Carotenoides são considerados substâncias bioativas e seu consumo tem sido associado à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Os carotenoides com atividade pró-vitamínica atuam no combate à hipovitaminose A. O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever a ingestão de carotenoides, destacando a contribuição do consumo fora do domicílio, de acordo com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e estado nutricional, além de identificar as principais fontes alimentares presentes na dieta da população brasileira. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações integrantes do bloco de consumo alimentar pessoal, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que envolveu 34.003 indivíduos com idade de 10 anos ou mais. Um banco de dados foi construído para viabilizar o cálculo das quantidades (médias) de carotenoides presentes na dieta dos participantes da amostra. Foram utilizadas principalmente informações contidas na base Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) e a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Carotenoides em Alimentos. Foram elaboradas análises estatísticas descritivas envolvendo o cálculo de ingestão de carotenoides no domicílio e fora dele e as variáveis selecionadas. O consumo médio per capita foi de 4.117,0 µg/dia para carotenoides totais e 2.337,9 µg/dia para os pró-vitamínicos A. As maiores médias de ingestão de carotenoides (totais; pró-vitamínicos) foram identificadas entre os seguintes grupos: mulheres (4.245,8 µg/dia; 2.458,9 µg/dia), moradores do meio urbano (4.143,2 µg/dia; 2.364,20 µg/dia), habitantes da Região Sul (4.987,6 µg/dia; 2.948,9 µg/dia), idosos (4.694,3 µg/dia; 2.853,8 µg/dia), indivíduos com os maiores rendimentos (5.596,7 µg/dia; 3.236,6 µg/dia), com curso de pós-graduação completo (7.009,7 µg/dia; 4.143,5 µg/dia), de cor amarela (5.692,7 µg/dia; 3.436,9 µg/dia) e aqueles classificados com os maiores Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC (4.445,1 µg/dia; 2.535,0 µg/dia). Constatou-se que a contribuição fora do domicílio representou até ¼ da ingestão total de carotenoides. Observou-se que os indivíduos do sexo feminino, idade acima de 60 anos e obesos, embora ingerissem maiores quantidades destas substâncias, integraram os grupamentos que (em relação ao total) apresentaram menor participação na ingestão fora do domicílio. O crescimento da renda e da escolaridade foi fundamental para proporcionar níveis mais elevados de consumo. As principais fontes de carotenoides na dieta da população brasileira foram: salada, suco, alface, tomate, mamão, melancia, abóbora, batata-doce, cenoura, milho verde e ovo de galinha. Fora do domicílio prevaleceu a ingestão dos três primeiros alimentos/preparações. Os níveis de ingestão revelaram-se expressivamente inferiores aos preconizados como seguros. Medidas de incentivo ao consumo de frutas, verduras, legumes e seus derivados (fontes de carotenoides), sobretudo entre os jovens, são necessárias e prioritárias, especialmente com vistas à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e no combate à hipovitaminose A. / Carotenoids are considered bioactive substances and its consumption has been associated to prevention of chronic non communicable diseases. The carotenoids with pro-vitamin activity act against hypovitaminosis A. The aim of this dissertation was to report the carotenoids intake, highlighting the contribution of outof- home food consumption, accordingly with socioeconomic and demographical factors, nutritional status, also to identify the main food sources in the diet of Brazilian population. A secondary data from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey - POF - was used, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The sample consisted of 34,003 study subjects (13,569 households), with at least 10 years-old. A database was built to allow the calculation of quantities (average) of carotenoids in the diet of study participants. Information was used primarily by the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Brazilian Table of Carotenoids Composition in Food. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for calculation of carotenoid intake at home and out-of-home consumption. The average daily consumption per capita was 4,117.0 µg/day for total carotenoids and 2,337.9 µg/day for provitamin A carotenoids. The highest average intake of carotenoids (total; provitaminic) was found between the following groups: women (4,245.8 µg/day; 2,458.9 µg/day), urban dwellers (4,143.2 µg/day; 2,364.20 µg/day), South region population (4,987.6 µg/day; 2,948.9 µg/day), elderly people (4,694.3 µg/day; 2,853.8 µg/day), high-income individuals (5,596.7 µg/day; 3,236.6 µg/day), with full graduate degree (7,009.7 µg/day; 4,143.5 µg/day), yellow skinned person (5,692.7 µg/day; 3,436.9 µg/day) and those classified with highest Body Mass Index (BMI) (4,445.1 µg/day; 2,535.0 µg/day). The out-ofhome contribution found in this present study represented up to ¼ of the total intake of carotenoids. It was observed that individuals over 60 years, female and obese people, although ingested larger amount of these substances, belonged to the groups (in relation with total) which showed less interest in out-of-home eating. The increase in income and education was essential to provide higher levels of consumption. The main dietary carotenoids sources of Brazilian population were: salad, juice, lettuce, tomato, papaya, watermelon, pumpkin, sweet potato, carrot, corn and chicken egg. The consumption of first three food/preparation prevailed outside the home. The intake levels showed expressively lower than those recommended as safe. Policies to promote the consumption of fruits, vegetables and derived products (carotenoids sources) are necessary and priority, particularly among young people, especially aiming to prevent the risk of chronic diseases and combating hypovitaminosis A.

Durch ihre Umwelt- und Nährwertvorteile erweckten Afrikanische indigene Blattgemüse – „African Indigenous Vegetables“ (AIV) in letzter Zeit Aufmerksamkeit als „Supergemüse“ (Cernansky 2015). Da mehrere Spezies aus unterschiedlichen botanischen Familien innerhalb der AIVs vertreten sind, ist ein besseres Verständnis Spezies spezifischer Eigenschaften, wie z.B. Ernährungswert und agronomischem Management nötig, um diese Vorteile voll ausschöpfen zu können. In dieser Arbeit haben wir Afrikanisch indigene Blattgemüsearten aus fünf Familien, inklusive C3 and C4 Spezies und Leguminosen und nicht-Leguminosen (Brassica carinata/Cruciferae - Ethiopian Kale, Amaranthus cruentus/Amaranthaceae - Amaranth, Vigna unguiculata/Leguminosae - Cowpea, Solanum scabrum/Solanaceae - African Nightshade, Cleome gynandra/Capparaceae - Spiderplant) mit einer importierten und in Kenia häufig angebauten Gemüseart (Brassica oleracea acephala/Cruciferae - Exotic Kale) verglichen. Wir betrachteten die Pflanzenarten hinsichtlich ihrer Konzentrationen an wertgebenden und toxischen Elementen in Blättern als Index für den Nährwert, ihrer Reaktionen auf unterschiedliche zur Verfügung gestellten Mengen und Formen an Phosphor (P) als Index für die Adaptation an suboptimale chemische Bodenbedingungen und ihre erntebedingten Nährstoffausfuhren aus dem Boden als Index für den Düngerbedarf. Die Arbeit war in das interdisziplinäre Forschungsprogramm HORTINLEA (Horticultural Innovation and Learning for Improved Nutrition and Livelihood in East Africa) eingebunden. / African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) have recently captured considerable attention as “super vegetables” due to their nutritional and environmental benefits (Cernansky 2015). As AIVs include many species belonging to different botanical families, more species-specific knowledge e.g. on nutritional value and agronomic management is needed to fully exploit those benefits. In this thesis we compared leafy AIV species from five families including C3 and C4 species, and a legume and non-legume species (Brassica carinata/Cruciferae - Ethiopian kale, Amaranthus cruentus/Amaranthaceae - amaranth, Vigna unguiculata/Leguminosae cowpea, Solanum scabrum/Solanaceae - African nightshade, Cleome gynandra/Capparaceae - spider plant) with a non-indigenous species, which is commonly grown in Kenya (Brassica oleracea acephala/Cruciferae - “exotic kale”). We compared the leaf concentrations of beneficial nutrients and heavy metals as an index for the nutritional value, the performance under different rates and forms of phosphorus (P) supply as an index for adaptation to suboptimal chemical soil conditions, and the harvest-related nutrient outflow from soil as an index for fertilizer need. The thesis was embedded in the interdisciplinary research program HORTINLEA (Horticultural Innovation and Learning for Improved Nutrition and Livelihood in East Africa).

Resumo: A degradação de cerca de 60 milhões de hectares de pastagens no Brasil afeta diretamente o estado nutricional dos rebanhos, conduzindo os pecuaristas a abrirem novas áreas de floresta, resultando em grave impacto de ordem econômica e ambienta!. A recuperação direta por meio da reposição dos nutrientes extraídos do solo ao longo dos anos representa menor risco ao produtor e reais possibilidades de adoção pela maior parte dos pecuaristas. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de nitrogênio (O, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg/halano) com ou sem aplicação superficial de calcário nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, nutrição mineral da planta, composição química, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), características estruturais e massa de forragem de capim-Marandu. Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 X 5 com quatro repetições no esquema de parcela subdividida com medidas repetidas no tempo. A aplicação de calcário aumentou o pH e reduziu a acidez potencial nas camadas de O a 5 e 5 a 10 cm, 20 meses após aplicação, aumentou os teores de Ca e Mg, incrementou SB e a CTC na camada de O a 5 cm e saturação por bases nas camadas de O a 5 e 5 a 10 cm. O nitrogênio provocou acidificação do solo nos tratamentos sem calcário. O calcário aumentou a concentração de Ca nas lâminas foliares 11 meses após sua aplicação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The degradation of 60 million hectares of pastures in Brazil directly affects the nutritional status os cattle herds drives farmers the open new forest areas resulting in great economic and environmental impact. The recovery through the replacement of nutrients extracted from the soil along the years represents lower risk to farmers and real possibilities of adoption by the majority of farmers. It was aimed at to evaluate the effects of nitrogen doses (O, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha of N by year) with or without surface liming on the chemical attributes of a red Latosol (Oxisol), plant mineral nutrition, chemical composition, "in vitro" digestibility, structural characteristic and herbage mass of Marandu-grass. The analysis of variance was performed based on a complete randomized block at factorial arrangement 2 X 5 with four replications design in a split-split-plot scheme with repeated measures over time. The lime increased the pH and reduced the acidity potential in the layers from O to 5 and 5 to 10 cm, increased the content of Ca, Mg, base sum and cation exchange capacity in the layer from O to 5 cm and base saturation in the layers from O to 5 and 5 to 10 cm. There was positive linear effect of N on the content of K in the layer from O to 5 cm of the soil and negative linear effect on the content of S in the soil layers from 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm of depth. There was positive linear effect of dose of N on the content of Ca, P, Mg and S during the summer months and negative linear effect on the same characteristics during the winter months. The content of N and K increased linearly to the increase of the doses of N in ali of months. In the months January and August there was quadratic effect of N doses on the leaf N content... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ricardo de Andrade Reis / Coorientadora: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Banca: Valdo Rodrigues Haerling / Banca: Francisco Antonio Monteiro / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A. C. Smith, usually known in portuguese language as âImburana-de-Cheiroâ or âCumaruâ, is a leguminous tree, subfamily Papilionoideae with common occurrence in âCaatingaâ Dominium. Despite the numerous ethnobotanical uses, few studies report biological activities of medical interest and / or agribusiness for this species or yet its utilization as food for humans and / or animals. This study aimed to evaluate the proteins of A. cearensis on its nutritional value associated with its biochemical characterization and as to the presence of bioactivity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, all pathogens of humans, animals or plants of economic importance, and also against the vectors of disease, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. For this, seeds were collected in areas of caatinga trees in the municipality of Quixadà - CE and, subsequently, dried and finely ground. The seeds of A. cearensis have high nutritional potential, evidenced by the high content of proteins (22.69 &#61617; 0.81 g 100 g-1), lipid (24.45 2.02 g 100 g-1) and dietary fiber (34.75 1.78 g 100 g-1), keeping smaller quantities of starch (11.43 0.18 g 100 g-1), of total sugars (5.60 0.09 g 100 g-1) and minerals (4.51 0.21 g 100 g-1). Its amino acid composition is comparable to that of soybeans and beans. Moreover, the seeds have moderate levels of antinutritional factors, being detected only trypsin inhibitory activity (27.41  0.03 gTI Kg-1), urease activity (434  34 U kg-1) and some secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols, flavones, flavonols, and xantone steroids. Chemical components, probably of low molecular mass present in seeds flour incorporated into diets, seem to interfere with their acceptance and use by animals since when the protein fraction (F0/90), obtained from its soluble protein, was incorporated into the balanced diet, the rats accepted well the diets and their performance indicated that F0/90 a good source of protein, comparable to major sources of vegetable protein such as soy and beans. Proteins of A. cearensis seeds are mainly composed of globulins (74.43 g 100 g-1) and albumins (14.23 g 100 g-1), with smaller quantities of glutelin basic proteins (10.07 g 100g-1), prolamins (1.20 g 100 g-1) and glutelin acidic proteins (0.07 g 100 g-1). The seeds crude extract (GE) offers a wide variety of proteins as shown by electrophoretic profiles with a predominance of proteins with apparent molecular mass over 45.0 kDa. The seeds of A. cearensis show also high bioactive potential, especially the activities of their majority proteins (albumins and globulins) against the growth of human pathogenic bacteria and yeast and phytopathogenic filamentous fungi, and against larvae of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The inhibitory activity of the growth of phytopathogenic fungi concentrated in the albumins F70/90 fraction, being rich in proteins of low molecular mass (<30 kDa). Thus we can conclude that F0/90 is a good source of protein food when compared to other plant sources already used by the population. In addition, the globulins and albumins of A. cearensis are promising sources of bioactive proteins to be studied further and in greater purity. / Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A. C. Smith, popularmente conhecida como Imburana-de-Cheiro ou Cumaru, à uma leguminosa arbÃrea da subfamÃlia Papilionoideae de ocorrÃncia freqÃente na regiÃo do domÃnio Caatinga. Apesar dos inÃmeros usos etnobotÃnicos, poucos trabalhos relatam atividades biolÃgicas de interesse mÃdico e/ou agroindustrial para esta espÃcie ou, mesmo, sua utilizaÃÃo como fonte de alimento para humanos e/ou animais. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as proteÃnas de A. cearensis quanto a seu valor nutricional aliado à sua caracterizaÃÃo bioquÃmica e quanto à presenÃa de bioatividade contra bactÃrias, leveduras e fungos filamentosos, todos patÃgenos do homem, de animais ou de plantas de importÃncia econÃmica, e, ainda, contra os vetores de doenÃas, Aedes aegypti e Ae. albopictus. Para tanto, sementes foram coletadas em Ãrea de caatinga arbÃrea, no municÃpio de Quixadà â CE, sendo, posteriormente, desidratadas e finamente moÃdas. As sementes de A. cearensis possuem alto potencial nutricional, revelado pelo alto teor de proteÃnas (22,69 &#61617; 0,81 g. 100 g-1), lipÃdios (24,45 2,02 g. 100 g-1) e fibra alimentrar (34,75 1,78 g.100 g-1), retendo quantidades menores de amido (11,43 0,18 g.100g-1), aÃÃcares totais (5,60 0,09 g.100 g-1), e de minerais (4,51 0,21 g.100 g-1). Sua composiÃÃo aminoacÃdica à comparÃvel Ãquela da soja e feijÃo. AlÃm disso, as sementes apresentam moderados nÃveis de fatores antinutricionais, sendo detectados apenas atividade inibitÃria de tripsina (27,41  0,03 gTI.Kg-1), atividade ureÃsica (434,0  34,0 U.Kg-1) e alguns metabÃlitos secundÃrios, como taninos, fenÃis, flavonas, flavonÃis, xantonas e esterÃides. Componentes quÃmicos, provavelmente de baixa massa molecular, presentes nas sementes incorporadas a dietas interferem na sua aceitaÃÃo e aproveitamento por parte dos animais, uma vez que quando a fraÃÃo proteica (F0/90) obtida de suas proteÃnas solÃveis à incorporada à dieta balanceada, apresenta boa aceitaÃÃo pelos animais, mostrando-se uma boa fonte de proteÃnas, comparÃvel a importantes fontes de proteÃnas vegetais como a soja e os feijÃes. As proteÃnas das sementes de A. cearensis sÃo compostas principalmente por globulinas (74,43 g. 100g-1) e albuminas (14,23 g.100 g-1), com quantidades menores de proteÃnas do tipo glutelinas bÃsicas (10,07 g.100 g-1), prolaminas (1,20 g.100 g-1) e proteÃnas do tipo glutelinas Ãcidas (0,07 g.100 g-1). O extrato bruto (EB) das sementes apresenta uma grande diversidade de bandas proteicas com predominÃncia de bandas com massa molecular aparente > 45,0 kDa. As sementes de A. cearensis possuem tambÃm alto potencial bioativo, destacando-se as atividades de suas proteÃnas majoritÃrias (globulinas e albuminas) contra o crescimento de bactÃrias e leveduras patÃgenas do homem e de fungos filamentosos fitopatogÃnicos, e atividade contra larvas de Aedes aegypti e Ae. albopictus. A atividade inibitÃria do crescimento de fungos fitopatogÃnicos concentra-se na fraÃÃo F70/90 das albuminas, sendo rica em proteÃnas de baixa massa molecular (< 30 kDa). Assim, pode-se concluir que a F0/90 à uma boa fonte de proteÃna alimentar quando comparada a outras fontes vegetais jà utilizadas pela populaÃÃo. AlÃm disso, as globulinas e albuminas de A. cearensis sÃo fontes promissoras de proteÃnas bioativas que devem ser estudadas mais detalhadamente e em maior grau de pureza.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-06T10:45:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Qualidade_nutricional_e_valor_proteico_da_amendoa_de_baru_em_relacao_ao_amendoim_castanha_caju_e_castanha_para.pdf: 1442672 bytes, checksum: a33c7365d892694464245de3ea79742b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T10:45:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Qualidade_nutricional_e_valor_proteico_da_amendoa_de_baru_em_relacao_ao_amendoim_castanha_caju_e_castanha_para.pdf: 1442672 bytes, checksum: a33c7365d892694464245de3ea79742b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the roasted baru almond, which is derived from different native plants in the west of the State of Goiás, and to compare its protein quality to that of the peanut, cashew nut and Brazil nut. Standardized methods were used to determine centesimal composition, amino acid profile, fatty acids and mineral content. The experiment was carried out with 42 male weanling Wistar rats. The animals were randomly assigned into seven groups. The experiment lasted fourteen days. The diets were formulated according to AIN-93G, six diets with 10% protein: CAS7 (7% lipid casein), CAS15 (15% lipid casein), BA (baru almond), PN (peanut), CN (cashew nut), BN (Brazil nut) and a protein-free diet. The consumption was controlled according to the energy value of the diets. The protein value was estimated using NPR (Net Protein Ratio) and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score). The seeds and nuts are sources of proteins (16.3 to 32.3g.100g-1) and lipids (42.7 to 57.9g.100g-1). The protein content of baru almonds varied significantly (Tukey, p<0.05) between plants (24.2 to 31.9g.100g-1). The amino acid profile of baru almonds also varied significantly between plants. Lysine (Limiting Essential Amino Acid - LEAA of 43% to 72%) and sulfur amino acids (LEAA of 78% to 90%) were the limiting amino acids, according to the WHO/FAO/UNU standard for school children. The best 6: 3 fatty acid ratio (9: 1) was found in the baru almond, which is rich in iron (3.6 to 4.7mg.100g-1) and zinc (2.8 to 4.1mg.100g-1). The cashew nut had a relative NPR of 81%, followed by the Brazil nut (68%), peanut (61%) and baru almond (45%). The PDCAAS varied significantly between baru plants (32% to 68%), and between the other samples (63% for the BN, 69% for the PN and 88% for CN). There are differences in the nutritional value of baru almonds from different plants in the same Cerrado subpopulation and between different seeds and nuts. These foods present a high density of nutrients such as proteins, lipids, minerals and dietary fiber. For this reason, their inclusion in the diet and use in home and industrial food processing should be encouraged. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente a amêndoa de baru torrada, oriunda de diferentes plantas nativas da região Oeste do estado de Goiás e avaliar sua qualidade protéica, comparando-a com o amendoim, castanha-de-caju e castanha-do-pará. Determinou-se a composição centesimal, perfil de aminoácidos, ácidos graxos e conteúdo mineral, conforme métodos padronizados. Foi realizado experimento com 42 ratos Wistar, machos, recém-desmamados, distribuídos em sete grupos segundo delineamento por blocos casualizados, durante catorze dias. As dietas foram formuladas segundo AIN-93G, sendo seis dietas com 10% de proteína: CAS7 (caseína 7% de lipídios), CAS15 (caseína 15% de lipídios), AB (amêndoa de baru), AMD (amendoim), CJ (castanha-de-caju), CP (castanha-dopará) e uma dieta aprotéica. O consumo foi controlado segundo valor energético das dietas. O valor protéico foi estimado por meio do NPR (Net Protein Ratio) e PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score). As sementes e nozes são fontes de proteínas (16,3 a 32,3g.100g-1) e lipídios (42,7 a 57,9g.100g-1). O conteúdo protéico das amêndoas de baru variou significativamente (Tukey, p<0,05) entre plantas (24,2 a 31,9g.100g-1). O perfil de aminoácidos das amêndoas de baru também variou significativamente entre plantas, sendo a lisina (Escore de Aminoácidos Essenciais - EAE de 43% a 72%) e os sulfurados (EAE de 78% a 90%) os aminoácidos limitantes, segundo padrão WHO/FAO/UNU para escolares. Constatou-se melhor relação de ácidos graxos 6: 3 (9:1) na amêndoa de baru, que é rica em ferro (3,6 a 4,7mg.100g-1) e zinco (2,8 a 4,1mg.100g-1). A castanha-de-caju apresentou NPR relativo de 81%, seguida pela castanha-do-pará (68%), amendoim (61%) e amêndoa de baru (45%). O PDCAAS variou significativamente entre as amêndoas de baru (32% a 68%), e entre as demais amostras (63% para a CP, 69% para o AMD e 88% para a CJ). Existe diferença no valor nutricional de amêndoas de baru de diferentes plantas de uma mesma subpopulação do Cerrado, assim como entre diferentes sementes e nozes. Esses alimentos apresentam alta densidade de nutrientes como proteínas, lipídios, minerais e fibras alimentares. Portanto, a inclusão na dieta e o uso em formulações culinárias e industrializadas desses alimentos devem ser estimulados.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study was undertaken in view of the high incidence of malnutrition problems such as protein-energy malnutrition and diabetes type 2 in countries like Botswana, and due to worldwide interest in underutilised and underdeveloped crops. Morama bean, the seed of Tylosema esculentum (family Fabacae), occurs naturally in the drier areas of Southern Africa, including Botswana, where it is, to a small extent, harvested as wild plant for human consumption. Due to the potential of this crop there is increasing interest in its cultivation. Despite its traditional use as food source in Botswana, little is known about its nutritional value, benefits and disadvantages, and its use as food was therefore the reason for this research. A specific aim was to improve the school feeding programme with this readily available indigenous product.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3821793 bytes, checksum: 7a379abe1955b58387c62876793271b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The concern about environmental impacts and food safety has led to an increased interest and need to find rational alternatives to obtain food. Therefore, this study aimed to present alternatives to the use of by-products from the slaughter of goats and sheep (viscera, blood and meat fragments) with the development of two products - pâté and smoked chorizo. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments for each product, which were added of greater percentage of blood and sheep liver for pâté, goat blood and viscera (kidney and heart) to prepare the chorizo. The results demonstrated that both products showed excellent nutritional and sensory quality. Among the pâté formulations, formulation 2 with 25% liver, 13% blood and 12% meat fragments stood out (p <0.05) regarding protein (15.70%), phosphorus (254mg/100g), potassium (145 mg/100 g) and magnesium contents (13.80 mg/100g), as well as sensory quality attributes for appearance, flavor, overall acceptance and purchase intent. Formulation 1, with 13% liver, 13% blood and 24% meat fragments stood out (p <0.05) with 61.44% unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), especially oleic (38.25%) and linoleic fatty acids (15.61%). Formulation 1, with 10% viscera, 30% blood and 40% meat fragments stood out (p <0.05) regarding protein (19.38%), potassium ( 147mg/100g), magnesium (15.60 mg/100g) and zinc contents (2.51 mg/100 g); formulation 2, with 30% viscera, blood 30% and 20% meat fragments stood out regarding phosphorus (357 mg / 100g) and sensory quality for most sensory parameters (appearance, color, aroma, texture, overall acceptance and purchase intent). Formulation 4 with 30% viscera, 50% blood and without the addition of meat fragments stood out (p <0.05) for iron (22, 85 mg / 100g), total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), with 62.94%, especially oleic (38 88%) and linoleic fatty acids (15.35%) and for flavor sensory parameter (7.3). Given these results, the preparation of pâté and smoked chorizo is a viable alternative to the use of by-products from the slaughter of sheep and goats and may contribute to increase the supply of processed meat products, with environmental and economic gain, favoring all, in particular consumers. / A preocupação com os impactos ambientais e segurança alimentar tem feito crescer o interesse e a necessidade de encontrar alternativas racionais de obtenção de alimentos. Para tanto este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar alternativas para o aproveitamento de subprodutos do abate de caprinos e ovinos (vísceras, sangue e retraços de carne) com a elaboração de dois produtos - patê e chouriço defumado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com cinco tratamentos para cada produto, aos quais se procurou adicionar maiores percentuais de sangue e fígado de ovinos para patê; sangue e vísceras (rim e coração) caprino, para elaboração do chouriço. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os produtos apresentaram excelente valor nutricional e qualidade sensorial. Dentre as formulações de patê a formulação 2, com 25% de fígado, 13% de sangue e 12% de retraços de carne, se sobressaiu (p<0,05), quanto teor de proteínas (15,70%), fósforo (254mg/100g), potássio (145 mg/100g), magnésio (13,80 mg/100g) e qualidade sensorial para os atributos de aparência, sabor, aceitação global e intenção de compra. A formulação 1, com 13% de fígado, 13% de sangue e 24% de retraços de carne, destacou-se (p<0,05) quanto os ácidos graxos insaturados (AGI), com 61,44%, sobressaindo-se os ácidos graxos oleico (38,25%) e linoleico (15,61%). Para o chouriço, a formulação 1, com 10% de vísceras, 30% de sangue e 40% de carnes de retraços, destacou-se (p<0,05) quanto ao teor de proteína (19,38%), potássio (147mg/100g), magnésio (15,60 mg/100g) e zinco (2,51 mg/100g), a formulação 2, com 30% de vísceras, 30% de sangue e 20% de carnes de retraços, destacou-se para o mineral fósforo (357 mg / 100g) e na qualidade sensorial para maioria dos parâmetros avaliados (aparência, cor, aroma, textura, aceitação global e intenção de compra. A formulação 4 com 30% de vísceras, 50% de sangue e sem adição de carnes de retraços, se sobressaiu (p<0,05) para ferro (22, 85 mg/ 100g), total de ácidos graxos insaturados (AGI), com 62,94%, destacando-se os ácidos graxos oleico (38,88%) e linoleico (15,35%) e para o parâmetro sensorial de sabor (7,3). Diante destes resultados, a elaboração do patê e chouriço defumado apresentam-se como alternativas viáveis para o aproveitamento de subprodutos do abate de ovinos e caprinos podendo contribuir para o aumento da oferta de produtos cárneos processados, com ganho ambiental e econômico, favorecendo a todos em especial os consumidores.

This diploma thesis deals with theme "Quality evaluation of gluten-free food, concretely gluten-free pastries". Theoretical part is concerned about coeliac disease in general, their symptoms, forms and diagnostic. There is described basic principal of coeliac disease and approachable gluten-free food. Then the basics of sensory analyse are described. Practical part is focused on finding suitable gluten-free flour and baking samples of bread based on recipe with care about improving nutritional value. Baked bread samples, made from commixture of gluten-free flour with enrichment of different amount of flaxseed, were evaluated with suitable methods of sensory analysis. This analyse shows which sample is the most preferred and based on those information it is proposed to enlarge offer in gluten-free pastry.

The level of fish consumption in the Czech Republic is very low. One of the possible factors influencing this situation is low awareness of the customer or consumer. The thesis "The Lipid Quality of our economically significant fish species" works with the list of nineteen economically most significant fish species not only including fish from the semi-intensive and intensive breeding, but also such species that are interesting for the consumption from the sport fishing point of view. The samples taken from particular fish were primarily used for the analysis of the fat content and fatty acid composition. The analysis established very interesting results in this field and created basis for further analysis for establishing atherogenic and thrombogenic index or for formation of nutritive values mentioned as "Big 7" (fat content and the ratio of fatty acid out of it, sacharide content and the sugar ratio in it, protein content, ash content and energy value) by particular fish species according to the regulation ES 1169/2011. The results of this work confirmed that the fat content and its composition are highly influenced by the type of ingested nourishment. The fish bred in semi-intensive way with the highest fat content are Common carp (7,62 ? 2,9 %) and Silver carp (6,87 ? 1,37 %). On the contrary the predatory fish evinced the fat content usually within 1%. The fish from extensive breeding or the types caught in sport fishing are in the fat con-tent more balanced. The fattest fish in this group is Silver Bream (5,52 ? 0,44 %) and the lowest content evinced Goldfish (1,14 ? 0,38 %). Also the species living in the aquaculture and living in the free waters as well were compared (Common carp, Rainbow trout, Peled, Tench, Wels catfish). The fatty acid composition significantly depends on the fat content. The predatory fish contain 195 - 219 mg×100 g-1, the most (p0,05) was found by the peled from the extensive breed (1048 mg×100 g-1 EPA + DHA). The participation of SFA by the most of the fish was under 30%, the content of MUFA was the highest by the Common carp (52,71 ? 7,75 %), the lowest by the European perch (18,83 ? 1,12 %). Pike, Zander and European perch contain relatively the most of PUFA, this is over 50%. All the fish species (Nile tilapia excluded) show in this study the values of atherogenic index below 0,5 and thrombogenic index below 0,4. The total energetic value was counted from the results of nutritional values presented in the "Big 7" list. The higher energetic value is directly proportional to the increasing fat content. The fish species included in this thesis show the total energetic value in the range of 500 - 900 kJ×100 g-1. The results of this study bring complete, laboratory proven information about the nutrition composition of our fish. This data can be appli-cable not only to increase the knowledge of the customers but mainly to be used by breeders and manufacturers of fish as an implement of fulfilling the duty of stating the nutrition facts on their products according to ES 1169/2011 on the providing infor-mation about the eatables to the consumers.

SANCHO, Soraya de Oliveira. Efeito do processamento sobre características de qualidade do suco de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.). 2006. 137 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2006 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:11:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_sosancho.pdf: 608448 bytes, checksum: 54fd77f1e130849a9a3a90fb265edbb1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_sosancho.pdf: 608448 bytes, checksum: 54fd77f1e130849a9a3a90fb265edbb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T14:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_sosancho.pdf: 608448 bytes, checksum: 54fd77f1e130849a9a3a90fb265edbb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / During the industrial processing modifications in the components of the fruits that affect sensitively their property, like taste, smell and nutrition’s value usually occurs. Thus it is important to verify their variations under the influence of the operating conditions during the juice’s processing. The objective of the present work was to determine these changes carrying out a chemical and physics- chemistry characterization of cashew’s apple juice with high pulp content, in some stages of industrial processing. Three samples of cashew’s juice, collected after the stages of formulation, homogenization and pasteurization, were analyzed I order quantify pH, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars, non reducing sugars, water activity (Aw), carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and folic acid. To folic acid determination it was necessary to develop a specific analytical methodology due to the absence of literature about this juice. According to the results total soluble solids water activity, vitamins and pigments showed significant variations during the processing. The losses of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and anthocyanins were higher in the pasteurization stage. The folic acid showed a different behavior, significant variations were observed only between the stages of formulation and homogenization. These results shows that the vitamins and the pigments present in the fruits are changed during the manufacture of the juices due to their instability at high temperatures in presence of oxygen. The presented results can be useful to improve the industrial processing of fruits juices in order to minimize these losses since the substances related to the human health benefits that should be preserved always it is possible / Durante o processamento industrial ocorrem modificações nos componentes dos frutos que afetam sensivelmente suas propriedades, tais como sabor, aroma e também o valor nutritivo. Deste modo, torna-se importante verificar suas variações sob influência das operações durante o processamento de sucos. Com o objetivo de determinar estas alterações, foi realizada uma caracterização química e físico-química do suco de caju com alto teor de polpa, em várias etapas do seu processamento industrial. Foram analisados três lotes de suco de caju após as etapas de formulação, homogeneização e pasteurização, realizando-se em cada uma delas as determinações de acidez, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, não-redutores e totais, atividade de água (Aw), carotenóides, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico e ácido fólico, sendo que, para este último, foi necessário desenvolver uma metodologia analítica específica, tendo em vista sua ausência na literatura para o suco em estudo. Ao final do experimento, constatou-se que os parâmetros de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez, atividade de água, vitaminas e pigmentos apresentaram variações significativas durante as etapas do processamento. As perdas de ácido ascórbico, carotenóides e antocianinas foram mais elevadas na etapa de pasteurização. O ácido fólico apresentou um comportamento diferenciado, apresentando variação significativa entre as etapas de formulação e homogeneização. Estes resultados demonstram que as vitaminas e os pigmentos presentes nos frutos podem ser comprometidos durante a fabricação de sucos, naturalmente devido à sua instabilidade frente a altas temperaturas e interação com o oxigênio, de modo que devem ser determinadas quais as melhores condições a serem adotadas pela indústria de sucos a fim de minimizar estas perdas, tendo em vista que se tratam de substâncias que resultam em benefícios à saúde humana e, portanto, devem ser preservadas sempre que possível