Text in Afrikaans / This research dealt with the contribution of psychodynamic group interventions to organisational development (OD). The research consists of a qualitative investigation and was based on a case-study design with the use of multiple cases. Three different cases were presented, namely where a psychodynamic group intervention was used together with another intervention, where obstacles in a group were to be solved and as an in-house working conference. Random sampling was also done within the cases. Three interventions were done, data was gathered and analysed by means of content analysis, and the results were reported. It was found in all three cases that a unique contribution was made. Regarding the first case, the intervention was the beginning of a process of change whereby the participants were enabled to develop their identity as a group, from a family business to a company. Participants became aware of underlying conflict, started to own their roles in it, and to take responsibility for addressing the dynamics themselves. In the context in which the intervention was used, the contribution was, however, restricted because its value was only experienced after the intervention. Regarding the second case, the obstacles influencing the functioning of the team were addressed efficiently after the intervention. Participants were authorised to manage their boundaries more efficiently and to address role differentiation, leading to more open communication and a better work climate. Regarding the third case, it was found suitable especially for learning diagnostic competencies from a psychodynamic paradigm. Learning occurred on a personal level resulted in the ability of participants to identify dynamics in their organisation and to present similar interventions in their work place. Recommendations were made for the use of psychodynamic group interventions from a qualitative paradigm, as well as regarding the necessary competencies and a training programme for presenting psychodynamic group interventions. / Hierdie navorsing hande! oor die bydrae van psigodinamiese groepintervensies tot organisasie-ontwikkeiing (00). Die behoefte om onbewuste dinamika in organisasies aan te spreek, hettot hierdie navorsing aanleiding gegee. Die navorsing is in die vorm van 'n kwalitatiewe ondersoek en is gebaseer op 'n gevallestudie-navorsingsontwerp waarin daar van meervoudige gevalle gebruik gemaak is. Drieverskillendegevalleisaangebied, naamlikwaar'n psigodinamiese groepintervensie saam met 'n ander intervensie gebruik is, waar blokkasies in 'n groep opgelos moes word en as 'n in-huise werkskonferensie. Daar is ook van ewekansige steekproefneming binne elke geval gebruik gemaak. Drie intervensies is uitgevoer, data is ingesamel en deur middel van inhoudsontleding ontleed. Daar is bevind dat al drie gevaiie 'n unieke bydrae gelewer het. Ten opsigte van die eerste geval was die intervensie die begin van 'n veranderingsproses waardeur die deelnemers in staat gestel is om vanuit 'n familiebesigheid hu! identiteit as 'n maatskappy te ontwikkel. Deelnemers het bewus geword van onderliggende konflik, begin om hulle rolle daarin te eien, en verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar om die dinamika self aan te spreek. In die konteks waarin die intervensie gebruik was, was die bydrae egter beperk omdat die waarde daarvan eers na afloop van die intervensie ervaar is. Ten opsigte van die tweede geval is die blokkasie wat die funksionering van die span bei'nvloed het na afloop van die intervensie doeltreffend aangespreek. Deelnemers is bemagtig om hul grense meer doeltreffend te bestuur en roldifferensiasie aan te spreek, wat tot meer openlike kommunikasie en 'n beter werksklimaat aanleiding gegee het. Ten opsigte van die derde geval is bevind dat dit veral geskik was vir die aanleer van diagnostiesebevoegdhedevanuit'n psigodinamiese paradigma.Leerwatoppersoonlike vlak plaasgevind het, het tot gevolg gehad dat deelnemers in staatwas om die dinamika in hul organisasie te identifiseeren om self soortgelyke intervensies in hul werkplek aan te bied. Aanbevelings virdiegebruikvanpsigodinamiesegroepintervensiesvanuit'nkwaiitatiewe benadering tot 0 0 is gemaak, sowel as aanbevelings oordie noodsaaklike bevoegdhede en 'n opleidingsprogram vir die aanbied van psigodinamiese groepintervensies deur bedryfsielkundiges. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D.Admin. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This study examines and aims to disclose the current policies and practices of Training and Development (T&D) within Kuwaiti government and private/joint-venture organisations. The literature review indicates that although much attention has been devoted in studying Training and Development practices, a very few focus on T&D related factors on organisation performance in developing countries. The literature also indicates the need for considering these factors in order to have a better T&D effectiveness, and hence organisation overall performance. In this study the Training for Impact model was adopted and tested within Kuwaiti context in terms of training needs assessment and evaluation and follow-up. This research uses data collected from 100 organisations in Kuwait. 50 of these were government and 50 private /joint venture listed in Kuwait Stock Exchange. Therefore, all managers (100 training personnel) who are in charge of T&D function/programmes, were samples of the respondents of the present study. The main data collection methods adopted by this study were interviews (semi-structured) and "drop-in and pick-up" self-completion questionnaires. The data were quantitatively analysed and triangulation of quantitative findings was carried out in order to find out the difference between the two sectors in Kuwait in terms of T&D practices and related factors. To establish a causal connection between related factors and identified dimensions (T&D effectiveness, organisational rating, and satisfaction with evaluation process), a multiple regression technique was employed. The major findings of this study are noted below: Results indicate that the majority of the investigated organisations do not have a formal T&D system. T&D programmes are still carried out on a piecemeal basis rather than a systematic long-term policy. Findings which were common among the majority of the approached organisations were absence of a systematic organisational training needs analysis, use of conventional training methods, lack of effective procedures for T&D evaluation. The study explores the training personnel's way of thinking towards their T&D function and to the proposed T&D dimensions framework (integrated HRD strategy, top and line management commitment, a supportive formal system, T&D mechanism, organisational culture, and training budget). The findings indicate that most of the training personnel perceived these dimensions as providing motivation, commitment and support to their T&D function. Six main factors were found to influence T&D practices in government and private/joint venture organisations. These factors are: top management commitment, mutual support between organisational philosophy and T&D activities, line management support T&D involvement in organisation strategy, T&D policies and plans, and T&D effects on employees self-development. The study also identifies T&D effects on organisation performance in Kuwaiti organisations in terms of eliminating problems; increasing commitment and motivation; fulfilling individual needs and personal objectives, improving interpersonal and interdepartmental relations, improving quality of goods and services; and leading to effective utilisation and investment in human resources. In addition the study establishes a causal connection of T&D related factors with performance dimensions, organisation rating, and satisfaction of T&D evaluation. The author recommends that for the T&D function to be treated as seriously as other organisational functions, then Kuwaiti training personnel, as well as top and line management, need to be more willing to play proactive and strategic organisational roles in T&D activities.

<p>The possibility to be able to better manage the Swedish public health care has been a focus from way back to the middle of the 20th century. This study focuses on a middle managerial position called Base-unit Executive Officer, which we feel is of great influence to the public health care. Because of the changes to the public health care organisations over a long period of time we find it important and interesting to research a managerial role in the midst of these changes. By going through information containing opinions, attitudes, and other information from employees within a CCDO we will try to enlighten what we feel are informational currents of opinions surrounding the notion of competence, leadership and management. The purpose of our study is to be able to help create an environment of open reflections and new ideas of what sort of competencies are required for the manager role.</p><p>The study is defined by our research problem which give use the following question:</p><p>What room is there for a broader comprehension of what kinds of competencies are desirable and useable in the role as a Base-unit Executive Officer?</p><p>To be able to interpret the primary data of the study a theoretic framework was created in the purpose to function as a tool for continuation of the study. The study was done with the use of hermeneutical paradigm together with a compromise between deductive and inductive approach.</p><p>The primary data of the study was collected with a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with six employees of whom three were Base-unit Executive Officers. The reason for the use of a qualitative method was that it gives us conditions to gather the opinions, thoughts, values etc. of the respondents.</p><p>By merging the tools of our theoretic framework and the collected data we were able to establish an analysis. We concluded that the analysis consisted of both congruence and discrepancy related to our theoretical framework. The discrepancy showed that there exist a room for a broader comprehension of what kinds of competencies are desirable and useable in the role as a Base-unit Executive Officer. There is room to develop the comprehension of competence in areas such as management and leadership as defined by our theoretical framework.</p><p>Because of our path between deductive and inductive approach the reader should carefully evaluate the truth criteria in the study. Validation in the inductive sense is a tough task for a short and small study such as this one. We do however believe that give our preconditions have reached an acceptable level in the truth criteria. When taken into practical application we have hope that our initial thoughts of enlightment will enable a positive development of the managerial role of the Base-unit Executive Officers.</p>

<p>A mixed methods approach was employed and included a document study, questionnaires and a focus group interview. Participants included post level one teachers, and non-teaching staff and members of the school management team at one school in the Western Cape. Research findings indicated that the school management team only implemented IQMS to comply with departmental requirements and to ensure that teachers received pay progressions. It also emerged that planning was only done for compliance resulting in no real school development taking place at the school due to a number of constraints. It is recommended that the school management team employs a more balanced approach to school evaluation with a strong focus on both Developmental Appraisal (DA) and Performance Management (PM) as they employ whole school v development. It is further recommended that the school management team plans for school development with the intention to implement these in order to improve the conditions in the school. A final recommendation is that the Department of Education establish a directorate of school development in order to fund and assist schools with translating evaluation into school development.</p>

The possibility to be able to better manage the Swedish public health care has been a focus from way back to the middle of the 20th century. This study focuses on a middle managerial position called Base-unit Executive Officer, which we feel is of great influence to the public health care. Because of the changes to the public health care organisations over a long period of time we find it important and interesting to research a managerial role in the midst of these changes. By going through information containing opinions, attitudes, and other information from employees within a CCDO we will try to enlighten what we feel are informational currents of opinions surrounding the notion of competence, leadership and management. The purpose of our study is to be able to help create an environment of open reflections and new ideas of what sort of competencies are required for the manager role. The study is defined by our research problem which give use the following question: What room is there for a broader comprehension of what kinds of competencies are desirable and useable in the role as a Base-unit Executive Officer? To be able to interpret the primary data of the study a theoretic framework was created in the purpose to function as a tool for continuation of the study. The study was done with the use of hermeneutical paradigm together with a compromise between deductive and inductive approach. The primary data of the study was collected with a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with six employees of whom three were Base-unit Executive Officers. The reason for the use of a qualitative method was that it gives us conditions to gather the opinions, thoughts, values etc. of the respondents. By merging the tools of our theoretic framework and the collected data we were able to establish an analysis. We concluded that the analysis consisted of both congruence and discrepancy related to our theoretical framework. The discrepancy showed that there exist a room for a broader comprehension of what kinds of competencies are desirable and useable in the role as a Base-unit Executive Officer. There is room to develop the comprehension of competence in areas such as management and leadership as defined by our theoretical framework. Because of our path between deductive and inductive approach the reader should carefully evaluate the truth criteria in the study. Validation in the inductive sense is a tough task for a short and small study such as this one. We do however believe that give our preconditions have reached an acceptable level in the truth criteria. When taken into practical application we have hope that our initial thoughts of enlightment will enable a positive development of the managerial role of the Base-unit Executive Officers.

In business development, a wide range of ideas and conceptual tools are employed to facilitate understanding and change. Graphical models are commonly used to express and communicate the views of people involved. However, without knowledge of what business modelling means for business development, the efforts can easily be hindered instead of supported. This thesis contributes new insights relevant both for professionals involved in business development, and for researchers exploring information and business. It comprises eleven distinctive chapters, seven of which have been previously published in conference proceedings and edited books. In addition to introduction and integration chapters, the thesis comprises four main parts that deals with theoretical structuring, empirical description, frame development, and frame application, respectively. In the part on theoretical structuring, a conceptual framework of the use of business models in development work is developed. Based on theories of signs, learning, and knowledge paradigms, the framework characterises different model artefacts, model activities, and model assumptions. For the part on empirical description, two cases of business development and the use of graphical models are provided. The first case addresses concerns and challenges for process owners at Ericsson Radio, and the second deals with dilemmas that influence the work on process orientation and business descriptions at Sweden Post. In the third part of the thesis, frame development, a set of business frames in the form of modelling perspectives are elaborated. Three specific frames – value, process, and concept – are detailed in conjunction with three critical areas of exploration within a business: strategy solutions, operations solutions, and information solutions. For the part on frame application, the elaborated set of business frames is used in eleven cases of business analysis in order to explore framing challenges in practice. For overall conclusions, the meaning of business modelling for business development is characterised in four ways: First, it means versatility, in that not only different model artefacts, but also different model activities and model assumptions influence the development work. Second, it means depth-seeing, in that the frames together give extra dimensions to the framing of business. Third, it means delimitation, in that the modelling frames not only comprise specific perspectives on the business, but also imply more or less explicit ideas on what to include and exclude. Finally, business modelling means dual dependencies, in that the models are seen as reliant both on the business itself, and on the people producing and using the models. Table of contents: INTRODUCTION   1. Business Modelling for Business Development PART I: THEORETICAL STRUCTURING   2. The Role of Business Models in Development Work PART II: EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTION   3. Process Ownership in a Rapid Growth Situation  4. Sweden Post’s Exploration of Processes and Descriptions PART III: FRAME DEVELOPMENT   5. Using Business Models in Process Orientation  6. Value Modelling for Exploring Strategy Solutions  7. Process Modelling for Exploring Operations Solutions  8. Concept Modelling for Exploring Information Solutions PART IV: FRAME APPLICATION   9. Challenges in 11 Cases of Business Analysis INTEGRATION   10. What Business Modelling Means for Business Development  11. Implications and Reflections / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005</p>

<p>This master thesis presents a theoretical analysis of the interface between the Research&Development units and manufacturing. Streamlining this interface becomes more and more crucial for the smooth and high volume production. A literature research and a theoretical analysis of the crucial elements of inter-departmental communication between design and manufacturing build the basis for an improved communication model. The model acts as a guideline for the implementation of change processes. It emphasises the importance of both structural and individual elements of interventions. Both elements are important and necessary for the success, but their moment of result separates them. Hybrid methods counterbalance these differences. A first questionnaire issues the actual level of communication at the involved companies; a second questionnaire ascertains the attitude of the employees towards the proposed interventions. The model as a framework can be applied in general to all organisations, since the interventions that are necessary to be implemented are resulting from the analysis of the specific environments.</p>

This master thesis presents a theoretical analysis of the interface between the Research&amp;Development units and manufacturing. Streamlining this interface becomes more and more crucial for the smooth and high volume production. A literature research and a theoretical analysis of the crucial elements of inter-departmental communication between design and manufacturing build the basis for an improved communication model. The model acts as a guideline for the implementation of change processes. It emphasises the importance of both structural and individual elements of interventions. Both elements are important and necessary for the success, but their moment of result separates them. Hybrid methods counterbalance these differences. A first questionnaire issues the actual level of communication at the involved companies; a second questionnaire ascertains the attitude of the employees towards the proposed interventions. The model as a framework can be applied in general to all organisations, since the interventions that are necessary to be implemented are resulting from the analysis of the specific environments.

Die vorliegende Studie geht der Frage nach, ob und wie die Durchführung von Qualitätsmanagement-Projekten im akademischen Arbeitskontext in Lateinamerika Impulse zur Verbesserung des organisationalen Lernens in öffentlichen und privaten Universitäten setzen kann. Die während des Weiterbildungsprogramms UniCambio XXI von Dekanen, Institutsleitern, Vizerektoren und Rektoren in Argentinien, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama und Peru umgesetzten Projekte zielen auf die Qualitäts-verbesserung der Lehre, Organisationsentwicklung, Evaluation und Akkreditierung oder insgesamt auf das Qualitätsmanagement. Diese entweder in der gesamten Hochschule, in einer Fakultät oder einem Institut verankerten Projekte ziehen in ihrer praktischen Phase bereits die Aufmerksamkeit der Autorin auf sich, weshalb diese dann eine Vorstudie mit Kurzfragebogen sowie eine Hauptstudie mit den Projektabschlussberichten und eine Vertiefungsstudie in Zentralamerika mit teilnarrativ-problemzentrierten Interviews durchführt. Hierbei werden für die Forschung zwei methodologische Grundstrategien verfolgt. Zum einen der hermeneutische, verstehende und deutende Zugang für die Analyse der relevanten Texte aus der aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion und beim Interpretationsvorgang der erhobenen Daten. Zum anderen dient der empirisch-qualitative Zugang den Erhebungen im Handlungsfeld. Die Daten werden mit Hilfe einer Technik der kategoriengeleiteten Textanalyse, der Zusammenfassung, erschlossen. Die computergestützte Verwaltung und Analyse der Daten erfolgt mit Hilfe der CAQDA-Software ATLAS.ti. Die zentralen inhaltlichen Ergebnisse konzentrieren sich auf drei Bereiche. Erstens die den Projektprozess hemmenden oder fördernden Faktoren, wobei hier vor allem die Führung, die Personalressourcen und die Einbettung in die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen zu nennen sind. Zweitens der Zugewinn an Wissen, der als direkte oder indirekte Projektwirkung entsteht. Bei der Person entsteht ein Zugewinn an stillschweigendem personengebundenem individuellem Erfahrungswissen. Die Wirkungen in der Institution erstrecken sich auf den Zugewinn an stillschweigendem Routinewissen sowie an explizitem konzeptuellem und systemischem Wissen. Beim hinzugewonnenen Routinewissen liegt der Fokus auf dem Bewusstsein oder dem Verhalten der Organisation. Was den Zugewinn an konzeptuellem Wissen betrifft, so stehen hier die Erzeugung von Dokumenten, die Kreierung von neuen Produkten oder das Erstellen von Grundlagen für eine gemeinsam zu entwickelnde Sprache für ein Konzept oder einen Vorgang im Vordergrund. Der Zuwachs an systemischem Wissen erfolgt durch die Formulierung von Modellen, durch längerfristige Weiterbildungsprogramme, durch die Festlegung einer Methodologie für die Institution oder die Etablierung von Online-Datenbanken. Hinzu kommt hier auf der institutionellen Ebene außerdem als besonders hervorzuhebende Projektwirkung die Institutionalisierung des hinzugewonnenen Wissens. Was die Wirkung im Kontext angeht, so reicht diese von Verbesserungen im direkten lokalen hin zu Veränderungen im nationalen Projektumfeld. Drittens die vier Typen der Wissensumwandlung, die als Zwischenschritte beim Lernprozess vorkommen. Bei der Sozialisation kann stillschweigendes Wissen durch geteilte Erfahrungen bei anderen Personen als stillschweigendes Wissen aufgenommen werden. Die Externalisierung durch gemeinsame Klärung von Konzepten wandelt stillschweigendes zu explizitem Wissen um, wobei hier die Einführung der Dialogkultur eine herausragende Rolle spielt. Externalisierte und dadurch verfügbare Konzepte oder Modelle dienen als Grundlage für weitere zukünftige Aktivitäten. Die Kombination verwandelt explizites zu neuem explizitem Wissen, wobei der Neu-Aufbau von Wissen durch Neu-Gestaltung und Neu-Zusammensetzung mit Hilfe der Diskussion über in der Institution bereits vorhandenes Wissen als eine der wichtigsten Wirkungen der Projekte angesehen werden kann. Die Internalisierung durch Verinnerlichung von Wissen in die individuelle Wissensbasis wiederum verwandelt explizites zu stillschweigendem Wissen. Die Projektleiter nehmen wahr, dass ein Projekt bei Erwachsenen im Arbeitsleben einen konkreten Lernraum eröffnet und dabei gleichzeitig nach praxistauglichen Ergebnissen verlangt. Durch den formalisierten Projektrahmen wird eine thematische Fokussierung erleichtert, was wiederum zur gezielten institutionalisierten Zuweisung von Mitteln führen kann. Hier gerät der Aspekt der Priorisierung in den Vordergrund – das Projekt fordert das Abstecken eines konkreten Rahmens und eines konkreten Themas, was einerseits in die Institution mit ihren Bedingungen passt und es andererseits gerade dadurch ermöglicht, dass sich die Institution durch ein Projekt weiterentwickeln kann, da sich bei jedem Arbeitsschritt ein Feld für das Entstehen, die Transformation oder die Institutionalisierung von Wissen öffnet. Mit einem gestärkten Bewusstsein der Weiterbildungsteilnehmer hinsichtlich des großen Potenzials und der Tragweite von Projekten können diese von Beginn an ihr Projekt so planen und ausrichten, dass ein größtmöglicher Raum für den Prozess der organisationalen Wissensschaffung in ihrem eigenen Arbeitskontext angelegt wird. Das Projekt zeigt sich als ein Mittel, mit dem die vorgegebenen, alltäglichen Strukturen aufgelockert und aufgebrochen werden können. In einem zeitlich überschaubaren Rahmen zwingt es die Organisation im positiven Sinn zusätzliche Ressourcen freizuschalten, sei es in Form von Personal oder finanziellen oder räumlichen Ressourcen. Somit stellt das Projekt eine vorübergehende Zusatzbelastung für die Institution dar, die es aber gleichzeitig ermöglicht, neue Potenziale freizusetzen, zu erproben und gewohnte Wege zu verlassen. Haben sich dann die Vorgehensweisen im Rahmen des Projekts bewährt, können diese Einzug halten in die Institution, in Form von Verhaltensänderungen oder von strukturellen, konzeptionellen oder institutionalisierten strategischen Veränderungen, die für das erfolgte und zukünftig daraus resultierende organisationale Lernen stehen. / This study explores whether and how the implementation of quality management projects in the context of academic work in Latin America can provide impetus for the improvement of organisational learning in public and private universities. The projects implemented by deans, directors of institutes, deputy vice chancellors and vice chancellors in Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru during the training programme UniCambio XXI are aiming at the improvement in quality of teaching, organisational development, evaluation and accreditation or, in general, at quality management. These projects that are either anchored in the whole university, in a faculty or in an institute draw the attention of the author even in the practical phase, which is why she is conducting a preliminary study with a short questionnaire, as well as a main study with the project completion reports, and an in-depth study in South America with semi-narrative problem-centred interviews. In connection with this, two methodological basic strategies are pursued for the research. On the one hand, the hermeneutic, interpretative and illuminating approach for the analysis of the relevant texts from the latest academic discussion and in the procedure for interpreting the data collected. On the other hand, the empirical qualitative approach serves for surveys in the field of action. The data are unlocked with the help of a technique of category-led textual analysis, summarising. The computer-aided management and analysis of the data takes place with the help of the CAQDA software ATLAS.ti. The main results in terms of contents are focused on three areas. Firstly, the inhibiting or stimulating factors for the project process, whereby management, human resources and integration into the institutional framework must be mentioned, in particular. Secondly, the gain in knowledge which arises as a direct or indirect impact of the project. In the individual, there is a gain in tacit, personal, individual knowledge based on experience. The impacts in the institution extend to the gain in tacit routine knowledge, as well as in explicit conceptual and systematic knowledge. For the routine knowledge gained, the focus is on the awareness or the conduct of the organisation. As far as the gain in conceptual knowledge is concerned, the generation of documents, the creation of new products or the establishment of foundations for a language to be developed jointly for a concept or a procedure are in the foreground. The increase in systematic knowledge takes place through the development of models, through long-term training programmes, through the specification of a methodology for the institution or the establishment of on-line databases. In addition, on the institutional level, the institutionalisation of the knowledge gained is an impact of the project particularly worth highlighting. Taking the impact in context, it extends from improvements in the direct local project environment to changes in the national project environment. Thirdly, the four types of knowledge transformation that occur as intermediate steps in the learning process. In socialisation, tacit knowledge can be absorbed as tacit knowledge by other people through shared experiences. Externalisation through the collective clarification of concepts transforms tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, whereby the introduction of dialogue culture plays an outstanding role. Externalised and, as a result, available concepts or models serve as a basis for other future activities. The combination transforms explicit knowledge into new explicit knowledge, whereby the rebuilding of knowledge through redesign and restructuring, with the help of the discussion about knowledge that is already available in the institution, can be regarded as one of the most important impacts of the projects. Internalisation through the internalisation of knowledge into the individual knowledge base in turn transforms explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge. The project managers perceive that a project opens up a concrete learning space for adults in their working life, and, at the same time, demands practicable results. Through the formalised project framework, a thematic focus is facilitated, which in turn leads to the targeted institutionalised allocation of funds. Here, the aspect of prioritisation comes into the foreground – the project requires the definition of a concrete framework and a concrete subject, which, on the one hand, fits into the institution with its conditions, and, on the other hand, makes it possible for the institution to develop as a result of a project, as a field for the formation, the transformation and the institutionalisation of knowledge opens up with every step. With the increased awareness of the training participants with respect to the great potential and scope of projects, they can plan and organise their project from the start in such a way that the greatest possible space is set up for the process of organisational knowledge creation in their own work context. The project appears as a medium with which the predetermined, everyday structures can be loosened and broken up. In a manageable time-frame, it forces the organisation, in a positive sense, to release additional resources, whether in the form of human resources, or in the form of financial or spatial resources. Thus, the project represents a temporary additional burden for the institution, which, however, at the same time, allows it to unleash and test new potential and to leave the beaten track. If the procedures have proven themselves in the context of the project, they may find their way into the institution in the form of changes in conduct or structural, conceptual or institutional strategic changes which stand for the learning that has taken place and the future resulting organisational learning.

<p>A mixed methods approach was employed and included a document study, questionnaires and a focus group interview. Participants included post level one teachers, and non-teaching staff and members of the school management team at one school in the Western Cape. Research findings indicated that the school management team only implemented IQMS to comply with departmental requirements and to ensure that teachers received pay progressions. It also emerged that planning was only done for compliance resulting in no real school development taking place at the school due to a number of constraints. It is recommended that the school management team employs a more balanced approach to school evaluation with a strong focus on both Developmental Appraisal (DA) and Performance Management (PM) as they employ whole school v development. It is further recommended that the school management team plans for school development with the intention to implement these in order to improve the conditions in the school. A final recommendation is that the Department of Education establish a directorate of school development in order to fund and assist schools with translating evaluation into school development.</p>