Pour triompher de ses adversaires et faire valoir le christianisme, Arnobe de Sicca, apologiste chrétien de l'Afrique du Nord, s'évertue à saper les bases du paganisme en s'attaquant respectivement aux idoles et aux pratiques idolâtriques païennes. Dans le livre VII de son traité apologétique l'Adversus nationes, il pose la question des sacrifices et des offrandes faits aux dieux ainsi que d'autres cultes institués en leur honneur. Il explique que, loin de faire plaisir aux dieux, les sacrifices sanglants constituent une abomination dont les dieux ne sauraient se rendre responsables. Comptant "parmi les documents les plus riches dont dispose l'historien de la religion romaine sur les finalités et les modalités du sacrifice ...", le livre VII n'a pourtant pas fait l'objet d'une recherche approfondie de son contenu. Aussi, ce travail de recherche propose un commentaire littéraire et stylistique du livre VII ainsi qu'une analyse thématique et comparative. / To triumph over its adversaries and to put forward Christianity, Arnobe of Sicca, Christian apologist of North Africa, strives to sap the bases of paganism by attacking both the idols and the pagan idolatrous practices. In book VII of his apologetic treaty "Adversus Nationes", he questions the sacrifices and the offerings made to the gods as well as others worships instituted in their honor. He explains that, far from pleasing the gods, the bloody sacrifices constitute an abomination that gods could not make themselves responsible of. Counting "among the richest documents availableto the historian of the roman religion on the finalities and the methods of the sacrifice...", book VII however was not the object of a deep research regarding its contents. This research work proposes a literary and stylistic study of book VII as well as a thematic and comparative analysis.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-01T11:27:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Celso Luiz Terzetti Filho.pdf: 1806807 bytes, checksum: 187cff518ca2190267819f5e227c3b4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T11:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celso Luiz Terzetti Filho.pdf: 1806807 bytes, checksum: 187cff518ca2190267819f5e227c3b4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Created in England at the end of the first half of the twentieth century Wicca was widespread in the United States from the 60's, and in Brazil from the end of the 90s. Based on the works of the founder, Gerald B. Gardner, productions of American and Brazilian groups as well as field observations in Brazil and the United States, this study sought to identify the elements and ideas that contributed to the deterritorialization of religion and its reception in different contexts. Our thesis is that through the combination of two project identities Wicca previously restricted to a nationalist interpretation has been reoriented to a global context / Surgida na Inglaterra no final da primeira metade do século XX a Wicca foi amplamente difundida nos Estados Unidos a partir da década de 60, e no Brasil a partir do final da década de 90. Partindo da análise das obras do fundador, Gerald B. Gardner, das produções de grupos estadunidenses e brasileiros, bem como observações de campo no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, esta pesquisa buscou identificar os elementos e ideias que contribuíram para a desterritorialização da religião e sua recepção em diferentes contextos. Nossa tese é a de que através da articulação de duas identidades de projeto a Wicca antes restrita a uma interpretação nacionalista foi reorientada para um contexto global

People of late antiquity were subjected to the universal and perennial human woes - injustice, affliction, adversity and pain - that cause suffering. The experience of suffering is subjective. There are however, common sources of and expressions of suffering in humans. The fourth century was a period of significant cultural and social changes which drew responses from pagans that not only reflected traditional knowledge but also engaged with new sets of ideas. This thesis examines the problem of evil and suffering as experienced by pagans of the fourth century of the Common Era. Having received imperial sanction from the emperor Constantine after his conversion in 312, Christianity was gaining momentum in both membership and strength. The Graeco-Roman world had become one where Christianity, it seemed to some, had effectively surpassed pagan state cult Against this backdrop of religious change, pagans had taken on a self-consciousness that engendered a rethinking of many traditional ways of coping with and explaining the evils of the world and the suffering that could result from them. Some rules and conditions had changed, so how and where could pagans seek explanation for, protection from or alleviation of their suffering? The study addresses this question by posing and responding to further questions. Firstly, how did pagans understand the presence of evil and suffering in the world? Secondly, from what sources, natural or supernatural, could they draw hope in the face of evil and suffering? And thirdly, what degree of autonomy could pagans claim in approaching the problem? Religion and philosophy might be perceived by pagans to contain the answers to why there was evil and suffering in the world. The addition of science and the occult to religion and philosophy offered further ways through which pagans might seek to deal with the problem. By drawing primarily on extant literary evidence from the period as well as selected material evidence (predominantly pagan, but including some Christian), the research will trace the evolution of ideas regarding evil and suffering that pagan thinkers were bringing to the contemporary debate. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2008

The term Polabian Slavs is a generic name applied to the westernmost branch of the Western Slavs, now almost extinct. Those people are often referred to as Wends, but mainly in older historiography. In the Middle Ages they occupied the territory more or less corresponding to the former state of East Germany, the region enclosed by the Baltic Sea in the North, the Oder-Neisse rivers in the East, the Ore mountains in the South and the Elbe-Saale rivers in the West (see map 1). In Central Europe, with the exception of the Baltic Prussians and Lithuanians, some of the Polabian Slavs resisted Christianisation and remained stubbornly pagan until the middle of the twelfth century. In the course of history the Polabian Slavs came under increasing political pressure from the Franks and later from the Empire, in the period between the eighth and the twelfth centuries. From the north they were also hard pressed by the Danes and in some periods from the east by the growing strength in Poland of the Piast dynasty. By the end of the twelfth century most of the Polabian Slavs fell under German or Danish political control. Some of them in the central region, what is now the Land of Brandenburg, and the tribes in the South were fully incorporated into the Empire. Others, like the Obodrites and some of the Veleti in Western Pomerania, became part of the Empire as autonomous duchies ruled by the local princes, while the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland territories, although they continued to be ruled by the Slavic dynasts, had to acknowledge Danish suzerainty. The whole territory, despite some areas being under the Danish crown, became subject to strong German political and cultural influence. Assimilation and German colonization facilitated the process of the Germanization of almost the entire area between the Saale-Elbe and Oder-Neisse rivers. Over the centuries the Polabian Slavs have almost entirely disappeared as a distinct people. However, the process is not fully completed even today, for a small Sorb minority still retains its distinct cultural identity. The modern Sorbs, numbering around 100,000 people are living today in eastern Germany in the region of Lusatia (Lausitz in German or £užica in Sorbian), mainly around Bautzen and Cottbus. Approximately 60,000 of them still speak a Slavonic language. Although this work does not deal directly with the Sorbs of Lusatia, it is dedicated to those surviving Polabian Slavs. [No abstract available - text taken from Introduction]

The term Polabian Slavs is a generic name applied to the westernmost branch of the Western Slavs, now almost extinct. Those people are often referred to as Wends, but mainly in older historiography. In the Middle Ages they occupied the territory more or less corresponding to the former state of East Germany, the region enclosed by the Baltic Sea in the North, the Oder-Neisse rivers in the East, the Ore mountains in the South and the Elbe-Saale rivers in the West (see map 1). In Central Europe, with the exception of the Baltic Prussians and Lithuanians, some of the Polabian Slavs resisted Christianisation and remained stubbornly pagan until the middle of the twelfth century. In the course of history the Polabian Slavs came under increasing political pressure from the Franks and later from the Empire, in the period between the eighth and the twelfth centuries. From the north they were also hard pressed by the Danes and in some periods from the east by the growing strength in Poland of the Piast dynasty. By the end of the twelfth century most of the Polabian Slavs fell under German or Danish political control. Some of them in the central region, what is now the Land of Brandenburg, and the tribes in the South were fully incorporated into the Empire. Others, like the Obodrites and some of the Veleti in Western Pomerania, became part of the Empire as autonomous duchies ruled by the local princes, while the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland territories, although they continued to be ruled by the Slavic dynasts, had to acknowledge Danish suzerainty. The whole territory, despite some areas being under the Danish crown, became subject to strong German political and cultural influence. Assimilation and German colonization facilitated the process of the Germanization of almost the entire area between the Saale-Elbe and Oder-Neisse rivers. Over the centuries the Polabian Slavs have almost entirely disappeared as a distinct people. However, the process is not fully completed even today, for a small Sorb minority still retains its distinct cultural identity. The modern Sorbs, numbering around 100,000 people are living today in eastern Germany in the region of Lusatia (Lausitz in German or £užica in Sorbian), mainly around Bautzen and Cottbus. Approximately 60,000 of them still speak a Slavonic language. Although this work does not deal directly with the Sorbs of Lusatia, it is dedicated to those surviving Polabian Slavs. [No abstract available - text taken from Introduction]

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att belysa neopaganers religiositet i en relevant samhällskontext där religion blivit något personligt och nästintill tabubelagt. Med en fenomenologisk forskningsansats har fem neopaganers upplevelser studerats ifråga om hur de i dagens Sverige skapar och upprätthåller sina religiösa identiteter. I ljuset av Geertzs resonemang om religion som ett kulturellt system av meningsfulla symboler har jag beskrivit neopaganernas livsvärldar och med hjälp av Jenkins teori kring social identitet som förklaringsmodell har jag analyserat skapandet och upprätthållandet av informanternas religiösa identiteter. </p><p>Slutligen har det framkommit att neopaganer endast har möjlighet att skapa och upprätthålla religiösa identiteter i och genom sin kollektiva neopaganska identitet då det i dagens samhälle ges ett större erkännande till organiserade grupper än till individer. De skapar och upprätthåller sina neopaganska identiteter genom att umgås med likasinnade och skapa identitetsprospekt utifrån vilken publik de vänder sig till. Dessa prospekt har visat sig i hög grad variera och kan ibland innebära att den religiösa identiteten knappast ens skymtas men också att identiteten ibland klart och tydligt markeras med diverse symboler, alla utmärkande neopaganska. Det är publikens förförståelse kring neopaganism som avgör vilken typ av identitetsprospekt som presenteras och detta har fått som konsekvens att neopaganerna blivit relativt anonyma i det offentliga då allmänheten saknar god förförståelse.</p>

Syftet med detta arbete är att belysa neopaganers religiositet i en relevant samhällskontext där religion blivit något personligt och nästintill tabubelagt. Med en fenomenologisk forskningsansats har fem neopaganers upplevelser studerats ifråga om hur de i dagens Sverige skapar och upprätthåller sina religiösa identiteter. I ljuset av Geertzs resonemang om religion som ett kulturellt system av meningsfulla symboler har jag beskrivit neopaganernas livsvärldar och med hjälp av Jenkins teori kring social identitet som förklaringsmodell har jag analyserat skapandet och upprätthållandet av informanternas religiösa identiteter. Slutligen har det framkommit att neopaganer endast har möjlighet att skapa och upprätthålla religiösa identiteter i och genom sin kollektiva neopaganska identitet då det i dagens samhälle ges ett större erkännande till organiserade grupper än till individer. De skapar och upprätthåller sina neopaganska identiteter genom att umgås med likasinnade och skapa identitetsprospekt utifrån vilken publik de vänder sig till. Dessa prospekt har visat sig i hög grad variera och kan ibland innebära att den religiösa identiteten knappast ens skymtas men också att identiteten ibland klart och tydligt markeras med diverse symboler, alla utmärkande neopaganska. Det är publikens förförståelse kring neopaganism som avgör vilken typ av identitetsprospekt som presenteras och detta har fått som konsekvens att neopaganerna blivit relativt anonyma i det offentliga då allmänheten saknar god förförståelse.

The work is devoted to elucidating the process of Christianisation of the last pagan region in Europe – Samogitia as a process of overcoming paganism or depaganisation in the 15th – 16th centuries. The main problem is a chronological difference in the conceptions that has existed in historiography for 500 years between what is considered to be the end of Samogitia’s Christianisation. This problem is solved, first of all, at a theoretical level taking over the conception of “conversion” from Western historiography applied to both political changes during the Christianisation period (the “official conversion”) and to the epoch of the society’s transformation from a pagan society into a Christian one (“conversion” in a broad sense). Attempts are made in the thesis to show the main phases of Samogitia’s early Christianisation beginning with the stage of mission Christianisation whose main historical fact is Jeronimas Prahiškis’ mission in 1401–1404 that ended in the last victory of paganism. During the period of the “official conversion”, which encompasses baptising campaigns and the establishment of a diocese, the factor of paganism manifested itself in the pagan reaction – in the 1418 revolt, which failed to terminate the processes supervised by the international forum of that time – the Council of Constance. The end of the conversion in a broad sense is assessed according to the following indicators: the density of the network of parishes, the facts of the last baptisms of... [to full text] / Darbas skirtas paskutinio Europoje pagoniško regiono – Žemaitijos christianizacijos kaip pagonybės įveikos arba depagonizacijos proceso XV–XVI a. išsiaiškinimui. Pagrindinė problema – istoriografijoje egzistuojantis 500 metų chronologinis sampratų skirtumas tarp to, kas laikoma Žemaitijos christianizacijos pabaiga. Ši problema sprendžiama pirmiausia teoriniame lygmenyje, perimant iš Vakarų istoriografijos „konversijos“ sąvoką, taikomą tiek christianizacijos politinių permainų laikotarpiui („oficialioji konversija“), tiek visuomenės virsmo iš pagoniškos į krikščionišką epochai („konversija“ plačiąja prasme). Disertacijoje siekiama parodyti pagrindinius Žemaitijos ankstyvosios christianizacijos tarpsnius, pradedant misijiniu christianizacijos etapu, kurios pagrindinis istorinis faktas yra Jeronimo Prahiškio misija 1401–1404 m., pasibaigusi paskutine pagonybės pergale. „Oficialiosios konversijos“ lūžyje, kuris apima krikštijimo akcijas ir vyskupijos įkūrimą, pagoniškasis veiksnys pasireiškė pagoniška reakcija – 1418 m. maištu, kuris vis dėlto nebenutraukė to meto tarptautinio forumo – Konstanco bažnytinio susirinkimo kuruojamo proceso. Konversijos plačiąja prasme pabaiga yra įvertinama pagal tokius rodiklius: parapijų tinklo tankis, paskutinių suaugusiųjų krikštijimų faktai, bažnyčių lankymo socialinės kontrolės sistemos faktai, dievų sąrašų bei pagoniškų praktikų liudijimai. Visi šie rodikliai leidžia teigti, kad XVII a. pradžią galima laikyti Žemaitijos konversijos pabaiga.

Magistro darbe aptariama Onės Baliukonės ir Nijolės Miliauskaitės poezija koncentruojantis į lyrinio subjekto mitinę sąmonę, jo sapnus, prisiminimus bei vizijas. Abi poetės, atstovaujančios viduriniajai poetų kartai (kurios centrą sudaro 1945–1955 metų gimimo poetai), savo kūryboje akcentuoja asmeninio patyrimo svarbą, o kultūrinė lyrinio subjekto patirtis skatina jo savivokos procesus. Darbe siekiama įrodyti, kad O. Baliukonės ir N. Miliauskaitės eilėraščio moters asmenybė formuojasi per mitinę moters sąmonę bei praeičiai besijungiant su dabartimi: vaikystė reflektuojama remiantis kadaise girdėtomis pasakomis bei legendomis, o lyrinis „aš“ nuolatos balansuoja tarp vaizduotės ir realybės, tarp sapno ir tikrovės, taip sujungdamas dvi egzistencines erdves. Sapnų ir mitų pasaulis bei lyrinio subjekto praeitis suvokiami kaip priešprieša chaotiškai dabarčiai. Negalėdama atsiriboti nuo realybės, eilėraščio moteris yra persekiojama beprasmybės ir vienatvės jausmo. Užuovėja atrandama kito glėbyje (prie kurio glaudžiamasi per sapnus) arba gamtoje, kurioje grįžtama į pirmapradę būtį. Gamtoje taip pat užmezgamas ryšis su anapusybe ir, transformuojant protėvių tikėjimą, gręžiamasi į pagonybę. Magistro darbe analizuojami ir tarpusavyje lyginami visi aptariamų autorių poezijos rinkiniai, nurodoma, kur poečių kūryba susijungia bei kur atsiskiria. O. Baliukonės ir N. Miliauskaitės poezija lyginama su kitų tos pačios kartos poečių (E. Juodvalkės, J. Vaičiūnaitės, T. Marcinkevičiūtės ir kt.)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This Master’s thesis discusses Onė Baliukonė’s and Nijolės Miliauskaitė’s poetry focusing on the dreams, memories and visions of the lyrical subject. Both poets, representing the middle generation of poets (the centre of which consists of the poets that were born within the period of 1945-1955), in their works, emphasize the importance of personal experience, and the cultural experience of the lyrical subject that drive her self-perception processes. The work aims to show that the personalities of the women of Baliukonė’s and Miliauskaitė’s poems are forming when the past merges together to the present: their childhood is reflected based on once-heard tales and legends, while the lyrical subject is constantly teetering between imagination and reality, between dream and reality, thus connecting the two existential spaces. The world of dreams and myths and the past of the lyrical subject are perceived as the opposite of the chaotic present. Being unable to make a distance between the reality and herself, the woman of the poem is persecuted by the feeling of meaninglessness and loneliness. The shelter is found in the arms of the other (to who is nestled when dreaming) or in nature, which serves as a conveyor to the primordial being. Nature helps to connect with the other side and, by transforming the ancient faith, the lyrical subject looks back to the paganism. The Master’s thesis analyses and compares with each other all the poets’ collections, indicating what unities and what... [to full text]

Remiantis aprašomuoju - analitiniu, istoriniu, lyginamuoju, apklausos, atvejų analizės ir archeologinio paveldo kartografavimo metodais, darbe nagrinėjamas vidurio Žemaitijoje (Plungės, Telšių ir Šilalės savivaldybių teritorijoje) esančio archeologinio paveldo išteklių turistinis potencialas ir galimos vystymosi kryptys kultūrinio turizmo kontekste. Sąlygiškai darbas gali būti skirstomas į tris dalis: pirmojoje dalyje grindžiamas Žemaitijos regiono (kitų Lietuvos etnografinių regionų kontekste) kaip šios rūšies paveldo panaudojimo turizmui pasirinkimas. Jis apima tris pagrindinius poţiūrius: geografinį, istorinį ir etnoso. Antrojoje dalyje pristatomi vidurio Žemaitijoje esančio archeologinis paveldas, jo charakteringiausi bruožai ir buvusi funkcinė paskirtis. Turizmo paveldo ištekliai iliustruojami savarankiškai išskirto archeologinio paveldo kompleksų atvejais, jų galima panauda turizmui bei rekreacijai. Iš viso vietovėje išskirti 8 archeologinio paveldo objektų kompleksai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje pristatoma teorinė, traktuojama valstybiniu mastu kultūrinio turizmo plėtros bazė, akcentuojamas dokumentuose išskirto Vidurio Žemaitijos arealo turistinis potencialas. Šioje dalyje pristatoma esama archeologinio paveldo būklės bei objektų lankymo (nelankymo) situacija, iš dalies tai lemiančius veiksnius. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami apsibrėžtame Žemaitijos regione esantys ikikrikščioniškųjų laikų objektai, atspindintys senųjų žemaičių kultūrą bei pasaulėžiūrą, jų kompleksiškumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to a descriptive - analytical, historical, comparative, interview, case studies and archaeological heritage mapping techniques, there is pending in the middle of Samogitia (in Plungė, Telšiai and Šilalė municipalities) founded archaeological heritage resources, its tourist potential and possible directions of development in cultural tourism context. Work can be conditionally divided into the three parts: in the first part Samogitia’s region (in the other Lithuania’s ethnographic regions context) is based by arguments to use archeological heritage in the tourism of Lithuania. It includes three main approaches: geographical, historical and ethnos. The second part presents the middle Samogitia’s region archaeological heritage, its most characteristic features and past function. In the tourism usable archaeological heritage resources is illustrated independently abstracted complex of archaeological heritage cases, their future use for tourism and recreation. Totally there were identified eight sites of archaeological heritage facilities. The third part presents the theoretical base, considered in the state and municipalities levels: these documents are focused on the middle of Samogitia’s tourist potential. This part presents the current condition of archaeological heritage sites, its attendance situation and determinants of it. There are pending restricted Samogitia’s region’s pre-Christian time’s objects, that reflect the old world culture and Samogitians, their... [to full text]