Notre travail de recherche porte sur l'analyse de l'action du professeur et ses interactions avec les élèves dans le domaine spécifique de l'étude du numérique en Cours Préparatoires. L'objectif de notre thèse est d'analyser l'action du professeur et ses pratiques didactiques en classes, et formatives dans une Cellule d'Animation Pédagogique. La première partie comporte une présentation du contexte socio économique et éducatif du Niger. Nous nous interrogeons ensuite sur les pratiques professorales permettant ou non aux élèves de prendre de réelles responsabilités par rapport aux savoirs, et sur la pertinence du travail de conception collective de séances. Dans la deuxième partie, nous exposons nos outils théoriques, les travaux antérieurs en lien avec nos objets de recherche, et la problématique générale de notre travail. La troisième partie est consacrée à la démarche méthodologique qui fonde notre étude sur l'analyse des manuels, des vidéos de classe et les observations in situ. La quatrième partie examine les ressources mathématiques utilisées à l'écoleprimaire au Niger, en interrogeant l'influence de ces ressources sur les pratiques habituelles des professeurs enquêtés. Les cinquième et sixième parties analysent les séances empiriques en termes de topogénèse, et de recours aux systèmes sémiotiques pour étudier le savoir en jeu dans les situations didactiques. Dans la septième partie, nous proposons un dispositif innovant de formation continue sur la conception collective de leçons dans une CAPED. En conclusion, dans une huitième partie nous présentons d'abord une synthèse de nos résultats, et nous exposons ensuite les perspectives que ce travail de recherche offre en termes de propositions en vue de l'élaboration d'ingénieries didactiques qui pourraient permettre la mise en place d'un travail coopératif entre professeurs et chercheurs

Solving cubic equations by a formula that involves only the elementary operations of sum, product, and exponentiation of the coefficients is one of the greatest results in 16th century mathematics. This was achieved by Girolamo Cardano's Ars Magna in 1545. Still, a deep, substantial difference between the quadratic and the cubic formula exists: while the quadratic formula only involves imaginary numbers when all the solutions are imaginary too, it may happen that the cubic formula contains imaginary numbers, even when the three solutions are anyway all real (and different). This means that a scholar of the time could stumble upon numerical cubic equations of which he already knew three (real) solutions and the cubic formula of which actually contains square roots of negative numbers. This will be lately called the 'casus irreducibilis '. Cardano's De Regula Aliza (Basel, 1570) is (at least, partially) meant to try to overcome the problem entailed by it.

In scientific applications, physical quantities and units of measurement are used regularly. If the inherent incompatibility between these different units is not handled properly it can lead to major, and sometimes catastrophic, problems. Although the risk of a miscalculation is high and the cost equally so, almost no programming languages has support for physical quantities. Instead developers often rely on external libraries to help them spot these mistakes or prevent them all together. There are several hundred of these types of libraries, spread across multiple sites and with no simple way to get an overview. No one has summarized what has and has not been achieved so far in the area leading to many developers trying to ‘reinvent the wheel’ instead of building on what has already been done. This shows a clear need for this type of research. Employing a systematic approach to look through and analyze all available physical quantity libraries, the search results were condensed into 82 libraries which are presented in this thesis. These are the most comprehensive and well-developed, open-source libraries, chosen from approximately 3700 search results across seven repository hosting sites. In this group, 30 different programming languages are represented. The goal is for the results of this thesis to contribute to a shared foundation on which to build future libraries as well as provide an easy way of spreading knowledge about which libraries exist in the area, thus making it easier for more people to use them.

The idea of a free network is a myth of the past. Networking costs are expected to remain a burden to future IT budgets, no doubt raising questions regarding the payment of such services. Users do not normally pay to use local area networks, as companies tend to own their LANs. However, when wide area or international networks are considered, the situation is different. It is argued that in these cases the invoicing and payment system should be integral to the network's communication protocol. This implies changes to the networking protocol (to handle invoicing) as well as a new look at customary ideas of representing currency (to handle payment). In this dissertation, an invoicing and payment scheme that uses electronic cash and is implemented as part of the basic ATM protocols is discussed. The main advantages of this scheme can be summarized as a low administrative overhead and user privacy. / Computer Science / M. Sc. (Computer Science)

No description available.

Eye tracking technology has made it possible to accurately and consistently track a users gaze position on a screen. The human eyes center of focus, where it can see the most detailed information, is quite small at a given moment. The peripheral vision of humans have a much lower level of details than the center of gaze. Knowing this, it is possible to display a view that increases the level of resolution at the position of the users gaze point on the screen, while the rest of the screen keeps a lower resolution. An implementation of such a system can generate a representation of data with both detail and overview. The results indicate that even with simple gaze data processing it is possible to use gaze control to help explore details of a high resolution image. Gaze data processing often involve a compromise between stability, responsiveness and latency. A low latency, highly responsive gaze data filter would increase the risk for lens oscillation, and demand a higher concentration level from the viewer then a slower filter would. Applying a gaze data filter that allowed for smooth and stable lens movement for small saccades and responsive movements for large saccades proved successfully. With the uses of gaze control the user might be able to use a gaze aware application more efficient since gaze precedes actions. Gaze control would also reduce the need for hand motions which could provide a improved work environment for people interacting with computer.

Bakgrund: Allt fler personer kontaktar sjukvården via telefon och det medför att telefonrådgivning är ett växande område inom hälso- och sjukvården. Den gör det möjligt för sjuksköterskor och personer som ringer in att skapa en relation trots distans. Telefonrådgivningen gör sjukvården mer effektiv och avlastar de fysiska vårdmiljöerna. Problem: Personer som ringer in upplever att de inte blir uppmärksammade i samtalen och att sjuksköterskorna som arbetar med telefonrådgivning brister i bemötandet. Det framkommer även att de saknar det fysiska stödet från sjuksköterskorna. Syfte: Att skapa en översikt av sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att arbeta med telefonrådgivning. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt innehållande kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Det framkom fyra teman, de var arbetsmiljön som ett hinder eller en möjlighet, svåra samtal en del av arbetet, anamnesupptagningens betydelse och vikten av att ha kunskap och kompetens. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter visade att de tyckte att det var svårt att bedöma utan att kunna se personen samtalet gällde. I framtiden bör telefonen kompletteras med kamera och allmänsjuksköterskor bör ha mer utbildning i att kommunicera och av att använda det vårdande samtalet för att skapa relation och förståelse.

No description available.

The objectives of this thesis were to synthesize existing RCT evidence and post-market observational evidence of TNF-α inhibitors in IBD. Two separate systematic reviews were performed: an overview of systematic reviews of RCTs, and a systematic review of post-market observational studies of TNF-α inhibitors in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The overview of systematic reviews included 37 studies. RCT evidence demonstrated superiority of all agents to placebo in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, with no increased risk of malignancy or serious adverse events. Network meta-analyses have not shown superiority of any agent compared to another. The second systematic review included 255 studies. Included studies were deemed to be unamenable to pooling with substantial methodological and clinical diversity. Available evidence is insufficient to determine whether real-world effectiveness and safety is consistent with RCTs, but suggests no increased risk of malignancy and no difference in efficacy between adalimumab and infliximab.

This academic paper gives explanation the main points of the foreign exchange market and the FOREX risk management strategies that companies develop. Reading trough this paper we get a clear overview of the Foreign Exchange market, the main players and their function. Get a detailed picture of the Exchange rate system, its development and current status; Hedging strategies and the central roll they have in the foreign exchange risk management of companies.