Cette thèse démontre que la gestion des tours de parole des locuteurs non natifs vietnamiens en situation exolingue avec des locuteurs natifs français est caractérisée par deux types de stratégies : d’une part, des stratégies conversationnelles résultant soit de transferts de leur système de langue-culture à la situation exolingue, soit de l’appropriation des stratégies propres aux natifs français ; et d’autre part, des stratégies de communication pour pallier des problèmes de gestion de l’interaction. En plus, les problèmes de divergences codiques et culturelles entre natifs et non natifs peuvent provoquer des dysfonctionnements interactionnels et des « ratés » du système des tours de parole. En se servant de l’approche de l’analyse du discours-en-interaction, et à partir de corpus vidéo portant sur des situations de communication endolingues et exolingues, l’auteur analyse et compare les stratégies de gestion des tours de parole dans ces deux situations. Les analyses quantitatives sur la moyenne des pauses inter-tours, les chevauchements et les interruptions sont réalisées pour connaître la tendance générale des interactions. Les analyses qualitatives se focalisent sur les techniques de prise, de conservation et de passation de tour de parole des non natifs, tant sur le plan verbal que non verbal, pour en dégager les particularités.Cette thèse débouche sur des pistes pédagogiques de sensibilisation et d’entraînement aux stratégies de gestion des tours de parole des natifs français afin de mieux préparer les apprenants en situation institutionnelle à une conversation exolingue en milieu naturel. / This thesis shows that turn-taking management by Vietnamese non-native speakers communicating with French native speakers is characterized by two strategies : on the one hand, conversational strategies either resulting from transfers from their language-culture system or from the acquisition of strategies used by native French speakers ; on the other hand, communication strategies used to overcome problems of interactional management. Problems due to language and cultural divergences between native and non-native speakers may also provoke a disfunctioning of the turn-taking system.Using a method of analysis of discourse in interaction, based on a video corpus of situations of communication between native speakers and between native and non native speakers, the author analyses and compares turn-taking strategies used in these two situations. Quantitative analyses of the average rates of gaps, overlaps and interruptions are carried out to discover the general tendencies within the interactions. Qualitative analyses focus on non-native speakers’ verbal and non-verbal techniques of turn-taking, turn-keeping and turn-passing to establish their particularities.The thesis ends with a few suggestions of methods of conscious-raising and training in native speaker turn-taking strategies in order to prepare the Vietnamese learners working in an institutional context to take part in conversation with French speakers in a natural setting.

A região do baixo rio Branco está localizada ao sul do município de Caracaraí, no estado de Roraima, onde há mais de uma década vem se desenvolvendo atividades de turismo de pesca, dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Xeriuini. A vila Terra Preta está inserida nesta APA e tem seus moradores contratados para trabalharem como guias de pesca na atividade turística. Este estudo tem como objetivos: identificar o perfil dos moradores da comunidade de Vila Terra Preta; avaliar qual o estágio de desenvolvimento da atividade de turismo de pesca praticada na região do Baixo Rio Branco; identificar as interferências causadas pela atividade de turismo de pesca que afetam as condições de vida dos residentes da Vila Terra Preta; analisar a receptividade e o envolvimento dos autóctones em relação às atividades desenvolvidas pelos operadores de turismo na região. Fez-se uso de questionário como instrumento de pesquisa exploratória com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, chegando a resultados que mostram interferências positivas quanto à geração de empregos e complemento de renda, mesmo que esses postos de trabalhos sejam temporários. Mas, por outro lado interferências prejudiciais à população de peixes devido aos equipamentos usados por turistas/pescadores, percebidas por alguns moradores. Também o turismo não tem contribuído para melhorias na infraestrutura da comunidade e em relação à gestão os entrevistados consideram-se excluídos dos processos de decisão e participação na organização da atividade turística. / The region of the lower Rio Branco is located south of the city of Caracaraí in the state of Roraima, where for more than a decade has been developing fishing tourism activities within the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) Xeriuini. The Vila Terra Preta is inserted in this EPA and its residents have hired to work as fishing guides in tourist activity. This study aims to: identify the profile of the residents of the Vila Terra Preta; assess what stage of development of the activity of fishing tourism practiced in the Lower Rio Branco region; identify the interference caused by the activity of fishing tourism that affect the living conditions of the residents of Vila Terra Preta; analyze the responsiveness and involvement of indigenous in relation to activities undertaken by tourism operators in the region. Made use of a questionnaire as a tool for exploratory research with quantitative and qualitative approach, achieving results that show positive interference as the generation of jobs and income supplement, even if those jobs are temporary jobs. But, on the other hand harmful interference to fish population due to the equipment used by tourists/fishermen, perceived by some locals. Also tourism has not contributed to improvements in community infrastructure and the management respondents consider themselves excluded from decision- making and participation in the organization of tourism.

Pesquisa descritivo-explicativa e exploratória sobre a relação entre Turismo e desenvolvimento regional que apresenta o modelo de análise APL Tur, elaborado com base em elementos de referenciais teóricos de economia, geografia, sociologia, administração, comunicação, antropologia e Turismo. O objetivo é mostrar se é possível realizar o desenvolvimento regional por meio do Turismo. Uma região é um contexto territorial delimitado por critérios geográficos, econômicos e políticos. Um dos modelos da análise e gestão do desenvolvimento regional é o Arranjo Produtivo Local APL, uma categoria especial de cluster. Em razão das limitações do APL, elabora-se o modelo particular de análise APL Tur Arranjo Produtivo Local de Turismo. O modelo APL Tur estrutura-se nas dimensões econômica, cultural e organizacional. Os elementos do desenvolvimento regional na dimensão econômica são: delimitação espacial; disparidades intra-regionais; externalidades; sustentabilidade ambiental; e inclusão social. Os elementos do Turismo circunscritos na dimensão econômica são: oferta e demanda; desempenho; priorização; exportação; circuito produtivo; interatividade extra-regional; e acessibilidade. Na dimensão cultural, destacam-se: aspectos históricos; acervos e incentivos; estética; produtos e atrativos; animação; e motivação e satisfação da comunidade. Na dimensão organizacional, têm-se os elementos: poder e capital social; gestão sistêmica; divulgação e imagem; mercadologia e comercialização; planejamento; empreendedorismo e inovação; e conhecimento. Realizou-se o teste do modelo APL Tur, aplicando-o à Região das Hortênsias (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil), formada pelos municípios de Gramado, Canela, Nova Petrópolis e São Francisco de Paula. Com base no quadro de indicadores dos elementos das dimensões do modelo APL Tur, verifica-se que o Turismo contribui para o desenvolvimento regional, pois proporciona o ingresso, produção e distribuição de riquezas. Para que uma região se desenvolva economicamente por meio do Turismo, é preciso, entretanto, uma gestão adequada das dimensões e elementos do APL Tur, visando à realização dos seus indicadores. O modelo APL Tur é um instrumento adequado para diagnosticar e para identificar oportunidades de melhoria da atividade turística como polarizadora ou como alternativa do desenvolvimento regional. / This is a descriptive-explanatory and exploratory research about the relationship between Tourism and regional development that presents the LPS Tour analysis model and that was worked out taking its basis elements of theoretical references from economics, geography, sociology, administration, communication, anthropology and Tourism. The objective is to show if it is possible to accomplish regional development through Tourism. A region is a territorial context delimitated by geographical, economic, and political criteria. It is taken into consideration that the general model of Local Productive System of Tourism LPS, a especific cathegory of cluster, has limitations to the analysis and management of Tourism. For this reason, the LPS Tour Local Productive System of Tourism - particular model of analysis - is developed. The LPS model is structured in the economic, cultural, and organizational dimensions. The regional development elements in the economic dimension are: spatial delimitation; intra-regional dissimilarities; externalities; environmental sustainability; and social inclusion. The Tourism elements circumscribed in the economic dimension are: supply and demand; performance; prioritization; exportation; productive circuit; extra-regional interactivity; and accessibility. In the cultural dimension, the elements that stand out are: historical aspects; collections and incentives; esthetics; products and attractions; animation; and motivation and satisfaction of the community. In the organizational dimension, we have the following elements: power and stock capital; systemic management; divulgation and image; marketing and commercialization; planning; entrepreneurship and innovation; and knowledge. The test of the LPS Tour model was performed applying it to the Região das Hortênsias (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) (The Hydrangeas Region), that is formed by the municipal districts of Gramado, Canela, Nova Petrópolis, and São Francisco de Paula. Based on the panel of indicators of the dimensions elements of the LPS Tour model, it is possible to verify that Tourism contributes to the regional development because it accomplishes the ingression, production and distribution of richness. However, for a region to develop economically through Tourism, an adequate management of its dimensions and elements is necessary, aiming at the accomplishment of the LPS Tour indicators. The LPS Tour model is an adequate instrument to diagnose and to identify opportunities of improvement of the tourist activity, as a polarizer or as an alternative to regional development.

This master thesis discusses various mathematical problems related to the placement of chess pieces. Solutions to the problems are mostly elementary (yet sometimes quite inventive), in some cases rely on basic knowledge of graph theory. We successively focus on different chess pieces and their tours on rectangular boards, and then examine the "independence" and "domination" of chess pieces on square boards. The text is complemented with numerous pictures illustrating particular solutions to given problems.

Purpose: The aim of this paper has been to examine which approach travel agencies has to the physical store or office that a customer can visit, and if and in which way the place can affect the customer. Method: This paper is done from a qualitative approach. The content is based on interviews done with employees from seven travel agencies on the swedish market. Conclusion: The conclusion shows that tour operators uses the physical room to build confidence, create security and strengthen the relationship between the staff and customer. Through the physical room the tour operators can affect the customer by giving personal contact, added value and the ability to give the customer directions towards their purchase.

Nous présentons dans cette thèse un modèle pour la coordination de la parole dans des interactions dyadiques utilisateur-agent. Selon une approche courante, coordonner la parole reviendrait à éviter les recouvrements de parole et à minimiser les moments de silence entre deux tours, ceci pour rendre plus fluide l’interaction avec l’agent et améliorer l’expérience de l’utilisateur en interaction dialogique avec l’agent. Les interactions humaines montrent néanmoins une coordination plus complexe avec des recouvrements de parole compétitifs ou non compétitifs et des moments de silences longs. Selon notre approche, c’est en permettant cette diversité des situations que nous verrons émerger, entre l’utilisateur et l’agent, une interaction plus fluide et plus crédible, améliorant l’expérience de l’utilisateur avec l’agent. Les échanges de paroles sont néanmoins, par nature, complexes, la coordination se faisant par l’interaction entre locuteur et auditeur plus que par un participant en particulier. Pour capturer cette complexité, nous avons élaboré un modèle mettant l’accent sur une coordination de la parole basée sur un couplage sensorimoteur continu. Sur la base de ce couplage sensorimoteur, le comportement de l’agent n’est pas entièrement contrôlé par ce dernier, mais est émergent de l’interaction entre les participants. Nous montrons la capacité de notre modèle à faire émerger les différentes situations liées à la coordination de la parole humaine à la fois dans une interaction entre deux agents et dans une interaction utilisateur-agent. / In this thesis, we present a model for the coordination of speaking turns in dyadic interactions between users and agents. According to a common view, to coordinate turns means avoiding overlaps and reduces silences between turns. By optimizing turn transitions between users and agents, the user’s experience is expected to be improved. However, observations of human conversations show a more complex coordination of speaking turns between users and agents: awkward silences and overlaps, competitive or not, are common. In order to improve the credibility and the naturalness of the interaction, we must observe the same variability of situations in a user-agent interaction. Nevertheless, coordination of speaking turns is, by nature, complex, the coordination is managed by the interaction between participants more than controlled by one participant alone. To capture this complexity, we elaborated a model emphasizing the continuous sensory-motor coupling existing between the user and the agent. As a result of this sensory-motor coupling, the behavior of the agent is not entirely controlled by the agent but is an emergent property of the interaction between the user and the agent. We show the capacity of our model to make emerge the different situations linked to the coordination of speaking turns in interactions between two agents and between one user and one agent.

Turistindustrin är en viktig industri ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv samtidigt som den är mycket sårbar för negativa händelser som sker runt om i världen. Då information och nyheter sprids snabbare än någonsin, på grund av den enkelhet som finns att ta till sig information, är det lätt att destinationers image påverkas av det som förmedlas via media. Föreliggande studie fokuserar därmed på att, ur ett producentperspektiv, försöka kartlägga på vilket sätt som destinationers image påverkas av negativ nyhetsrapportering. Detta görs genom att erhålla en förståelse kring vad det är som gör att en image förändras. Samtidigt ligger ett fokus på att försöka förstå om olika strategier tillämpas av researrangörer för att förändra destinationers image samt om de arbetar med att hantera medias påverkan på destinationers image. Det med ambitionen att erhålla en kunskap kring vad som kan göras för att minska att resmönster påverkas i lika stor utsträckning som det gör idag.   För att göra detta fokuserar studien på följande forskningsfrågor:   <ul type="disc">Hur påverkas destinationers image av negativ nyhetsrapportering? Finns det några strategier som researrangörerna tillämpar för att förändra en destinations image och i så fall vilka?   De slutsatser som studien kommer fram till är följande:   <ul type="disc">Destinationer påverkas av negativ nyhetsrapportering till följd av att personer påverkas av det media rapporterar om. Destinationer påverkas i olika utsträckning beroende på dess internationella status, geografiska läge, resenärernas familjära känsla gentemot platsen samt själva händelsens karaktär. Alla individer påverkas olika av massmedias rapportering, beroende på tidigare erfarenheter och kunskap om platsen. Alla kriser och händelser kräver olika strategier, både storleksmässigt och beroende på vad för typ av händelse som inträffat. Researrangörer hjälper destinationer under en kortsiktig period men under ett längre perspektiv så anpassar sig researrangörerna främst till efterfrågan på marknaden. Det är en skör balansgång vad gäller att tillämpa externa aktörer vid arbetet med att förändra destinationers image. Baserad på situation tilltas olika marknadsföringsstrategier i form av kampanjer, annonser och rabatter, vilket kortsiktigt kan påverka att försäljningen ökar och resmönster påverkas. Ansvaret ligger hos oss människor hur vi erhåller rätt information via rätt kanaler som följaktligen påverkar våra uppfattningar och därmed destinationers image. / The tourist industry is important to the industry economically. But at the same time it is very vulnerable to negative happenings and events from around the world. Since information and news is spreading faster than ever before, and due to the simplicity there now is to take parts of the information about a destination, it is easy for the destinations image to be affected badly by what is being mediated throughout the media. This study therefore aims to map out in what ways destinations images are affected by negative news, reporting through a producer perspective. This is done by examining what there is that makes an image change. At the same time this study focuses on trying to understand if different strategies are being used by tour operators in order to change the image of destinations and if they are trying to handle the media's effect on such image. Therefore the ambition is to gain knowledge about what can be done to minimize the effect media has on travel patterns and reduce the extent there is today.   In order to do this, the following study focuses on these two research questions:   How is destinations images affected by negative news reports? Are there any strategies that travel agencies apply in order to change destination images, and in that case which?   The conclusions that can be drawn are following:   Destinations are affected by negative news reports because people are affected by media reportings. Destinations are affected to various degrees depending on its international status, geographical location, travelers' family feelings towards the place and the nature of the event itself. All individuals are affected differently by the media reportings, depending on previous experience and knowledge of the site. All crises and events require different strategies, both in size and depending on what type of event that has occurred. Tour operators help destinations in the short term rather than the longer term perspective, as tour operators adapt primarily to market demand. It is a tough balance in terms of applying external factors in the process of changing the image of destinations. Based on situation, different marketing strategies are used in the form of campaigns, ads and discounts, which can shortly affect sales and travel patterns. The responsibility lies on each individual and how we get the right information through the right channels, which consequently affects our perceptions and thus the image of destinations.

The objective of the thesis "Marketing strategy of a selected tour operator" is to get acquainted with the marketing strategy of MILE tour operator aiming to propose possible improvements based on carried analysis. The first part includes general theories of marketing and its specifics in tourism. The second part is the application of this theory into practice, starting with the basic characteristics of MILE tour operator, followed by analysis of its standing in the tourism market including analysis of external and internal environment, analysis of competitors and own questionnaire research. The next part contains analysis of the tour operator's current marketing strategy. The thesis results in concrete suggestions to improve market targeting, setting goals, selecting a marketing strategy and marketing mix.

Le département des Landes correspondant actuellement au diocèse d'Aire et de Dax, est constitué par le regroupement des anciens diocèses d'Aire et de Dax augmentés de portions de ceux d'Auch, Bazas et Bordeaux. Les édifices religieux de ce département sont fortifiés au cours de la période s'échelonnant du début du conflit franco-anglais, à la fin du XIIIe siècle, puis pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, et, pour certains, jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle. La grande majorité d'entre-eux sont de modestes églises destinées à la défense des populations des villages dans une région marquée par la relative rareté des châteaux. Elles sont fortifiées de façon quelquefois très élaborée et souvent très sommaire. Elles sont particulièrement éprouvées lors des guerres de Religion, période pendant laquelle elles sont presque toutes pillées, souvent incendiées et détruites au niveau de leur voûtement. Leur inventaire dans ce département est constitué de plus de soixante-quinze églises. Soixante-huit d'entre-elles font l'objet d'une notice détaillée, avec plan, historique, description architecturale, photos, relevés, description et analyse des fortifications. D'autres édifices religieux des Landes, et certains appartenant à des départements différents, ayant un rapport direct avec ce sujet, sont également mentionnés. Cette recherche a permis de révéler la grande quantité et la diversité des églises fortifiées de cette région et leurs différents modes de mise en défense. Elle a également mis en évidence un type particulier et rare de fortification constitué par des façades ou des porches semi-circulaires édifiés dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle ou au début du XVIe siècle. L'étude comparative de ces constructions semi-circulaires de façade, à usage militaire, avec les églises à contre-abside, à usage liturgique, existant encore dans les Landes et en Aquitaine, a été faite afin de bien distinguer les deux types d'édifices. / The Landes currently corresponding to the diocese of Aire and Dax, is formed by the combination of the former dioceses of Aire and Dax plus those portions of Auch, Bazas and Bordeaux. Religious buildings of this department are strengthened during the period from the beginning of the Anglo-French conflict in the late thirteenth century, and during the Hundred Years War, and for some, until the mid-sixteenth century. The vast majority of them are small churches for the defense of the village population in a region marked by the relative scarcity of castles. They are fortified so sometimes very elaborate and often very brief. They are particularly affected during the Wars of Religion, during which they are almost all looted, burned and destroyed often in their vault. Their inventory in this department consists of more than seventy-five churches. Sixty-eight of them are subject to detailed instructions, with plan, historical, architectural description, photos, statements, description and analysis of fortifications. Other religious buildings in the Landes, and some belonging to different departments, having a direct bearing on this subject are also mentioned. This research revealed the large amount and variety of fortified churches in this region and their different modes of defense. She also highlighted a particular and rare fortification consists of facades or semicircular porches built in the second half of the fifteenth century or early sixteenth century. The comparative study of these constructions semicircular facade for military use, with the churches against the apse, in liturgical use, still existing in the Landes and Aquitaine, was made to distinguish between the two types of buildings.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de concevoir un système impliquant un feedback tactile facilitant l’organisation du tour de parole dans le contexte de la communication verbale à distance et à plusieurs. Ces situations impliquant des technologies numériques sont actuellement décrites comme étant des "conferences call". Elles relèvent également du Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) lorsqu'elles impliquent une tâche collaborative. Curieusement, ces situations n'ont été l'objet que de très peu d'études en dépit des problèmes qu'elles suscitent et l'évolution de ces technologies s'est faite au profit d'un enrichissement par la vidéo. Cette thèse propose une autre forme d'enrichissement par un retour tactile permettant de dépasser l'une des principales difficultés de la communication verbale à distance à savoir le contrôle du tour de parole. Deux modalités de cet enrichissement ont été étudiés : la redondance et la substitution. Comme redondance avec le feedback visuel, nous avons fait l'hypothèse que la modalité tactile favorise l'alternance du tour de parole et augmente l'expression d'intentions non verbales à l'image des situations de face à face. Comme substitution au visuel, l'hypothèse a été de poser que le tactile produit un avantage en cela qu'il fluidifie le tour de parole. Le système conçu dans cette recherche montre, au moyen de trois expériences, que l'échange verbal à distance et sa distribution dans le cadre d'une tâche de prise de décision collective peut être efficient avec un enrichissement tactile et donner lieu à une auto-régulation du tour de parole. / Our thesis aim was to design a system based on tactile modality to organize a synchronous, multi-user remote verbal communication to facilitate better turn-taking. The remote communication we studied is actually called the ‘conference call’, and relies on computer technology. A conference call is a form of CSCW, and it is thus a collaborative task. As conference calls have rarely been studied in previous research, a system designed to optimize this kind of work is of great value. Tactile modality is the basic element of the design and its impact is also studied in our thesis. As a modality of redundancy, tactile feedback accelerates the alternation of turn-taking. Moreover, it augments the intention of non-verbal exchanges, which accounts for most of the communication in face-to-face situations. As a modality of substitution, tactile modality shows a distinct advantage in making the turn-taking transfer smoother compared to visual modality. Finally, a conference call for a decision-making task under a simple turn-taking allocation system based on tactile modality provides evidence that this designed system’s controlled conference call has good efficiency and good distribution of the talking length of turn-taking.