The schoolyard, an area that is used continuously during the day by teachers and students, becomes a natural area for students to form social relationships and activate themselves outside the classroom. The schoolyard's possibilities to create these relationships and activities is directly connected to how it is designed. This study deals with these possibilities and after-school educare teachers' perception of the schoolyard as a play area and the students' tendencies regarding the use of its various spaces. Previous research shows that varied spaces with directly intended purposes have an inspiring effect on students' play. The philosopher Henri Lefebvre writes about three dimensions of space, the materially perceived, the imagined, and the lived. The study uses these to form an idea of after-school teachers' and students' opportunities in the schoolyard. Semi-structured interviews with after-school educare teachers were carried out to find out their view of the schoolyard, taking into account the students' social relations, motor development and educational purpose. Also observations of the students' stay in the schoolyard were made to answer the study's research questions. The results show that after-school educare teachers want greater opportunities to use the schoolyard as a space for didactic work, with varying play spaces. It also shows that after-school educare teachers' approach has an important role in the students' social relations and motor development in the schoolyard. The discussion includes the spatial dimensions in relation to the students' social relationships and motor development in the schoolyard. In addition, it is discussed in relation to the schoolyard for educational purposes.

How can we understand places and their development processes from a social perspective? The aim of this case study is to understand the emergence of an IT-industry in Karlskrona between 1989-2002 from a social capital perspective. Historically, the production and the form of life of the population in Karlskrona, has been characterized by the fact that Karlskrona is a naval city, which for several centuries has had a naval base and a naval ship yard. Karlskrona is also an interesting case to study because of the stagnation in the economy and the insignificant prospects for industrial renewal in the late 1980s. Despite these conditions, something happens that for a short period of time changes the local structure both in terms of production and population. How can we understand the social dimension of such a change? In a narrated form this case study highlights how the transformation of Karlskrona contain both bridging and bonding forms of social relations. The main purpose of this dissertation is accordingly to understand which networks of relations the key participants of the study are a part of and get resources from. The study also aim to highlight structures for action around the development of the IT-industry in relation to the ties that bind in the already established industrial specialization in Karlskrona, in other words the lasting relationships tied to the naval base, the navy and the naval yard. From this viewpoint questions are asked regarding what kind of social relations appear, both in the new and the old Karlskrona, and what it is in particular that characterizes the new social capital that makes up the key participants room to manoeuvre in the process of transformation for Karlskrona.   The phenomenon where the place Karlskrona appears as socially divided between exchanges within the context of the new and the already established industry, is illustrated as two pillars of social capital. The pillars are assumed to be separated at the beginning of the transformation, and then they change as people live their lives and are included in new types of exchanges with each other. From the case specific study of the transformation of Karlskrona between 1989-2002, other, more general analytical connections are made in the discussion about how the dynamics of the transformation could be made possible, and why it stopped. From the theoretical viewpoint of social capital the dissertation follows a discussion about the lessons which can be learnt regarding the question how we can view places and their transformation processes. The conclusions particularly emphasize the importance of how newcomers can contribute as well as the crucial role held by border crossers when it comes to create linking social capital of the place. / Hur kan vi betrakta platser och deras utvecklingsprocesser från ett socialt perspektiv? I denna avhandling studeras framväxten av en IT-industri i Karlskrona mellan åren 1989-2002 utifrån ett perspektiv om socialt kapital. Produktionen i Karlskrona och populationens livsform har ur ett historiskt perspektiv varit präglad av det faktum att Karlskrona är en örlogsstad som under flera hundra år inrymt ett örlogsvarv samt omfattande enheter av den kungliga flottan, och dess utbildningar. Karlskronas transformation är ett intressant fall att studera eftersom ekonomin i slutet av 1980-talet var stagnerad och utsikterna för industriell förnyelse mycket små. Ändå händer något som för en kort tid kom att skapa förändringar i den lokala sammansättningen av såväl produktion som population. Hur kan vi förstå den sociala dimensionen av en sådan förändring? Teorin om socialt kapital hjälper oss i denna studie att se hur relationer innehåller utbyten mellan aktörer som är kopplade till platsen och dess dominerande livsform. Denna studie ser hur platsens utveckling rymmer sociala relationer som verkar både bindande likt ett klister och möjliggörande likt ett smörjmedel. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att förstå vilka nätverk av relationer som studiens nyckelaktörer ingår i och hämtar resurser ur. Studien syftar även till att belysa utbyten runt IT-industrins framväxt i relation till de samordningar som sedan länge varit etablerade runt den dominerande industriella specialiseringen i Karlskrona, det vill säga varaktiga gemenskaper med koppling till örlogshamnen, flottan och varvet. Utifrån en sådan ansats ställs frågor om vilka slags sociala relationer det är som framträder i både det nya och det gamla Karlskrona och vad det är som särskilt karaktäriserar det nya sociala kapital som bildar nyckelaktörers manöverutrymme i berättelsen av Karlskronas transformationsprocess. Fenomenet där platsen Karlskrona framstår som socialt tudelad mellan utbyten inom den nya och den redan etablerade industrins sammanhang illustreras som två pelare av socialt kapital. Pelarna antas vara åtskilda vid transformationens början för att sedan förändras i takt med att människor på platsen lever sina liv och ingår i nya slags utbyten med varandra. Utifrån den fallspecifika studien av Karlskronas transformation 1989-2002 dras även mer generella analytiska kopplingar i diskussionen om hur utvecklingens dynamik kunde bli möjlig, samt varför den upphörde? Utifrån avhandlingens teoretiska ansats och berättelser diskuteras slutligen de lärdomar som kan dras från studien med återkoppling till frågan om hur vi kan betrakta platser och dess utveckling från ett socialt perspektiv. De slutsatser som dras betonar framför allt vikten av att inflyttade kan göra något avsevärt nytt liksom vilken avgörande roll gränsgångare har i skapandet av platsens överbryggande sociala kapital.

Thesis (MSocialWork) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since 1988 it became practice for welfare organisations to submit an evaluation of their welfare programme as part of their application for state funding for the next year. Included in this evaluation is a section on the cost efficiency of the programme. After the first democratic election in 1994 a number of processes were started to develop new welfare policies for the country. In all of these processes cost efficiency is seen as a principle, but in spite of this, so it seems from the documents, is the evaluation of cost efficiency still a problem. The question therefore arises: What is the present status of the evaluation of the cost efficiency of social services after twelve years of program evaluation? Only a few studies on the methodology of the evaluation of cost efficiency within the South African context were found through the literature study. An exploratory study was therefore undertaken to determine what the reasons could be why so little progress was made with cost effiency evaluation. The empirical study focussed on residential facilities for older persons and was done within one welfare organisation in the Western- and Southern Cape. A sample of twenty managers was randomly selected and fifteen respondents returned the questionaire. It is a potential danger that managers of residential facilities for older persons could see the evaluation of the services rendered as just another administrative task, because of the very strong link between evaluation and the application for state funding. The researcher therefore wanted to ascertain what the attitude of the managers is towards the evaluation of their services, and especially the evaluation of the cost-efficiency thereof. It was found that the managers are positive towards program evaluation and the evaluation of cost efficiency, but the majority of them responded that the lack of guidelines and manuals is a deficiency. The lack of proper measuring instruments was also stressed. The research also shown that the managers conceptualize cost efficiency mainly in terms of costs and not as a relation between the outcomes of the programme and the costs thereof. The managers of residential facilities uses the evaluation document that was send out by the department, because it forms part of the application for state funding. This means that the level of program evaluation is actually determined by the department. It was found that this document focused mainly on the measuring of inputs and outputs and not so much of the evaluation of the outcomes of the programme. Based on the results of the study the researcher proposed guidelines to promote the evaluation of the cost efficiency of social services. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is sedert 1988 praktyk dat vrywillige welsynsorganisasies jaarliks 'n evaluering van hulle maatskaplikewelsynsprogram moet indien as deel van die aansoek om staatsubsidie vir die volgende jaar. By hierdie evaluering van die maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme is die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die program ingesluit. Na die eerste demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 het verskeie prosesse aan die gang gekom om nuwe maatskaplikewelsynsbeleid vir Suid-Afrika te ontwikkel. In al die dokumente wat deur die prosesse ontwikkel is, word die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplikewelsynsdienste as 'n belangrike beginsel gestel. Tog blyk dit, uit die verslae van sommige van die prosesse, dat die evaluering van kostedoeltreffendheid 'n probleem blyk te wees. Die vraag ontstaan dan tereg: Wat is die huidige stand van die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme twaalf jaar sedert die implementering van programevaluering? Uit die literatuurstudie het dit geblyk dat daar min studies in Suid-Afrika bestaan wat handel oor die metodiek van kostedoeltreffendheidsevaluering van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme. Verkennende navorsing is onderneem om vas te stel waarom daar oënskynlik min vordering gemaak is met die evaluering van kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplikewelsynsprogramme. Die empiriese studie het gefokus op residensiële fasiliteite vir ouer persone en die navorsing is uitgevoer by een welsynsorganisasie in die Wes- en Suid-Kaap. 'n Steekproef van twintig bestuurders is op ewekansige wyse geselekteer en vyftien respondente het die vraelys teruggestuur. Die gevaar bestaan dat, vanweë die sterk verband tussen die evaluering van die program en die aansoek vir subsidie, die evaluering van die maatskaplikewelsynsprogram bloot net as nog 'n administratiewe taak gesien kan word. Daarom wou die navorser vasstel wat die bestuurders van residensiële versorgingsprogramme vir ouer persone se houding jeens programevaluering en die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die program is. In die studie is bevind dat die bestuurders positief jeens programevaluering en die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van die programme is, maar die oorgrote meerderheid bestuurders het aangedui dat hulle dit as 'n leemte sien dat daar min riglyne of handleidings bestaan. Die gebrek aan meetinstrumente is ook beklemtoon. Uit die studie het dit verder geblyk dat die bestuurders die konsep kostedoeltreffendheid hoofsaaklik in terme van koste verstaan, en nie in terme van 'n verhouding van die uitkomste van die program tot die koste daarvan nie. Die bestuurders van residensiële fasiliteite voltooi jaarliks die evalueringsdokument van die betrokke staatsdepartement, omdat dit deel vorm van die aansoekprosedure vir staatsubsidie. Hierdie dokument bepaal derhalwe die vlak van programevaluering. Dit het uit die studie geblyk dat die dokument wat gebruik word grootliks fokus op die meting van insette en uitsette en nie soseer op die uitkomste van die welsynsprogramme nie. Gebaseer op die bevindinge van die navorsing is riglyne voorgestel wat sal meewerk om die evaluering van die kostedoeltreffendheid van maatskaplike dienste te bevorder.

Au regard d'une demande urbaine croissante, les marchés périodiques appelés " foires " se multiplient depuis les années 1960 en périphérie de Bamako. Cette thèse questionne ce phénomène de développement des foires dans un rayon de 150 km autour de la capitale malienne et démontre que la modernisation du système commercial de la périphérie de Bamako est un facteur d'émergence de nouvelles centralités. Ce travail est à la croisée des études sur l'approvisionnement des villes et de celles des marchés comme institution commerciale. Nous proposons une analyse des foires par les acteurs et par les modèles spatiaux. Au-delà du rôle essentiel des foires dans l'approvisionnement des villes maliennes et de l'intérêt d'un tel sujet, peu documenté, cette thèse montre que le développement des communes rurales, l'urbanisation et la structuration des réseaux commerciaux sont trois phénomènes en interaction. L'aire d'influence de chaque foire constitue un bassin d'emplois qui normalise les pratiques paysannes. De plus, les paysans utilisent le réseau de foires pour satisfaire leurs besoins propres : offre de biens et services mais aussi mobilité. Les espaces ruraux tirent parti de l'essor des marchés urbains et se transforment au fur et à mesure que le réseau de foires se densifie. Une approche quantitative qui porte sur l'analyse des places centrales à partir des travaux de W. Christaller et W. Skinner a permis de mettre en évidence le lien géographique entre la foire et la ville : la foire est un facteur d'urbanité. Nous montrons ainsi que l'actuelle armature urbaine de la périphérie de Bamako a été renforcée par le développement des foires.

The increase in social challenges especially with regards to safety and security experienced in rural communities, as well as the lack of efficient lively places and public green spaces, is predominantly increasing in importance for government and planning policies. This problem is substantiated by the large number of deaths (especially the deaths of children) drowning in rivers flowing through or nearby rural communities because of the lack of any other safe, public facilities and well-managed and maintained green spaces. The research question therefore focuses on whether the planning of lively places and green spaces in rural communities can address some of these social issues, and contribute to the strengthening of communities and creation of lively public places. Government is struggling to deal with social issues (especially that of safety and security) within rural communities and a number of strategies were discussed and drawn up. (For example, the Rural Safety Summit which took place on 10 October 1998 aimed at achieving consensus regarding issues of rural insecurity; as well as crime prevention strategies as defined by the SAPS White Paper on Safety and Security (1998).) However, very little (if any) in-depth research on the possibility of upgrading public spaces into lively green places as a solution, has been done. This study can serve as a link between literature and practical rural issues, as well as contribute to green space and lively place development, incorporating international approaches and pilot studies, and illustrating best practices in terms of lively place and green space development, linking it to the local rural reality. In creating public and lively green places for rural communities, issues of safety, inequality, sociability and community coherence are addressed. Through the correct corresponding planning initiatives consequently drawn up, overall quality of life of those living in rural communities can be improved, decreasing the social challenges experienced. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

I denna studie behandlas ämnet offentliga rum, en diffus definition av allmänna platser som denna uppsats syftar till att råda bot på. Studiens ämne baseras på antaganden om en tilltagande privatisering av offentliga rum som pågår runt om i Sverige och världen, som skapar offentliga rum präglade av handel och service. Forskning och teori i denna studie fokuserar på att finna karaktären av ett offentligt rum och undersöka de konsekvenser som kommer av privatisering. För att besvara de frågor som ställts kommer två fallstudier från Malmö stads två torg Stortorget och Lilla torg redovisas, där forskarnas egna antagande och observationer kompletteras med intervjuer från användare som beskriver sin syn och upplevelse av rummen. I uppsatsen kommer det gå att läsa om de olika fallens bakgrund, hur de uppfattas av besökare, hur de kan ses som motpoler till varandra och vilka konsekvenser offentlighet, eller bristen på det, har på olika grupper. Studien är en del av kandidatprogrammet Fysisk planering vid Blekinge tekniska högskola i Karlskrona. Ämnet, privatisering av offentliga rum, har valts då det är ett intressant ämne att diskutera inom fysisk planering, då gränsen mellan vad fysisk planering kan, och inte kan, påverka är tunn och svår att hantera. Vid ytterligare frågor eller funderingar kring innehållet i uppsatsen eller ämnet, vänligen kontakta författarna på respektive mail: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com / This study concerns the subject public spaces, a vague definition of public places that this study will disentangle. The study is based on assumptions about an increasing privatisation of public spaces that is happening all over Sweden and around the world, that creates public spaces characterized by commerce and service. Science and the theory in this study focuses on to find characterizing trades of a public space and to investigate the consequences that privatization create. To answer questions that has been asked shall two case studies, that has been made on two squares in Malmö called Stortorget and Lilla torg be accounted for, where scientists own assumptions and observations supplemented with interviews from users who describes their view and experience on the subject. In this study will you be able to read about the two cases background, how they are perceived by the users, how they can be seen as opposites and which consequences publicness, or the lack of it, has on different groups. The study is a part of the bachelor program at Fysisk planering (Spatial planning) at Blekinge tekniska högskola (Blekinge technical university) in Karlskrona. The subject, privatization of public spaces, has been chosen because it is an interesting subject to discuss, especially within spatial planning because the borders concerning what spatial planning is able to or not able to do is narrow and hard to equipoise. Further questions or thoughts concerning the content of this study or the subject, please contact the authors on their respective email: Linnéa Håkansson: linnea-hakansson@hotmail.com Jasmine Dogertz: jasminedogertz@gmail.com

The exclusive bronze and gold objects found in the Iron Age ship and rider burials of Vendel, Valsgärde and Sutton Hoo are well known. Less known, however, is the grave field of Vallstenarum on Gotland, where some similar finds have been made. Vallstenarum is located in a highly interesting landscape with former bays and lagoons, Bronze Age monuments, hill forts and a long continuity of human activity. While many of the impressive Bronze Age graves and monuments are widely visible in the landscape, Iron Age burials are more descrete. Therefore, this paper aims to shed light on the people in the Iron Age Vallstena community, their social organisation and their communication with the rest of the world. This will be achieved by analysing grave objects in relation to status and hierarchy, but also in relation to the surrounding landscape and in chronology with nearby archaeological sites. By comparing where similar finds have been made, the paper also discusses the location of Vendel Period central areas and Iron Age trade and communication. The results show a highly symbolic landscape, where the domestic area was separated from the grave fields. The find material also implies that the Vallstena area was involved in a vast communication network during the Vendel Period and possibly functioned as a trade hub through its strategic location next to the Gothem river. The grave activity in the central area of the parish seems to peak during the Vendel period, and the peripheral areas of the parish starts to get more intensively populated in the Viking Age. / I ”Tjelvars” fotspår- Rekonstruktion av det forntida landskapet vid Lina myr på Gotland under 9000 år

The study comprises four case studies, in the form of detailed plans from the three municipalities in Västra Götaland. The detailed individual has principal responsibility in a public place, and each case study includes a survey and analysis of the implementation process of a public place. Documents that have been reviewed are flat map, planning and implementation description, contract (development agreements / land use agreements) and ordinances. Finally a visit was performed in each planning area, by a visual inspection. Preliminary work, SOU 's, lagkommentarer, Propositions and previous studies focusing on individual principal on public places, has been read to get a knowledge base for the study. Older laws have been studied, such as the elderly Planning and Building Act 1987, in order to know the legislation of the detailed plans that are subject of the study. The study has its origins from two theses from the year 2012, which covered a similar subject. The difference in this study is that the agreements been added as an additional document, to create an overall picture of the implementation process of a public place with a single principal responsibility. Qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach has been used, where text interpretation has been the central approach, to understand the municipality's underlying intentions for public places. Analyses of the text documents have been conducted to investigate whether they contain the same issues. The aim was to see how the implementation process is complex, and how clearly municipality ensures its intentions for the general location of the plane map into reality. In completed case studies we have seen that municipalities use the agreement to partially regulate the design of public space, and only partial use of the possibility to enter the planning regulations on the design of plan map. We have also seen that the intentions in the general location plan map, doesn´t always agree with the planning and implementation descriptions. Despite this, the site visits revealed that the facilities for the public space is implemented in accordance with the plan map. The experience we had with us is that site visits are an important part in contact with the plans. Site visits gave us a better understanding of the municipality's intentions when text documents interpreted, and assess accessibility in public places. It's something we think should be used more, even when new detailed plans drawn up. The implementation process from plan to reality is a complex process. The process includes several different parts, where communication between officials is important to intentions of zoning should not to change or fall away. The municipality should therefore monitor each document established in the implementation process, to ensure the intentions and reduce the chance that reality will not be that the municipality has planned.

This work deals with novel heroines and their waking dreaming in the novels of th 20th centrury form central Europe. Methodology is inspired by Gaston Bachelard's water and dreams. This methodology analyzes categories of waking dreams which occur the most often in selected novels. Considering Bachelard's texts about places there appear other places for dreaming, which bind to content topics of the dream. The work is enhancement by phenomenology of perecption, which proves in the end as the most important criterion of the attitude to waking dreams.

This thesis focuses on the poetry of place in the works of the two most important figures of modern Scottish Gaelic verse: Sorley MacLean (Somhairle MacGill-Eain, 1911-1996) and Derick Thomson (Ruaraidh MacThòmais, 1921-2012). Both poets exhibited a keen interest in poetry of place, although each one approached it from a very different angle: MacLean's poetry is proudly local and audaciously universal at the same time, moving from the Cuillin of Skye to Spain and Russia in the space of one stanza, while Thomson inquires in the ways in which the island environment, in terms of nature, language and religion, shapes the individual psyche, memory and creative abilities, and he is also a significant poet of the city. The opening chapter gives reasons for the choice of these two authors, introduces the structure and method of the thesis, and outlines what is meant by "poetry of place." It also sums up different theoretical approaches to places and discusses important features of Scottish Gaelic poetry of place of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as both poets employed, altered and contradicted certain traditional patterns and motifs. The second chapter provides a context for the subsequent discussion by explaining the basic facts about the linguistic, social and cultural conditions of Gaelic...