Die Bildpracht spätmittelalterlicher Schnitzretabel zeigte sich zeitgenössischen Betrachtern kaum in der uns heute bekannten Form. In durch Buntglasfenster abgedunkelten Kirchenräumen und hinter einem sichteinschränkenden Lettner verborgen, wurden jene komplexen Bildsysteme mehr erahnt und empfunden als in Gänze gesehen und erfasst. Umso erstaunlicher, dass die kunsthistorische Forschung bisher auf ikonographisch-programmatische Analysen fokussierte, die vor dem Hintergrund ebendieser Rezeption unzureichend sind. Im Dissertationsprojekt werden erstmals kontextgebundene Fragen der Liturgien mit medienästhetischen Erkenntnissen einer bildwissenschaftlich orientierten Forschung verbunden. Diese Verknüpfung bietet die Chance, funktionale und ästhetische Aspekte der Retabel gleichermassen zur Sprache zu bringen. Im Fokus steht die Frage, wie und unter welchen Umständen Hochaltarretabel im Spätmittelalter Sichtbarkeit generieren konnten. Erst unter diesem Gesichtspunkt lässt sich das Potential erfassen, mit welchem sich Retabel zu bestimmten Zeiten in bestimmten räumlichen und liturgischen Zusammenhängen gezeigt haben. Als zentrales Moment kann in diesem Zusammenhang der Lettner identifiziert werden, der Blicke dauerhaft lenkte und zeitweilig restringierte. Im spätmittelalterlichen Kirchenraum, so der Ansatz, ist von graduellen Sichtbarkeiten auszugehen. Im Zentrum des Projektes steht daher die Erforschung der Interferenzen von Retabel, Lettner und umgebendem Raum, die massgeblich auf die Formung und die Wahrnehmung der Retabel zurückwirkten. Im Ergenis weitet sich der Blick auf die gesamte Ausstattung der Kirchenräume, deren soziale Segmentierung und der Deutungsmacht eben jener durch Akteure, welche wiederum durch ihre Interpretationen auf die Folgeausstattungen zurückwirkten. Diese derart akkumulierten Kirchenräume sind machtvoll, kontrollieren Blicke, geben Einblicke, öffnen sich zeitlich reglementiert und changieren so zwischen Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit. / The pictorial splendor of late medieval carved altarpieces was rarely revealed to contemporary viewers in the form we are familiar with today. In church interiors darkened by stained glass windows and hidden behind a rood screen that restricted the view, these complex pictorial systems were more sensed and perceived than seen and grasped in their entirety. This makes it all the more astonishing that art historical research has so far focused on iconographic and programmatic analyses, which are inadequate against the background of this very reception. The dissertation project is the first to combine context-bound questions of liturgies with media-aesthetic findings from image-based research. This combination offers the opportunity to address functional and aesthetic aspects of the reredos in equal measure. The focus is on the question of how and under what circumstances high altar retables were able to generate visibility in the late Middle Ages. Only from this point of view is it possible to grasp the potential with which retables appeared at certain times in certain spatial and liturgical contexts. In this context, the rood screen can be identified as a central element that permanently directed and temporarily restricted the gaze. In the late medieval church space, according to the approach, gradual visibilities can be assumed. The project therefore focuses on researching the interferences between the retable, the rood screen and the surrounding space, which had a significant impact on the shaping and perception of the retable. The result is a broader view of the entire decoration of the church interiors, their social segmentation and the power of interpretation of these by actors, who in turn influenced the subsequent decoration through their interpretations. These church spaces accumulated in this way are powerful, control views, provide insights, open up in a temporally regulated manner and thus oscillate between visibility and invisibility.

Low-temperature plasma nitrocarburizing treatments are applied to improve the surface properties of austenitic stainless steels by forming an expanded austenite layer without impairing the excellent corrosion resistance of the steel. Here, low-temperature active screen plasma nitrocarburizing (ASPNC) was investigated in an industrial-scale cold-wall reactor to compare the effects of two active screen materials: (i) a steel active screen with the addition of methane as a gaseous carbon-containing precursor and (ii) an active screen made of carbon-fibre-reinforced carbon (CFC) as a solid carbon precursor. By using both active screen materials, ASPNC treatments at variable plasma conditions were conducted using AISI 316L. Moreover, insight into the plasma-chemical composition of the H2-N2 plasma for both active screen materials was gained by laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) combined with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). It was found that, in the case of a CFC active screen in a biased condition, the thickness of the nitrogen-expanded austenite layer increased, while the thickness of the carbon-expanded austenite layer decreased compared to the non-biased condition, in which the nitrogen- and carbon-expanded austenite layers had comparable thicknesses. Furthermore, the crucial role of biasing the workload to produce a thick and homogeneous expanded austenite layer by using a steel active screen was validated.

The effect of a controlled oxygen admixture to a plasma nitrocarburizing process using active screen technology and an active screen made of carbon was investigated to control the carburizing potential within the plasma-assisted process. Laser absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the resulting process gas composition at different levels of oxygen admixture using O2 and CO2, respectively, as well as the long-term trends of the concentration of major reaction products over the duration of a material treatment of ARMCO® iron. The short-term studies of the resulting process gas composition, as a function of oxygen addition to the process feed gases N2 and H2, showed that a stepwise increase in oxygen addition led to the formation of oxygen-containing species, such as CO, CO2, and H2O, and to a significant decrease in the concentrations of hydrocarbons and HCN. Despite increased oxygen concentration within the process gas, no oxygen enrichment was observed in the compound layer of ARMCO® iron; however, the diffusion depth of nitrogen and carbon increased significantly. Increasing the local nitrogen concentration changed the stoichiometry of the ε-Fe3(N,C)1+x phase in the compound layer and opens up additional degrees of freedom for improved process control.

This master’s thesis deals with a new design of bar screens. The goal was to come up with an alternative design to already existing device by INKOS a. s. In the first part, there is a summary of various machines working in similiar conditions. The insights gained by this research influenced the design of the new device. It utilizes well proven solutions from previous projects, but some of these were reworked and a few new functions were added. Second part of the thesis describes the analytical solutions, which were used to determine the forces in the assembly during the operation of the device. Based on the results of these calculations, a strength analysis of important components was performed using the finite element method. The result of this thesis is the design and optimization of new bar screens, including engineering drawings and tools for its further development.

This research was aimed at the optimisation of the usability of content-rich computer and mobile based e-learning material. The goal was to preserve the advantages of paper based material in designing optimised modules that were mobile and computer-based, but at the same time avoiding the pitfalls of converting traditional paper based learning material for use on screen. A mobile eye tracker was used to analyse how students studied similar course content on paper, and on mobile device. Screen based eye tracking was also used to analyse how participants studied corresponding content on a desktop screen. Eye movements which were recorded by an eye tracker revealed the sequences of fixations and saccades on the text that was read by each participant. By analysing and comparing the eye gaze patterns of students reading the same content on three different delivery platforms, the differences between these platforms were identified in terms of their delivery of content rich, text based study material. The results showed that more students read online content on a computer screen than on mobile devices. The inferential analysis revealed that the differences in reading duration, comprehension, linearity and fixation count on the three platforms were insignificant. There were significant differences in saccade length. This analysis was used to identify strong aspects of the respective platforms and consequently derive guidelines for using these aspects optimally to design content rich material for delivery on computer screen and mobile device. The limitations of each platform were revealed and guidelines for avoiding these were derived / Computing / M.A. (Computing)

Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der industrienahen Herstellung von Katalysatorschichten für Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran-Brennstoffzellen mit Hilfe des Tiefdrucks als Fertigungsverfahren. Um die Anforderungen an die Katalysatorschicht hinsichtlich der Schichtdicke zu erreichen, wird ein Linienraster für den Tiefdruck entwickelt. Das patentierte und verifizierte Designkonzept des Linienrasters ermöglicht es, trotz Tinten mit geringem Feststoffgehalt hohe Trockenschichtdicken zu erzeugen. Aufgrund des verwendeten Tiefdruckrasters sind Optimierungsschritte an der Fertigungsanlage notwendig, um eine hohe Schichtqualität zu erreichen. Schließlich werden kontinuierlich und industrienah Katalysatorschichten gefertigt, die als Membran-Elektroden-Einheit in einer Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran-Brennstoffzelle erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. / This work presents an industrial close manufacturing process of active electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells utilizing an adapted gravure printing process. To meet the requirements of the electrodes regarding the layer thickness (weight) and quality a novel line screen with maximized dipping volume for gravure printing was developed and investigated. A design rule for this kind of screens was realized and verified by a successful manufacturing of electrodes with different dried layer thicknesses. Due to the rough structure and the high dipping volumes of these line screens an adaption and optimization of the machinery and the whole process was necessary to achieve high quality electrodes. Finally, it is shown that it is possible to manufacture continuiously in an industrial close roll-to-roll process platinum loaded electrodes, working successful as cathode in a Membran-Electrode-Assembly.

Les sirtuines sont une famille conservée de déacétylases NAD+-dépendantes qui sont impliquées dans divers processus. Les humains possèdent 7 sirtuines (SIRT1-7) qui jouent un rôle dans plusieurs voies cellulaires, tandis que la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae possède 5 membres (Sir2, Hst1-4) qui influencent plusieurs voies comme le cycle cellulaire ou le vieillissement. Une absence d’activité des sirtuines mène toutefois à des défauts de croissance, une thermosensibilité et l’apparition de dommages spontanés à l’ADN par des mécanismes mal élucidés. Pour mieux caractériser ce phénomène, ce mémoire met en lumière certains résultats venant d’un crible chimiogénétique réalisé par traitement au nicotinamide (NAM), un pan-inhibiteur des sirtuines. Nos résultats indiquent que le NAM entraîne chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae une forte activation des voies de réponses aux dommages à l’ADN, et que les défauts de croissance sont principalement dus à l’hyperacétylation de la lysine 56 de l’histone H3 (H3K56), une modification post-traductionnelle qui est renversée par les sirtuines Hst3 et Hst4. Lors d’hyperacétylation de H3K56, la protéine Slx4 et le complexe PP4 sont requis pour la croissance de la levure en modulant les niveaux d’activation de la kinase Rad53 lors de la RDA. Également, certains résultats préliminaires inclus dans ce mémoire mettent en évidence un rôle de l’activité des sirtuines dans la régulation de la recombinaison homologue, l’une des voies de réparation de l’ADN. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que la déacétylation des histones par les sirtuines permet de moduler la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN en présence de stress réplicatif. / Sirtuins are a conserved family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases that are involved in various processes. Humans have seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7) and play a role in several cellular pathways, while the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 5 members (Sir2, Hst1-4) and influence several pathways, such as the cell cycle or aging. Lack of sirtuin activity however leads to growth defects, thermosensitivity and spontaneous DNA damage by poorly understood mechanisms. To further characterize this phenomenon, this thesis highlights results obtained from a chemogenetic screen realized by treatment with nicotinamide (NAM), a pan-inhibitor of all sirtuins. Our results indicate that NAM causes strong activation of DNA damage-induced signaling in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and that growth defects are mainly due to histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56) hyperacetylation, a post-translational modification reversed by sirtuins Hst3 and Hst4. During H3K56 hyperacetylation, the Slx4 protein and PP4 complex are both required for yeast growth by modulating the activation levels of Rad53 kinase during the DDR. Also, preliminary results included in this thesis highlight that proper regulation of homologous recombination, one of DNA repair pathways, is essential for growth in the presence of NAM-induced sirtuin inhibition. Together, our results suggest that chromosome-wide histone deacetylation by sirtuins can modulate DNA damage response in presence of replicative stress.

The screen, as recent studies in a number of fields indicate, is a cultural object due for critical reappraisal. Work on the theoretical status of screen objects tends to focus upon the materialisation of surface; in other words, it attempts to rethink the relationship between the supposedly 'superficial' facade and the 'functional' object itself. I suggest that this work, while usefully chipping away at the dichotomy between the 'superficial' and the 'functional', can lead us to a more radical conclusion when read in the context of subjectivity. By rethinking the relationship between the surface and the obverse face of the screen as the terms of a dialectic, we can ‘read’ the screen as the vital component in a process which constitutes the Subject. In order to demonstrate this, I analyse productions of subjectivity in literary texts of the twenty-first century — in doing so, I assume the novel as nonpareil arena of the dramatisation of subjectivity — and I propose a reading of the work of Jacques Lacan as hitherto unacknowledged theorist par excellence of the form and function of the screen. Lacan describes, with the function of desire and the formation of the screen of fantasy, the primary position this ‘screen-form' inhabits in the constitution of the Subject. Lacan’s work forms a critical juncture through which we must proceed if we are to properly read and understand the chosen texts: The Book of Strange New Things by Michel Faber; The Tain by China Miéville; Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood; and Austerlitz by W.G. Sebald. In each text, I analyse the particular materialisations of the screen and interrogate the constitution of the subject and the locus of desire. By analysing the vicissitudes of subjectivity in these texts, I make a claim for the study of the screen as constituting a central question in the field of contemporary literature.

Les virus ont besoin d’interagir avec des facteurs cellulaires pour se répliquer et se propager dans les cellules d’hôtes. Une étude de l'interactome des protéines du virus d'hépatite C (VHC) par Germain et al. (2014) a permis d'élucider de nouvelles interactions virus-hôte. L'étude a également démontré que la majorité des facteurs de l'hôte n'avaient pas d'effet sur la réplication du virus. Ces travaux suggèrent que la majorité des protéines ont un rôle dans d'autres processus cellulaires tel que la réponse innée antivirale et ciblées pas le virus dans des mécanismes d'évasion immune. Pour tester cette hypothèse, 132 interactant virus-hôtes ont été sélectionnés et évalués par silençage génique dans un criblage d'ARNi sur la production interferon-beta (IFNB1). Nous avons ainsi observé que les réductions de l'expression de 53 interactants virus-hôte modulent la réponse antivirale innée. Une étude dans les termes de gène d'ontologie (GO) démontre un enrichissement de ces protéines au transport nucléocytoplasmique et au complexe du pore nucléaire. De plus, les gènes associés avec ces termes (CSE1L, KPNB1, RAN, TNPO1 et XPO1) ont été caractérisé comme des interactant de la protéine NS3/4A par Germain et al. (2014), et comme des régulateurs positives de la réponse innée antivirale. Comme le VHC se réplique dans le cytoplasme, nous proposons que ces interactions à des protéines associées avec le noyau confèrent un avantage de réplication et bénéficient au virus en interférant avec des processus cellulaire tel que la réponse innée. Cette réponse innée antivirale requiert la translocation nucléaire des facteurs transcriptionnelles IRF3 et NF-κB p65 pour la production des IFNs de type I. Un essai de microscopie a été développé afin d'évaluer l’effet du silençage de 60 gènes exprimant des protéines associés au complexe du pore nucléaire et au transport nucléocytoplasmique sur la translocation d’IRF3 et NF-κB p65 par un criblage ARNi lors d’une cinétique d'infection virale. En conclusion, l’étude démontre qu’il y a plusieurs protéines qui sont impliqués dans le transport de ces facteurs transcriptionnelles pendant une infection virale et peut affecter la production IFNB1 à différents niveaux de la réponse d'immunité antivirale. L'étude aussi suggère que l'effet de ces facteurs de transport sur la réponse innée est peut être un mécanisme d'évasion par des virus comme VHC. / Viruses interact with cellular factors in order to successfully replicate and propagate in host cells. Germain et al. (2014) performed a proteomics analysis to elucidate viral-host interactors of hepatitis C virus (HCV). They found that the majority of host factors did not have an effect on viral replication, suggesting that these host proteins may be beneficial to the virus by affecting other cellular processes such as evading the innate antiviral immunity. To test that hypothesis, 132 virus-host interactors were selected and silenced by RNAi for their effect on inteferon-beta (IFNB1) production as a readout of the innate antiviral response. 53 were found to modulate the response with enrichment in the gene ontology (GO) terms related to nucleocytoplasmic transport and the nuclear pore complex. An interesting point is that the genes associated with these terms (CSE1L, KPNB1, RAN, TNPO1, and XPO1) were previously elucidated as HCV NS3/4A interactors by Germain et al. (2014), as well as positive regulators of the innate antiviral response. Although it is surprising that a cytoplasmic-replicating virus like HCV would interact with proteins associated with the nucleus, we proposed that viruses interact with these proteins for their benefit to interfere with the innate immune response. The innate antiviral response requires the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB p65 for the production of type I interferons. As it is unclear which transporters or nucleoporins are involved, 60 genes associated with the nuclear pore complex and nucleocytoplasmic transport were studied for their effect on the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and NF-κB p65 via a microscopy-based RNAi screen during a 10-hour viral infection time course. Overall, the study revealed that many of these proteins are involved in the trafficking of these transcription factors during a viral infection, and can affect the production of IFNB1 at different levels of the innate antiviral response. The study also suggests that the effect of these transport factors on the immune response may be an evasion mechanism for viruses such as HCV.

Cette recherche concerne l’agitation comportementale de neuf enfants à l’école et utilise la médiation projective du Scéno-Test.En référence au concept de Moi-peau, la pratique clinique intersubjective des contenants de pensée dans l’institution fonde un regard sur la psychopathologie face à la Loi de février 2005 qui considère l’enfant agité comme handicapé. A l’intérieur de ces contenants en partie réducteurs sont analysés les trajets émotionnels des familles des enfants rencontrées, capables, à partir d’un groupe de professionnels au travail, de transformation psychique des dits contenants.En référence à la théorie des enveloppes psychiques, cette recherche propose, dans le cadre de l’examen psychologique, un dispositif consistant en la passation de 4 séances de Scéno-Test pour chaque enfant qui tient compte d’une pensée du "hors" significative de sa potentielle éjection de l’école.Dès lors, l’expression des procédés hors-jeu au Scéno-test relance par le moyen d’un jeu permis le psychisme de l’enfant.Au regard du concept de retournement, c’est la notion de fil projectif élaborée à partir d’une pensée du blanc du couvercle de jeu et la notion du négatif utilisée par le clinicien chercheur qui permettent de penser l’élaboration des réponses. Au sein d’enveloppes projectives, tel l’écran du rêve dans la dialectique de la veille et du sommeil, telle l’hallucination négative dans la dialectique de l’absence et de la présence, l’enfant reconstruit une scène d’origine traumatique.L’ensemble des données recueillies montre que l’enfant instable est en danger, même à l’école. Sa capacité au Scéno-Test à figurer, malgré les angoisses impensables, les secrets et/ou les dénis familiaux, lui permet de réaménager au sein de ces enveloppes projectives un espace interne suffisamment sécurisant pour être réinvesti.Ces premiers résultats permettent d’établir que le Scéno-Test, épreuve thématique, peut aussi être utilisé comme une épreuve structurale paradoxale. / This research concerns the behavioral excitement of nine school children and uses the Scéno-Test projective mediation.In reference to the "Ego-skin" concept, the intersubjective clinical practice of thought containers in the institution a glance on the psychopathology in front of Act of February 2005 considering the restless child as an handicapped person. Inside these partially reducing containers are analyzed the emotional families axes encountered who, from a group of professionals in the work, can transform these containers.In reference to the psychic envelopes theory, this research proposes, as part of the psychological examination, a device consisting of the signing of 4 sessions of Scéno-Test for every child who takes into account a thought of "except" significant of his potential ejection of the school.From then on, the expression of the offside processes in Scéno-test stimulus by means of an allowed game helped the psyche of the child.Towards the concept of reversal, it’s the notion of thread projectif elaborated from a thought of the blank cover game and the notion of the negative used by the clinician researcher that allow to think of the elaboration of the answers. Within projectives envelopes, such as dream screen in the dialectic of waking and sleep, such as the negative hallucination in the dialectic of the absence and the presence, the child reconstructs a scene of traumatic origin.The overall results show that unstable child is in danger, even at school. Its ability to appear and represent capacity in Scéno-Test, despite the unthinkable fears and the family secrets and/or denials, allows him to reorganize within these projectives envelopes an internal space enough reassuring to be reinvested.