of the field-systems back to the middle Bronze Age, some 1000 years earlier than is currently assumed. The combination of empirical data and theoretical ideas has allowed a relative chronology to be determined in the survey area, together with the creation of a testable hypothesis surrounding the development of Upper Wharfedale and the wider Yorkshire Dales through prehistory. A sense of place and the veneration of natural places are key themes within this landscape and it was possible through these to draw out elements of prehistoric society and to show the evolution of ideas such as land tenure and monument significance. This dual empirical-theoretical approach is novel in upland landscape archaeology in the UK and is shown here to have significant merit. / Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) collaborative doctoral award / The data and photo files are not available online.

The first paper is a two-phase mixed methods study that explored the relationship among nature connectedness, mental health, and childhood nature experiences in a sample of McMaster undergraduates. Study objectives were twofold: (1) to determine associations between measures of nature connectedness, positive childhood nature experiences, and mental health via an online survey (Phase One); and, (2) to compare, qualitatively, the self-reported childhood nature experiences of students who are more nature connected to those who are less nature connected via in-depth interviews (Phase Two). Quantitative findings from the Phase One survey (N=308) showed that nature connectedness is associated with higher levels of emotional and psychological well-being and also correlates positively with students’ self-recalled positive childhood nature experiences. Thematic analysis of qualitative findings from in-depth interviews held with students (n=12) in Phase Two showed that students who measured relatively higher in nature connectedness recall growing up in the vicinity of accessible, expansive, natural places, and being raised in families that modeled a love for nature and valued shared nature experiences. Overall, findings suggest that positive experiences in natural places growing up may have long-term mental health benefits through fostering a more ecological self. The second paper, an exploratory qualitative study, investigated the types of natural places that McMaster undergraduates consider beneficial to their mental health, and why. Twelve students were invited to photographically document a natural place that they consider mental health promoting. Thematic analysis of photographs and follow-up in-depth interviews revealed that students prefer familiar natural places that contain a variety of natural elements (especially mature trees and some form of water) and are separate from the context of everyday campus life (distanced from both the built and social campus environment). Overall, findings demonstrate the importance of acknowledging symbolic and social factors when assessing the potential mental health benefits of natural places for different groups and individuals. In the third paper, an argumentative essay, we argued that colleges and universities should take nature’s mental health benefits seriously by finding ways to foster student-nature relationships both on their campuses, and in their surrounding communities. We present and describe four geographically informed ways that this might be accomplished: (1) raising awareness; (2) planning for the availability and accessibility of natural spaces; (3) bringing nature indoors, and; (4) using nature-based therapies. While many students may be “bleeding at the roots”, it is not too late to graft them back onto the earth. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The first paper explored associations among childhood nature experiences, nature connectedness (a measure of the degree to which an individual includes nature in her or his identity), and mental health in McMaster undergrads. Quantitative results showed that positive childhood nature experiences, nature connectedness, and mental health are all significantly related. Qualitative findings showed that students who are more nature connected remember growing up in nature loving families and in the vicinity of expansive natural areas (e.g., a conservation area). The second paper explored the types of natural places that McMaster undergrads consider beneficial to their mental health, and why. Twelve students were invited to visit a favourite natural place and take photographs of it. Qualitative findings showed that students’ prefer familiar natural places that contain a variety of natural elements and are separate from the context of campus life. In the third paper, four strategies that post-secondary institutions can use to connect students with nature are presented: (1) raising awareness; (2) planning for the availability and accessibility of natural spaces; (3) bringing nature indoors, and; (4) using nature-based therapies. While many students may be “bleeding at the roots”, it is not too late to graft them back onto the earth.

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Our thesis investigates how local tourism stakeholders frame and actively produce rural places in times of renewable energy transitions. Rural places serve as a stage for both the transition to renewable energy and rural tourism. Wind turbines, in particular, are a source of debate due to their visual impact and noise. Local tourism stakeholders are concerned that the development of renewable energy infrastructure, especially wind turbines, may have a negative impact on their tourism activities and, consequently, their revenue. In our qualitative study, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with 21 local tourism stakeholders. The Swedish rural island of Öland served as a case study area for our research. Furthermore, we gathered data by visiting and observing some of the participants’ businesses. Our findings were analyzed through the lens of relational place-making and place framing. Through reconstructing the narratives of local tourism stakeholders, we identified a strong connection to their rural place. Moreover, there was a generally positive attitude towards renewable energy infrastructure development among local tourism stakeholders. They prioritize the environmental benefits of renewable energy infrastructure over aesthetic considerations and thus, do not fear a tourism revenue drop. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the local tourism stakeholders are not primarily focused on renewable energy infrastructure development, but rather on the general sustainable tourism development of the island. The future visions of local tourism stakeholders involve creative ideas about wind turbines in tourist attractions. Taken together, our evidence shows that rural tourism and renewable energy transitions can interact in rural places.