Bakgrund: Ögonsjuksköterskor möter många patienter med diabetesretinopati, vilkakan vara utmanande för ögonsjuksköterskorna då det förekommer att patienter saknar sjukdomsinsikt. Det leder till svårigheter att få patienten delaktig i sin vård, men även att ge tillräckligt med information då patienten även kan vara orolig vid dessa möten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ögonsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att informera patienter med diabetesretinopati. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer användes där totalt sju ögonsjuksköterskor från Västra Götalandsregionen och Region Halland deltog. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier Bygga en relation och Behov av kunskap. De fem subkategorierna var Ögonsjuksköterskans roll, Patienternas delaktighet, Brist på sjukdomsinsikt, Patienternas oro och rädsla samt Vikten av information. Konklusion: Resultatet visade att ögonsjuksköterskorna upplevde att det är av vikt att informera och även få patienten delaktig i sin vård då patienternauttrycker en rädsla och oro. Studien kan vara ett stöd för ögonsjuksköterskorna infördessa möten och vidareutveckla dem både utifrån ett sjuksköterske- och patientperspektiv. I vidare forskning vore det av intresse att få en fördjupad kunskap om patienternas upplevelser av ögonbottenfotografering samt information i samband med den. / Background: Ophthalmic nurses meet many patients with diabetic retinopathy. These meetings can be challenging for the ophthalmic nurses as some patients lack insight about the disease, which makes it difficult to get the patient involved and provide enough information as the patient may also be worried at these meetings. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate ophthalmic nurses’ experiences of informing patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was used where seven ophthalmic nurses from Västra Götaland Countyand the Halland County participated. Results: The analysis resulted in two main categories Building a Relationship and Need for Knowledge and five subcategories; The Ophthalmic Nurse's role, Patient participation, Lack of disease insight, Patients' anxiety and fear and The importanceof information. Conclusion: The results showed that the ophthalmic nurses felt that it was important to inform and also get the patient involved in their care as the patients express fear and anxiety. The study can be a support for the ophthalmic nurses in these meetings and further develop them from both a nurse and patient perspective. In further research, it would be of interest to gain an in-depth knowledge of patients´ experiences of fundus photography and the information they receive.

<p>Efficient delivery of therapeutic cell and pharmaceutical suspensions to the posterior segment of the eye remains an elusive goal. Delivery is made difficult by blood ocular barriers that separate the eye from systemic circulation, the compartmentalized structure of the eye that limits diffusion across the globe, and effective clearance mechanisms that result in short drug residence times. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the design, synthesis, evolution and refinement of novel biomaterial scaffolds ultimately intended to facilitate the minimally invasive delivery of therapeutic payloads into the posterior segment of the eye. The first generation materials presented in this work (Chapter 2) consist of linear chains of temperature-sensitive amine-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) grafted onto the backbone of type I collagen. Second generation materials (Chapter 3) saw the inclusion of the lubricious polysaccharide, hyaluronic acid (HA), and replacement of the bulky collagen backbone, which was observed to impede scaffold gelation, with small cell adhesive RGD peptide sequences. The introduction of degradability was the emphasis of third generation copolymers (Chapter 4) and was achieved through copolymerization with dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone acrylate (DBA). The DBA lactone side group was found to undergo a hydrolysis dependent ring opening, which raises copolymer LCST above physiologic temperature, triggering the gelled scaffold to solubilize and be excreted from the body via renal filtration without the liberation of any degradation by-products. Degradation was found to occur slowly, which is favourable for long-term release scaffolds intended to decrease the frequency of injections required to maintain therapeutically relevant concentrations within the vitreous. Finally, the design of a fourth generation material is discussed (Chapter 5), in which optical transparency is achieved through copolymerization of third generation materials with polyethylene glycol (PEG) monomers of varying molecular weight. Synthesis, design and characterization of the various copolymers is described herein.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Problemformulering: Perforerande ögonskador är en psykisk påfrestning som kan ge ångest och oro hos patienter. Att möta en patient med ett stort trauma kan vara en utmaning i interaktionen mellan ögonsjuksköterskan och patienten. Ögonsjuksköterskans ansvar är att prioritera och utföra en initial bedömning snabbt, eftersom det kan vara avgörande för patientens synutfall. Befintlig forskning på området är kvantitativ och adresserar inte de individuella upplevelserna eller interaktionernas komplexitet. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa ögonsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att omhänderta och bedöma patienter med traumatiskt perforerande ögonskador i det akuta skedet. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor med en induktiv ansats där tio ögonsjuksköterskor från regionala ögonkliniker i Sverige inkluderades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: En utmanande bedömning – betydelsen av rätt tillvägagångssätt, Att möta patienternas reaktioner och behov, Omvårdnadsåtgärder vid psykosociala omvårdnadsbehov och Känslor och strategier i mötet med patienten samt tio subkategorier. Konklusion: Studien visar betydelsen av ögonsjuksköterskans roll vid akut bedömning och omvårdnad av patienter med traumatiskt perforerande ögonskador. För att minska oro är det viktigt att ögonsjuksköterskan tillhandahåller lugnande och trygghetsskapande omvårdnadsåtgärder. För framtiden rekommenderas tydliga rutiner och mer forskning för att förbättra vårdkvaliteten. / Problem definition: Perforating eye injuries is a mental strain that can cause anxiety and worry in patients. Meeting a patient with a major trauma can be a challenge in the interaction between the ophthalmic nurse and the patient. The responsibility of the ophthalmic nurse is to prioritize and carry out an initial assessment quickly, as this may be crucial for the patient’s visual outcome. Existing research in the area is quantitative and does not address the individual experiences nor the complexity of the interactions. Purpose: The purpose was to highlight the experiences of ophthalmic nurses in the care and clinical assessment of patients with traumatic perforating eye injuries in the acute phase. Method: A qualitative interview study employing semi-structured questions with an inductive approach, involving ten ophthalmic nurses from regional eye clinics across Sweden. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories: A challenging assessment – the importance of the right approach, To meet the patients’ reactions and needs, Nursing interventions for psychosocial care needs and Feelings and strategies in the meeting with the patient and ten subcategories. Conclusion: The study shows the importance of the ophthalmic nurse’s role in the acute assessment and care of patients with traumatic perforating eye injuries. To reduce anxiety, it is important for the ophthalmic nurse to provide calming and reassuring nursing interventions. Clear protocols and further research are recommended for the future to enhance quality of care.

No / PURPOSE. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that elderly people who wear multifocal spectacles have an increased risk of tripping, particularly on stairs. Yet no studies have experimentally examined how wearing multifocal spectacles affects stair and step negotiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of wearing multifocal compared with single-distance vision spectacles on minimum toe clearance and risk of tripping during step negotiation in the elderly. METHODS. Nineteen healthy subjects (mean age, 71.4 years) performed a single step up to a new level (heights, 7.5, 15, and 22 cm) while wearing multifocal (bifocals and progressive addition lenses) or single-distance vision spectacles. Minimum horizontal and vertical toe clearance were assessed by analyzing data collected with a five-camera, three-dimensional motion-analysis system. RESULTS. There was no difference in mean minimum toe clearance in subjects when wearing multifocal compared with single-distance vision spectacles. However, there was greater within-subject variability in vertical toe clearance when wearing multifocal spectacles (variance ratio, 1.53; P = 0.0004). Subjects were also significantly more likely to trip when wearing multifocal compared with single-vision spectacles (one-sided Fisher's exact test P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS. Because of increased within-subject variability in vertical toe clearance when wearing multifocal spectacles, elderly individuals may be at greater risk of falling when negotiating steps and stairs if they do not also consistently increase margins of safety (mean vertical toe clearance). This suggests that some elderly who are at high risk of falling may benefit from wearing single-distance vision rather than multifocal spectacles when walking.

The purpose of the study was to assess the level of knowledge about glaucoma among the patients who attend the CBN staff eye clinic in Abuja. An exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on adult CBN staff members and their eligible dependants. Data on demographics and knowledge of glaucoma were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. One hundred and forty five respondents (100% return) participated in the study. Purposive sampling was done to recruit respondents. Of the total respondents’, 74.5% (n=108) claimed they had heard about glaucoma but only 14.5% (n = 21) had knowledge about glaucoma. Glaucoma knowledge was found to be independent of age, sex, ethnicity, educational level and respondents’ status within the CBN. Knowledge about glaucoma in this population is therefore according to the results, inadequate. Appropriate recommendations were made to improve glaucoma knowledge amongst patients who attend the clinic. / Health Studies

Åldersrelaterad makuladegeneration (AMD) är en kronisk ögonsjukdom och är den vanligaste orsaken till irreversibel synnedsättning hos äldre personer i den industriella världen. Bakomliggande orsaker kan vara både genetiska och miljömässiga varför prevention och behandling av ögonsjukdomar kan öka livskvaliteten samt minska nedsatt syn och de funktionshinder som synnedsättning medför. Syftet med studien var att belysa ögonsjuksköterskans hälsofrämjande arbete med patienter som har åldersrelaterad makuladegeneration. Denna integrativa litteraturstudie visade att kunskapsnivån om AMD var låg både hos den allmänna befolkningen och patienter. Även patienter med allvarlig synnedsättning på grund av en eller flera ögonsjukdomar var omedvetna om sin diagnos. Patienter med AMD upplevde att de inte fick tillräckligt med information om sjukdomen, riskfaktorer, undersökningar och vilka behandlingar som fanns. Att drabbas av AMD innebar en stor påverkan på patienternas livskvalitet. Det visade sig att det fanns ett starkt samband mellan förlust av synfunktionen och symtom på depression. Ingen av studierna var från Sverige eller belyste svenska förhållanden men belyser vikten av att hälsofrämjande arbete och ökad medvetenhet kring kroniska ögonsjukdomar och dess riskfaktorer är mycket viktigt. Det vore av stort intresse att undersöka de svenska förhållandena som jämförelse. / Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye disease and is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss amongst elderly people within the industrial world. Underlying causes can be both genetical and environmental, prevention and treatment of AMD can increase quality of life and reduce visual impairment and all dysfunctionalities related to it. The aim of this study was to highlight ophthalmic nurses' health promoting work with patients with age-related macular degeneration. This integrative literature review showed that the level of awareness of AMD was low among both the general population and patients. Even patients with severe vision loss due to one or several eye diseases was unaware of their diagnosis. Patients with AMD felt that they were not given enough information about the disease, the risk factors, available health examinations and what possible treatments were available. To be affected with AMD entails a significant negative effect on patients quality of life. It was shown that there was a strong connection between vision loss and symptoms of depression. None of the studies were from Sweden or highlighted the Swedish conditions but highlights the importance of health promotion, awareness about chronic eye disease and its risk factors as very important. It would be of great interest to investigate the Swedish conditions for comparison.

Bakgrund: Diabetesretinopati är den vanligaste ögonsjukdomen hos personer med diabetes och är en ledande orsak till synnedsättning och blindhet världen över. Patienter som har diabetesretinopati kan vara symptomfria och patienten märker inte att han/hon är drabbad. Det är därför viktigt att patienter som har diabetes screenas regelbundet för att synhotande diabetesretinopati ska upptäckas i ett tidigt stadium så att rätt behandling kan sättas in för att undvika synnedsättning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa ögonsjuksköterskans uppfattning av olika faktorer som påverkar diabetespatientens följsamhet till ögonbottenfotografering. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med en fenomenografisk ansats användes i studien. Studien har genomförts genom åtta intervjuer med ögonsjuksköterskor på två olika ögonmottagningar i södra Sverige. Resultat: Dataanalysen mynnade ut i fyra olika beskrivningskategorier: Patientens förståelse för sjukdomen, Patientens hälsa och syn, Ögonsjuksköterskans tid med patienten samt Generella hinder. Slutsats: Under studien framkom flera olika faktorer som påverkade patienten att delta eller inte delta vid ögonbottenfotografering. Utifrån resultatet i denna studie drog vi slutsatsen att en ögonsjuksköterska framförallt behöver mer tid tillsammans med varje enskild patient för att kunna informera patienten om diabetes och diabetesretinopati samt motivera till deltagande vid regelbunden ögonbottenscreening. / Background: Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease among people with diabetes and it is a leading cause for sight impairment and blindness all over the world. Patients with diabetic retinopathy can be asymptomatic and the patient can´t tell that he/she is affected. Because of this, it is important that patients with diabetes regularly are screened so that sight threatening retinopathy can be detected in an early state so the proper treatment can be inserted to prevent a sight impairment. Aim: The aim of the study was to illuminate the ophthalmic nurse’s perception of different factors influencing the diabetic patient´s compliance to fundus photography. Method: A qualitative method with a phenomenographic onset has been used in the study. The study has been conducted through eight interviews with ophthalmic nurses working in two different eye clinics in the south of Sweden. Results: The data analysis resulted in four different categories: The patient´s understanding of the disease, The patient´s health and vision, The ophthalmic nurse´s time with the patient and General obstacles. Conclusion: During the study several different factors which influenced the patient to participate or not to participate in fundus photography were found. Based on the result of this study we concluded that an ophthalmic nurse especially needs more time with each patient to be able to inform the patient about diabetes and diabetic retinopathy and to motivate the patient to participate in regular diabetic retinopathy screening.

A retinografia e angiografia digital são técnicas de observação e captura de imagens do fundo do olho que permitem o diagnóstico de diversas patologias. O aperfeiçoamento dos retinógrafos digitais, viabilizado pelos avanços tecnológicos observados nas últimas décadas, tornou possíveis modificações sistêmicas inovadoras como a apresentada e discutida neste trabalho. O principal objetivo é avaliar comparativamente a resolução espacial de imagens captadas com uma configuração que utiliza apenas um sensor monocromático e um conjunto de LEDs cromáticos, com imagens geradas por um sensor com filtro cromático integrado. A proposta é suportada por resultados teóricos que indicam um desempenho superior do uso de sensores monocromáticos em retinografia. Para validação da nova metodologia o sistema descrito foi montado e várias fotos da retina foram capturadas. Todo o processo de imageamento do fundo do olho é descrito, incluindo rotinas de software que precisaram ser criadas em decorrência das inovações. A partir das imagens capturadas foram aplicadas técnicas de avaliação global de maneira que as previsões teóricas puderam ser verificadas. Por fim são apresentadas conclusões sobre o desempenho global do sistema e adicionados tópicos como sugestões para continuidade futura do trabalho. / The digital retinography and angiography are techniques to observe and capture images of the eye fundus that allows the diagnosis of several diseases. The improvements of digital fundus camera made possible by technological advances seen in recent decades have made possible innovative systemic changes, as the presented and discussed in this work. The main objective is to comparatively evaluate the spatial resolution of images captured with a configuration that uses only a monochrome sensor and a set of chromatic LEDs, with images generated by a sensor with integrated color filter. The proposal is supported by theoretical results that indicate a superior performance when using a monochrome sensor to get fundus images. To validate the new methodology, the system described was assembled and several retina pictures were taken. The whole process of imaging the eye fundus is described, including software procedures that had to be created as a consequence of the innovations. From the images captured, overall evaluation techniques have been applied, so that theoretical forecasts could be verified. Finally, conclusions are presented on the overall performance of the system and suggestions for topics for future work were added.

Objetivos: Avaliar as alterações no Doppler da artéria oftálmica nas pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia, através do Peak Ratio da artéria oftálmica materna correlacionando os achados do Doppler com marcadores de gravidade e desfechos maternos e perinatais e relacionar as alterações na artéria oftálmica com os casos graves da doença. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, incluindo 58 mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia, com feto único, entre 23 e 40 semanas de gestação, sem doenças oculares ou neurológicas, não tabagistas, sem uso de medicação anticonvulsivante outra que não seja MgSO4, atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, entre abril de 2014 e setembro de 2015. O Doppler da artéria oftálmica materna foi realizado pelo mesmo observador, com a paciente em decúbito dorsal, usando um ecógrafo PHILIPS HD15, com um transdutor linear eletrônico com frequência de 7 a 10 MHz, posicionado transversalmente sobre a pálpebra fechada, com o color Doppler insonando a artéria oftálmica após esta cruzar o nervo ótico, a 15 mm de distância do disco óptico. A equipe médica assistente não teve informação sobre o resultado do Doppler da artéria oftálmica. Os resultados da razão entre os picos de velocidade mesodiastólica /sistólica da artéria oftálmica (PR) foram classificados em três grupos: PR<0,78 (normal); PR de 0,78 a 0,98 (alterado); PR≥ 0,99 (muito alterado). Os desfechos primários avaliados foram: (1) desfechos maternos compostos adversos - comprometimento do SNC (eclâmpsia e síndrome de encefalopatia posterior reversível); síndrome HeLLP; picos hipertensivos maternos (PA sistólica ≥160 mmHg, e ou PA diastólica > 110mmHg); internação em UTI materna e morte materna - e (2) desfechos compostos perinatais adversos - peso fetal ao nascimento < percentil 10; acidemia fetal; Apgar no 5’ <7; internação em UTI neonatal de recém-nascido com peso >2500 gramas; nascimento pré-termo< 32 semanas; morte fetal e morte neonatal. Resultados: Quanto maiores os índices do PR, maior a incidência de desfechos maternos compostos adversos (p=0,004). Pacientes que apresentaram picos hipertensivos durante a internação, tiveram PR significativamente maior (p=0,004) . Desfechos compostos perinatais graves não mostraram associação com PR (p=0,73), porém no grupo de pacientes que apresentou PR muito alterado (≥0,99) a idade de interrupção da gestação foi mais precoce (p=0,008) e os recém-nascidos apresentaram mais baixo peso ao nascimento (p=0,013). Todas as pacientes do grupo com PR muito alterado (≥0,99) tiveram desfechos adversos. Conclusões: A avaliação Doppler da artéria oftálmica materna é um exame de realização simples, não invasivo, e útil, sendo que o PR da artéria oftálmica muito alterado (≥0,99) em gestante com pré-eclâmpsia, pode identificar pacientes com risco significativamente aumentado de desfechos maternos graves e interrupção precoce da gestação. / Objective: To evaluate the association of a Dopplervelocimetric measure of maternal ophthalmic artery - the Peak Ratio - with adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclamptic women. Methods: Prospective cohort of 58 preeclamptic women were submitted to Doppler measures of ophthalmic artery (OA), performed by the same examinator, using equipment Philips HD15 with a linear transducer with color Doppler applied on the region medial to the optic nerve. The PR measures were classified as normal (PR<0.78), abnormal (PR 0.78-0.98) and highly abnormal (PR≥ 0.99). Assistant physicians were blinded to OA Doppler results. The two primary outcomes were(1) a composite of adverse maternal conditions - central nervous injury, as eclampsia or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; HeLLP syndrome; hypertensive crisis; maternal admission at intensive care unit or maternal death- and (2) a composite of adverse perinatal results – birthweight < 10th percentile for gestational age; neonatal acidemia; 5th minute Apgar score < 7; neonatal intensive care admission of babies weighing > 2500g; preterm birth <32 weeks; fetal or neonatal death. Results: The higher PR levels, the more incident were maternal adverse outcomes (p=0.004) as a composite, and hypertensive crisis after hospital admission (p=0.004) as a secondary end-point. Perinatal adverse outcomes were not associated with PR (p=0.73), but in the highly abnormal PR group (≥0.99), babies were born earlier (p=0.008) and weighing less (p=0.013). All women in the highly abnormal PR group (≥0.99) had an adverse outcome. Conclusions: Mesodiastolic/systolic velocity peak ratio of maternal ophthalmic artery ≥ 0.99 in preeclampsia can identify women at the highest risk of an adverse maternal outcomes and the pregnancies with the most preterm delivery.

Anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) de uso tópico ocular são amplamente utilizados por um número crescente de médicos e veterinários, clínicos gerais e oftalmologistas. A crescente utilização de AINEs tópicos é motivada pela busca de fármacos que não apresentem os conhecidos efeitos adversos tópicos e sistêmicos dos corticosteróides. Desta forma, os profissionais envolvidos no cuidado destes pacientes devem estar cientes de que fármacos AINEs tópicos não são livres de efeitos adversos. Este trabalho objetivou investigar os potenciais efeitos adversos locais e sistêmicos da utilização de colírios contendo diclofenaco sódico 0,1% e cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5% em coelhos tratados por 90 dias. Desta forma buscou-se elucidar questões relacionadas à segurança do seu uso como agente terapêutico, que poderiam restringir a sua aplicação clínica em pequenos animais. Para isso, 18 coelhos foram divididos em três grupos. Os animais foram tratados três vezes ao dia por 90 dias com colírio de cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5%, diclofenaco sódico 0,1% e solução fisiológica (NaCl 0,9%). Foi realizada a mensuração diária do consumo de água e ração, assim como exames clínicos semanais e coleta de sangue a cada 30 dias. Ao final do tratamento os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados. A superfície da córnea foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Não houve alterações clínicas e diferenças entre os grupos quanto aos valores de hemograma, leucograma, contagem de plaquetas, tempo de protrombina e tromboplastina, proteínas totais, albumina, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Dados de necropsia não apontaram alterações macro ou microscópicas no sistema gástrico, hepático e renal. Após noventa dias de tratamento com ambos os colírios contendo AINEs, pôde ser identificado os princípios ativos no plasma por extração em fase sólida e detecção por espectrometria de massas. Valendo-se da MEV foi comprovado que ambos os AINEs causaram alterações no padrão celular do epitélio corneano. Os resultados desta tese foram apresentados no formato de artigos, sendo que no primeiro artigo foram descritas as implicações da absorção sistêmica dos colírios contendo cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5% e de diclofenaco sódico 0,1%; e o segundo artigo referiu-se à avaliação ultraestrutural do epitélio corneano de coelhos tratados por 90 dias com os colírios de sem cons cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5% e de diclofenaco sódico 0,1% sem conservantes. / The use of topical ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is widely adopted by an increasing number of physicians and veterinarians, general practitioners and ophthalmologists. The increasing use of topical NSAIDs is motivated by the need of administer drugs that do not present the well-known adverse effects of topical and systemic corticosteroids. Thus, the professionals involved in the care of these patients should be aware that topical NSAIDs drugs are not free of adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential local and systemic adverse effects of eye drops administration containing diclofenac sodium 0.1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% in rabbits treated during a period of 90 days. In this manner we sought to clarify issues related to the safety of their use as a therapeutic agent, which could restrict its clinical application in small animals. The 18 rabbits were separated into three groups. The animals were treated three times daily during a period of 90 days with ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% eye drop, sodium diclofenac and 0.1% saline (0.9% NaCl). It was carried out a daily measurement of water and food consumption as well as a weekly clinical examination and blood sampling every 30 days. At the end of the treatment the animals were euthanized and necropsied. The corneal surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were no clinical alterations and differences between the three groups in terms of blood count values, white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time and thromboplastin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Necropsy data showed no macroscopic or microscopic changes in gastric, hepatic and renal system. Ninety days after treatment with both eye drops containing NSAIDs, it could be identified the active ingredients in the plasma by solid phase extraction and detection by mass spectrometry. Taking advantage of SEM has been proven that both NSAIDs caused changes in cellular pattern of the corneal epithelium. The results from the thesis were presented in these two articles, in the first, we described the implications of the systemic absorption of eyedrops diclofenac sodium 0,1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0,5%; and in the second article which refers to the ultrastructural evaluation of the corneal epithelium of rabbits treated for 90 days with eyedrops diclofenac sodium 0,1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0,5% preservative-free.