Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact conjoint du creusement des inégalités de revenus et des effets de démonstration sur la demande de consommation. Tout particulièrement, ce travail s’attache à définir dans quelles mesures les inégalités de revenus engendrent- elles une demande de luxe et participent-Elles à la dynamique d’innovation. L’analyse s’inscrit dans le cadre des préférences non- homothétiques et traite des aspects sociologiques de l’acte de consommation. L’étude de la littérature macroéconomique sur les inégalités de revenu et la consommation de luxe, constitue le chapitre premier de la thèse. Elle permet de constater que ce champs d’analyse se heurte à l’absence d’une définition communément admise et précise de ce qu’est un bien de luxe. Ce chapitre met en avant l’intérêt d’analyser l’effet du désir de distinction social au sein d’un modèle dans lequel les biens répondant au désir de prestige ont non seulement une fonction sociale, mais aussi une utilité intrinsèque et puissent être le résultat d’une innovation technologique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la notion de désirs et ses conséquences sur la demande, il propose, notamment, un mécanisme explicatif de l’émergence les désirs et de leur développement dans le temps. Il apporte également une représentation formelle de la croissance des normes de consommation dans un contexte social et montre dans quelle mesure la croissance des désirs participe au changement technologique via les demandes individuels de consommation. Ce chapitre apporte le socle théorique sur lequel est construit un modèle dynamique, proposé dans le troisième chapitre et dans lequel l’incitation à innover provient de la demande de consommation. / This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the joint impact of increasing income inequality and demonstration effects on consumer demand. In particular, it attempts to define to what extent income inequality generates luxury consumption and participates in innovation dy- namics. The analysis is part of non-Homothetic preferences framework and discusses sociological aspects of consumer behaviour. The first chapter reviews the macroeconomic literature on income inequality and luxury consumption. It shows that the analysis of luxury from demand point of view comes up against the absence of a commonly accepted and precise definition of luxury goods. The chapter puts forward the interest to analyze the effect of the desire of social distinction within a model in which goods an- swering the want for prestige have, not only a social function, but also an intrinsic utility and can be the product of a technological innovation. The second chapter examines the notion of wants and its consequences on demand. It establishes the mechanism by which wants appear and develop in time. It brings a formal representation of the growth of consumption standards in a so- cial context and shows to what extent the growth of wants participates in the dynamics of technical change through individual consumption demand. This chapter provides a theoretical framework on which is built a dynamical model, exposed in the third chapter, in which the incentive to innovate comes from the consumer demand. Using agent-Based modeling, this chapter explores the relation between conspicuous consumption and product innovation under various states of income inequality and different social influences.

<div>Cognitive agent architectures embed social learning algorithms and normative frameworks for adopting others’ influenced goals. However, there exists inefficiency in providing continuous, situational decision-making to emerge social, altruistic norms. The thesis reconstructs social-ecological learning mechanisms to functionally and efficiently internalize situational cooperation. By orienting agents to be self-aware of their three-dimensional vectors, i.e., physical, emotional and intellectual in graphical representations, this thesis hypothesizes the parsimonious, action-predictive four emotions that not only link perceptions, action, and cognition by events but also the emotional continuity functional to social-ecological rationality of agents in continuum. Twelve Meridian system is employed to conceptualize the equalizing, complementary, heuristic orientation (ECHO) model. ECHO simulates “naturalistic” cooperation to model embodied, social-ecological orientations by self-organizing emotions to emerge functional social network formations. ECHO delineates the soma links to perceptions, namely Twelve Meridian channels as “direct pipes” that initiates and conduct emotions and consciousness of three dimensional agenthood: physical, emotional, and intellectual desires. ECHO reconstructs emotions as entities to induce systemic, self-organized rule of delegation by integrating agents’ percepts and actuations. By modeling constitutional emotions and consciousness of eight entities, emotions within entities as “individualized emotional processors,” are constructing and integrating purposeful social, altruistic events for the efficacy of situated agents.<br></div>

The purpose of this study is to explore how young girls have been portraited in children's literature in the last 40 years. Find out how young girls are portrayed in literature for children. The reason for the focus is that we as humans are constantly influenced and shaped by external factors and by the norms that are presented, among other things, in different types of media (Abercrombie 2006:22-24). The curriculum states that the school should help students to develop their identity and give the students techniques to think critically (Skolverket 2011:12). Thus, the purpose is to find out how to work norm critical based on different types of popular children's literature. Astrid Lindgren's Madicken (1976), Pija Lindenbaum’s Gittan and the Greyhounds (2000) and Per Gustavsson's Princesses Waking At Night (2009) will be analyzed to complete the study. The different texts will be analyzed from a discourse analytical perspective and from a socio-cultural perspective. To narrow the study, three keywords will have a little more significance: gender, norms, characters and children´s books. In order for the study to not be too large, the analysis will be based on three books from different decades: The 70’s, 00’s and 10’s. The analysis will thus be from a historical contemporary perspective to pay attention to how the development of the portrayal of girls has developed by comparing the ideals that are contemporary with the books. To sum up the results, we both influence and are influenced by literature. The literature and concepts used are developing and changing in line with society's norms and values. It also turns out that the more modern the literature is, the more questioning of the prevailing gender standards it becomes. / Syftet med den här studien är att utforska hur unga tjejer har framställts i barnlitteratur under den senaste 40 åren. Anledningen till den inriktningen är att vi som människor ständigt påverkas och formas av yttre faktorer och av de normer som framställs i bland annat olika typer av media (Abercrombie 2006:22–24). I läroplanen står det att skolan ska hjälpa eleverna att utveckla sin identitet och ge eleverna tekniker för att tänka kritiskt (Skolverket 2011:12). Syftet är alltså att ta reda på hur man kan arbeta normkritiskt i undervisningen med hjälp av olika typer av populär barnlitteratur. För att genomföra studien har ett urval av litteratur skett, där Astrid Lindgrens Madicken (1976), Pija Lindenbaums Gittan och gråvargarna (2000) samt Per Gustavssons När prinsessor vaknar om natten (2009) har analyserats. De olika texterna analyserades utifrån ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv samt ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att begränsa studien har tre nyckelord haft lite större betydelse och de nyckelorden är: genus, normer och karaktärer. För att arbetet inte ska bli för stort har analysen utgått från tre böcker från olika årtionden: 1970- talet, 2000-talet och från 2010-talet. Analysen har alltså skett ur ett historiskt perspektiv för att urskilja hur flickor framställts genom tiderna samt hur utvecklingen har sett ut Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns många tecken som tyder på att vi både påverkas av och kan påverka litteraturen. Det är tydligt att litteraturen och de begrepp som används utvecklas och förändras i takt med samhällets normer och värderingar.

Cette recherche en sciences de l'information et de la communication aborde les stéréotypes et normes de genre et de sexualité en tant qu'objets communicationnels, dont sont observées aussi bien les constructions dans certains discours marchands et médiatiques (la publicité) que les tentatives de déconstruction dans certains discours militants qui les critiquent.Stéréotypes et normes de genre, d'après les discours critiques qui visent à les déconstruire, seraient apparentés. Ces liens de parenté postulés sont irrigués de conceptions négatives : la norme et le stéréotype comme imposition, comme hégémonie et surtout comme figement. Nous observons cependant, dans les manifestations concrètes de normativité et stéréotypie de certains discours marchands et médiatiques, comme dans les critiques qui les prennent pour objet, des effets de « bougé », de circulation, voire de resignification.Dans cette recherche, la resignification est définie comme l'effet de certaines pratiques discursives (détournement des représentations sociales, parodie, resémantisation, néologie...) que l'on observe aussi bien dans les discours militants que dans les discours publicitaires. Au-delà de ces pratiques de « braconnage du sens », la resignification est l'effet du processus de sémiose infinie, de traduction de signes en d'autres signes.Norme et stéréotype, pris entre des conceptions figeantes et des pratiques de défigement, se font, défont et refont dans un travail permanent. Ces deux objets (norme/stéréotype) et leurs processus (normativité/stéréotypie) peuvent être considérés comme deux versants d'un même phénomène communicationnel, celui de la circulation-transformation des discours sociaux et des représentations qui s'y forgent. / This research in communication and information sciences considers gender stereotypes and social norms of sexuality as communicational objects. We analyze the construction of gender norms and stereotypes in advertising and marketing discourse, while considering the conception of the notion of norm and stereotype in the discourse of those who criticize and aim to deconstruct them.Advertising and activism are both considered as social discourses. In the critique that aims to deconstruct them, norms and stereotypes are often considered related and as rigid objects. Additionally, we observe that in the critique as well as in the advertising discourse, norms and stereotypes are woven in a discursive circulation that both affects and aims to re-signify these norms and stereotypes. In this research, re-signification is defined as the result of certain discursive practices (parody, re-semantisation, neology, etc.) that exist in anti-advertising discourse as well as in advertising discourse. Moreover, re-signification is the result of the process of infinite semiosis, signs translating into new signs.Social stereotypes and norms, torn between rigid conceptions and practices of re-signification, are constructed and deconstructed at the same time. These two objects (norm/sterotype) and the process they result from (normativity/stereotypification) can be considered as the two sides of one communicational phenomenon. The phenomenon called circulation-transformation of social discourse and social representations.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze Astrid Lindgren's work Madicken (1960) from a gender perspective. The analysis is based on analyzing how the characters are presented and what role the characters' relationship plays. The presentation is based on the characters' appearance, personality and in relation to each other. At the end of the essay, it is also discussed how the book can be used in Swedish teaching to highlight gender. The end result of analysis and discussion shows, in particular, how the main character Madicken deviates from the girl ideal and how the side characters both follow and do not follow the stereotypical norms for how girls and boys should look and behave. The characters possess both female and male characteristics, which contributes to certain characters deviating from the norm. In the analysis it appears that the book can be used in Swedish teaching to highlight gender.

A norma contábil internacional alterou o processo e a geração de informação. A convergência contábil no Brasil para as grandes empresas constitui uma realidade de profundas modificações para o relatório interno e externo. A substituição de regras por princípios como base da contabilidade financeira faz eclodir raízes da essência contábil, envolvendo características que traduzem a realidade social e econômica. Social, porque busca desnudar a motivação e justificar fatores relacionados à escolha da decisão; econômica, porque busca traduzir os efeitos das escolhas empresariais na forma de resultado, menos contábil e mais de natureza econômica. Nessa concepção, a literatura tem delineado influências que envolvem a prática da contabilidade gerencial, reduzindo os limites entre as duas abordagens, gerencial e financeira (Weißenberger & Angelkort, 2011; Gilio, 2011; Papadatos & Bellas, 2011; Boscov, 2013). Assim, no contexto de implementação das IAS/IFRS/CPC, a pesquisa investigou dois impactos, sendo o primeiro na integração entre as duas abordagens (gerencial e financeira), influenciada por três variáveis: informações preditivas/prospectivas (delineadas pelo valor justo, teste de recuperabilidade, resultado abrangente, informações por segmento e resultado econômico), modificação do sistema de informação (com adequação de procedimentos, geração de informação e integração) e pelo aprendizado organizacional (decorrente do processo de inter-relação dos envolvidos na implementação); o segundo impacto é o da influência da integração nas funções da controladoria. Para realizar tal análise, foi aplicado um questionário as 257 empresas da revista Maiores & Melhores, sendo que, desse total, obteve-se uma amostra de 105 profissionais. Todavia, somente 99 apresentaram-se em conformidade com os pressupostos da pesquisa, representando 39% das empresas contatadas. O método utilizado foi o de Modelo de Equações Estruturais (MEE/PLS). Em relação aos achados, diferentemente das pesquisas anteriores, que estão voltadas para a integração com o aumento da consistência da linguagem financeira, e pela aproximação das duas abordagens, o trabalho destaca que a integração está associada à informação preditiva e ao aprendizado organizacional, mas não constitui influência do sistema de informação ao nível de significância esperado. De forma corroborativa aos estudos anteriores, a pesquisa sugere que a integração está associada à área de controladoria, especificamente, às suas funções. De forma singular, porém, os resultados sugerem que a modificação do sistema de informação como ferramenta fundamental para as duas abordagens, apresenta-se inconsistente em atender à integração, para a amostra selecionada nesse contexto, embora haja fatores associativos. Assim, há indícios de uma longa via a ser percorrida na estrutura e adequação do sistema de informação com o objetivo de atender ao processo de integração. / The international accounting standard changed the process and generating information. The accounting convergence in Brazil for big companies is a reality of profound changes to the internal and external reporting. The substitution from rules by principles basis of the financial accounting makes to emerge roots of the accounting essence, involving features that reflect the social and economic reality. Social, because it seeks to show the motivation and justify factors related to the choice of the decision; economic, because it seeks to translate the effects of companies choice as a result, less accounting and more economic nature. In this conception, the literature has outlined influences that involve the management accounting practice, reducing the limits between both approaches, managerial and financial (Weissenberger & Angelkort, 2011; Gilio, 2011; Papadatos & Bellas, 2011; Boscov, 2013). Thus, the implementation context of IAS / IFRS / CPC, the research investigated two impacts. The first being the integration between both approaches (management and financial), influenced by three variables predictive/prospective information (outlined by fair value, impairment test, comprehensive income, segment information and economic result), information system modifying (with procedures adaptation, information generation and integration) and by organizational learning (resulting from the interrelationship of those involved in implementation); the second impact is the integration influence in the controller functions. To perform this analysis, a questionnaire was applied to 257 companies magazine Biggest & Best, and of those, we obtained a sample of 105 professionals. However, only 99 showed up in accordance with the assumptions of the survey, representing 39% of the contracted companies. The method used was to Structural Equation Model (SEM / PLS). About the findings, differently of previous research, which are focused on the integration with consistency increasing of financial language, and by the approximation of the two approaches, the work highlights that the integration is associated with predictive/prospective information and organizational learning, but it does not constitute influence of the information system to the expected level of significance. According to previous studies, the research suggests that integration is associated with the controller area, specifically, its functions. In a unique way, however, the results suggest that the modification of the information system as a key tool for both approaches, it presents inconsistent in attending the integration, for the sample selected in this context, although there are associative factors. Thus, there is evidence of a long road to be traveled in the structure and adequacy of the information system in order to meet the integration process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Roberta de Freitas.pdf: 4201818 bytes, checksum: 579a958eeb338558fbaeb619d7c9df7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is an efficient tool for nutritional diagnosis on several crops. However, it no longer has been used on cotton crop, mainly in Goiás State. This work aimed to gain DRIS norms and diagnose the most limiting nutritional factors to obtain high cotton yields, using soil and leaf analysis, interpreted through critical levels or concentration ranges and DRIS techniques. Sampling sites were chosen on commercial area according to local topographic features and soil classes, trying to maintain their inside uniformity. Soil and leaf samples were taken at the full flowering stage (90 day after seeding). Ten leafs from each point were sampled, withdrawing the fifth leaf from the apex of the main stem, and for soil analysis six single samples from 0 to 20 cm at each point. Yields were assess after physiological maturation, taking two seeding rows five meters long for harvesting cotton fiber. Soil and leaf data were interpreted through DRIS and concentration ranges techniques. Norms were established from populations with yields greater than 4 Mg ha-1 of nutmeat cotton for calculating the DRIS indices. The diagnosis techniques assessed in this work showed distinct interpretations. The nutrients S, P, B, Zn, Fe and Mn showed to be the most limiting ones, as evaluated on by soil and analysis and diagnosed through the DRIS technique. Using the concentration range technique P, Zn and SOM in soil data, whereas in leaf data, S, Zn, K and B, are the most limiting ones. DRIS showed higher sensibility for diagnosing nutritional deficiencies, moreover, for micronutrients. / O Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) tem mostrado-se eficiente como método para diagnóstico nutricional em diversas culturas. Porém o método tem sido pouco empregado na cultura do algodoeiro, principalmente no Estado de Goiás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter normas DRIS e diagnosticar os fatores nutricionais mais limitantes à obtenção de altas produtividades para a cultura do algodão, através de análises foliares e de terra, interpretadas pelos métodos faixas de concentração ou níveis críticos e DRIS. Foram selecionados pontos de amostragem, em uma área comercial no município de Silvânia, Goiás, conforme as características locais de topografia e tipo de solo, procurando-se manter uniformidade dentro dos pontos e diferenças entre eles. As amostras de terra e folha foram coletadas na época de florescimento pleno (90 dias após o plantio). Coletou-se 10 folhas em cada ponto, retirando-se a quinta folha a partir do ápice da haste principal, e para a análise de terra coletou-se seis amostras simples na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm para cada ponto, totalizando 108 pontos de amostragem. Para avaliação da produtividade em cada ponto de amostragem, após a maturação fisiológica, foram tomadas duas linhas de cinco metros lineares de plantio, colhendo-se as plumas. As análises de terra e folhas foram interpretadas pelos métodos das faixas de concentração ou níveis críticos e o DRIS. Foram estabelecidas normas a partir de uma população com produtividade maior que 4.000 kg ha-1 de algodão em caroço para cálculo dos índices DRIS. Os métodos de diagnose avaliados neste trabalho apresentaram interpretações distintas. Os nutrientes S, P, B, Zn, Fe e Mn foram os mais limitantes nas análises de terra e de folha, diagnosticados pelo método DRIS. Pelas faixas de concentração ou níveis críticos P, Zn e matéria orgânica foram os mais limitantes nas análises de terra, enquanto nas análises foliares foram os nutrientes S, Zn, K e B. O método DRIS apresentou maior sensibilidade para diagnosticar problemas nutricionais, especialmente, para micronutrientes.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T21:05:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2014-09-28T02:24:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-28T02:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / There are two questions about deontic logic that appear frequently in the literature on the subject. The first concerns the legitimacy and the second the deontic paradoxes. The first of these, however, is not the main concern of this paper, we assume, alongside Castañeda the thesis that there are logical relationships, not only between propositions, but also among imperatives and norms. Thus, the main focus of this paper will be to investigate deontic paradoxes, and in particular, the Castañeda‟s solution. This solution involves a distinction between propositions and practitions as well as between imperatives and norms. We also show the advantage of this solution compared to other solution named scope deontic operator. Finally, we analyze Lou Goble‟s criticism to Castañeda‟s solution and objections to this criticism. / Há duas questões acerca da lógica deôntica que aparecem com frequência na literatura sobre o tema. A primeira diz respeito à sua legitimidade e a segunda aos paradoxos deônticos. A primeira destas, entretanto, não é a principal preocupação deste trabalho: assumiremos, ao lado de Castañeda, a tese que há relações lógicas, não somente entre proposições, mas também entre imperativos e entre normas. Assim, o foco principal deste texto consistirá em investigar o problema dos paradoxos deônticos e, em particular, a proposta de solução de Castañeda aos mesmos. Tal solução envolve a distinção entre proposições e practições, bem como entre imperativos e normas. Também mostraremos a vantagem desta solução em relação às outras, denominadas de soluções de escopo do operador deôntico. E, por fim, analisaremos a crítica de Lou Goble à solução de Castañeda e objeções a esta crítica.

This thesis explores the imagery of funerary ritual that expresses the commemoration of both the living and the dead in the art of the marble cinerary memorials of the early Empire. This group of objects includes decorated marble artefacts associated with cremation burial between the Augustan period and the reign of Antoninus Pius: ash chests (or cineraria); ash altars and grave altars (with or without ash cavities); as well as round urns and vase-shaped urns. The iconography chosen for cinerary memorials by individuals in the early Empire reflects those individuals’ concerns to remember families and friends and in turn to be remembered. This research approaches the analysis of funerary iconography holistically as embedded in its contemporary culture, as opposed to the focus on the art of various sub-cultures of Roman society, seen in recent scholarship. Items with adequate ancient provenance are used to create a sample dataset that represents individuals that belong to a middle to high income-group of society, individuals that are united through their ability to pay and commission these memorials, rather than by class. The epigraphic material, studied alongside the tomb analysis, indicates that this socio-economic group included people of different legal statuses: slaves, freed-people, non-elites and known-elites. Thus we are able to examine how artistic motifs, and also imperial iconography and culture, were received by a cross-section of society. The use of semiotics allows symbols to be analysed in conjunction with other methods such as examining narration and abstraction. This theoretical framework results in the extraction of meaning from seemingly generic motifs and connects this interpretation with contemporaneous cultural norms. Using these methods and the sample dataset, the memorial typology is examined as indicative of a focal point for funerary cult, through the connection between the object as a replacement altar for ritual, and as a house or shrine for the commemoration of the dead. The iconography associated with the memorials therefore relates to both the ritual context (garlands and other ritualistic motifs) and to the object as a small building (the architectonic façade and doors; garden and vegetative iconography). It also relates to the commemoration of the dead (portraiture and honorific iconography) and in particular to the idea of the spirit or manes of the deceased as being immortalised through the memorial (underworld and mythological iconography). All elements, then, point to the focus of the object in funerary ritual which enables the living to honour the spirit of the deceased and acts as a memento of family and friends, bringing together both the living and the dead in art and inscription.

Research within translation characterises cultural references as being problematic for translators, meaning they must choose between different translation strategies as to how to transfer these references into the translated text. These strategies are often described in general terms according to how closely oriented they are to the target-culture or source-culture, known as domestication or foreignisation. Translation of literature into English is minimal in world terms and there is seemingly a lack of statistically comparable data concerning the translation of cultural references. This study investigates and compares translation strategies of words denoting cultural references in two translations of the 1998 Swedish Nordic Noir novel Sprängaren by Liza Marklund. The methodology in the study is based on descriptive translation studies, and a categorisation model for types of cultural references is used, as well as an adapted taxonomy model for evaluating translation strategies. Issues addressed are: what types of strategies are used; whether strategies change between translations; how the second translation stands in relation to the retranslation hypothesis and whether any general translation norms are apparent. Results show that a wide variety of translation strategies are used for different types of cultural references, with subtle differences in strategies used in each translation. However, both translations appear to be more domestication-oriented with little overall movement towards to the source culture, as the retranslation hypothesis suggests.