Following Foucault’s famous study of disciplinary society, Deleuze suggests that we are moving away from discipline toward a regime characterised by “continuous control and instant communication” (1990b: 174). This is not a claim that disciplinary mechanisms are obsolete, but that the overall regime of power has evolved: the architecture of “panopticism”, as we will see, is too rigid a model of functioning to capture “the ultrarapid forms of apparently free-floating control” (Deleuze 1990a: 178) that have become reality with the cybernetic machine. In control societies we are confronted with a new arrangement of space-times, a redistribution.

This essay focuses on exploring power structures within George Orwell's narratives 1984 andAnimal Farm, through the theoretical lens of Panopticism and the discourse of language andpower. By adding Steven Lukes' multidimensional view of power it digs deep into thecomplexity of power relations and further enriches our understanding of the subject. Whenreflecting on power as a phenomenon rooted in privileged access to social resources, theshaping of language use, and the exercise of power through language strategies Foucault'sPanopticism clarifies the layers of societal intricacies and offers a fresh perspective on thetimeless themes embedded in these literary works.

This bachelor’s thesis deals with how the spatiality of libraries can correlate with instances of disorderly user behaviors. The fact that public libraries are among the types that are most prone to disorder, while Kriminalvården’s (the Swedish correctional service’s) librarians rarely experience similar problematic behaviors, could be said to illustrate a balancing act between anarchy and a manic need for control; where the most ideal compromise is, is based both upon personal values and the situation at hand.   To compare different reasonings about the room and the users, public librarians’ perspectives on factors of architecture and design have been contrasted with how librarians within Kriminalvården view the matter. The study has mainly been carried out using qualitative semi-structured interviews as well as a supplementary questionnaire. Operationalized factors of spatial influence in the form of categorized opposites (accessible/inaccessible, comfortable/repellent, visible/obscured, enabling/forbidding), which were identified early on and have guided the investigation, are used both implicitly in the interview guides and the questionnaire as well as explicitly in reading for the thematic analysis.   The terms “ideal type”, “heterotopia”, and “panopticon/panopticism” are used theoretically to deepen the understanding of the essay’s collected data: their suitability emerges in the nuances of what libraries can/should be; what happens when you bring together multiple functions in one space; as well as how control through surveillance can be understood and applied in library spaces.   The results show several differences at the operational level, but also similarities in terms of the librarian’s approach and view on problematic factors. Public libraries often have many functions (that do not always interact harmoniously) and offer more freedom, which risks their orderliness, while Kriminalvårdens library operations (which consists almost exclusively of literature distribution) have more order – but at the expense of user´s freedom.    The study’s outcome can be used as a basis of knowledge for practical planning of library design, but also as a springboard for further research. The effect of spatiality on users can prove important for the orderliness, atmosphere, and security of a library: cultivating an awareness regarding these possibilities of influence can thus be considered of great interest. / Denna kandidatuppsats hanterar hur biblioteks spatiala utformning kan korrelera med förekomster av ”biblioteksstök”. Att folkbibliotek är bland de mest stök-utsatta typerna, medan Kriminalvårdens bibliotekarier sällan upplever liknande problembeteenden, skulle kunna sägas illustrera en balansakt mellan anarki och kontrollmani; var den mest idealiska kompromissen ligger bygger på personliga värderingar och vad situationen kräver.    För att jämföra olika resonemang kring rummet och användarna har folkbibliotekariers perspektiv på arkitektoniska och designmässiga faktorer satts i kontrast mot hur bibliotekarier inom Kriminalvården ser på saken. Studien har genomförts främst med hjälp av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en kompletterande enkät. Operationaliseringar av spatiala påverkansfaktorer i form av kategoriserade motpoler (tillgängligt/svårtillgängligt, komfortabelt/avvisande, överblickbart/skymt, tillåtande/hindrande), som i förtid identifierats och styrt undersökningen, har använts både implicit i intervjuguiderna samt enkäten och explicit i utläsningen för den tematiska analysen.  Begreppen ”idealtyp”, ”heterotopi”, och ”panoptikon/panopticism” används teoretiskt för att fördjupa förståelsen av uppsatsens empiri: deras lämplighet framkommer i nyanserandet av vad bibliotek kan/bör vara; effekten av att sammanföra flera användningsområden i samma utrymme; samt hur kontroll genom övervakning kan förstås och appliceras i biblioteksutrymmen.    Resultatet visar på flera skillnader på verksamhetsnivå men även likheter i fråga om bibliotekariernas förhållningssätt och syn på problematiska faktorer. Folkbibliotek har ofta många funktioner (som inte alltid samspelar harmoniskt) och erbjuder mer frihet vilket riskerar kosta ordning, medan Kriminalvårdens biblioteksverksamhet (som utgörs närmast uteslutande av litteraturförmedling) har mer ordning – men på bekostnad av användarnas frihet.   Studiens utfall kan användas som kunskapsgrund för praktisk planering av biblioteksutformning, men även som en språngbräda för vidare forskning. Det spatialas influens över användare kan ha betydelse för biblioteks ordning, atmosfär, och trygghet: att kultivera en medvetenhet kring dessa påverkansmöjligheter kan därmed anses vara av stort intresse.

<p>The main aim with this essay is to look how Dorothy Parker portrays women who drink. My main focus is at Dorothy Parker’s story “Big Blonde” but also her stories, “Dialogue at Three in the Morning”, “A Terrible Day Tomorrow”, “Just a Little One” and “A Woman in Green Lace”. Inspired by Ellen Lansky, who points out that Panopticon and Panopticism can be applied on all-male institutions and men, my analysis proves that Foucault’s Panopticism can be used to describe masculine control of female drunkenness. Women behave in a certain way to please inspectors in the Panopticon. I this essay I argue that there are two types of drinking women in Parker’s stories. The “modern” and the “controlled” woman, who both are forced to submission by Panopticism.</p>

This thesis is the first study using contemporary spatial theory, including cultural geography and its precursors, to examine and compare representations of space in the poetry of three mid-twentieth century American poets: Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, and Anne Sexton. Because of the autobiographical content often foregrounded in their work, these poets have been labelled Confessional. Previous criticism has focused primarily on the ways in which they narrate (or draw on) their personal lives, treating accompanying descriptions of their surroundings primarily as backdrops. However, these poets frequently manifest their affective states by using the pathetic fallacy within structures of metaphor that form a textual mapping of the physical space they describe. This mapping can be temporal as well as spatial; the specific spaces mapped in the poem s present are often linked to memories of earlier life or family. These spaces include psychiatric, general, and penal institutions, parks and gardens, nature (especially coastal settings), and the home (almost always a place of tension or conflict). Each poet addresses these broad types of space differently according to their evolving subjective relationship to them. These relationships are in turn strongly influenced by their social class and gender: for the two women, their experience of their own bodies as prescribed space, in relation to the restrictive and objectifying female role that was imposed on them, is critical. Also, critical in shaping the poets experience of space are post-World-War II socio-cultural and demographic changes in the United States, notably suburbanisation, consumerisation and the consolidation of a therapeutic culture . Interwoven with these influences are major political concerns of the period such as the Cold War with its accompanying surveillance and conformism and the threat of nuclear annihilation. In the work of all three poets, awareness of these modern fears fused with traditional Gothic motifs to permeate their descriptions of spaces with anxiety, bitterness, and even dread in a rejection of the synthetic optimism of the American Century and commercial culture. Other criticism has touched on many of these themes in relation to one or another of the poets, but this study, by way of the theme of space, offers comparison and synthesis that aims to shed new light on their work and its relation to the period during which they wrote.

The main aim with this essay is to look how Dorothy Parker portrays women who drink. My main focus is at Dorothy Parker’s story “Big Blonde” but also her stories, “Dialogue at Three in the Morning”, “A Terrible Day Tomorrow”, “Just a Little One” and “A Woman in Green Lace”. Inspired by Ellen Lansky, who points out that Panopticon and Panopticism can be applied on all-male institutions and men, my analysis proves that Foucault’s Panopticism can be used to describe masculine control of female drunkenness. Women behave in a certain way to please inspectors in the Panopticon. I this essay I argue that there are two types of drinking women in Parker’s stories. The “modern” and the “controlled” woman, who both are forced to submission by Panopticism.

Young adult literature has developed from a didactic means of behavioral control over adolescents to a means of promoting the reader's psychological development as an independent individual. In contemporary works (1970s onward), the use of Foucault's theory of the Panoptical society has given way to the development of the role of the adolescent rebel. In these novels, a pattern can be seen in which the protagonist defies the control of the Panoptical society and accepts the role of adolescent rebel. In particular, this pattern can be seen in the works of Francine Prose (After), Jerry Spinelli (Wringer and Stargirl), Bette Greene (The Drowning of Stephan Jones), and Gary Schmidt (Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Daughter). Each of these novels shows the adolescent rebel character defying the social ideals centered on age, gender roles, sexuality, and race. This pattern is important to the genre of young adult literature because it not only brings new literary merit to the idea of the "problem novel," but it also aids in the adolescent reader's psychological growth and development, as noted by Lawrence Kohlberg and Erik Erikson.

This study is an attempt for providing a socio-historical perspective to the smart home concept that is a proposal for the future domestic sphere by the application of intelligent technologies. For achieving this attempt, the smart home is investigated with its roots within the social history of domestic technology, by posing the question of a relation between the machine house idea of modern architecture and the smart home concept as the main question of the research. After an inquiry on the smart home concept and on the future private sphere that is envisaged within it, the emergence of modern private sphere, the transformation of private sphere under the impacts of industrialization, the appearance and the social consequences of the machine house idea, the introduction of mass produced appliances to the home and the impacts of it on private sphere, the development of communication and information technologies and their domestication processes are investigated. The coconstructive relationship of technology with the private sphere is pursued throughout this investigation. The research questions of the study are answered in the light of the gained knowledge and critical perspective throughout the investigations. At the end, it is revealed that the smart home has conceptual, technical, and ideological constructive roots within the histories of the modern private sphere, modern architecture and design, and domestic communication and information technologies. It is discussed that these roots constitute the smart home as a domain of social reproduction, which also provides the ground for its conceptualization and promotion as the future domestic sphere.

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published in 1949, is a vision of socialism gone wrong. The setting of Oceania is a world ruled over by an oligarchical collective, “The Party,” which wields absolute power through a formidable combination of surveillance technology and the operation of the principles of “panoptic control,” a concept drawn from Jeremy Bentham’s model prison design of the late 1700s and revived by Foucault in the mid 1970s. The combination of surveillance technology and panoptic control is central to the functioning of power in Orwell’s novel, a union which has created a self-sustaining form of totalitarianism dependent on the oppression of individual identity for its automatic perpetuation. This essay offers a reading of Nineteen Eighty-Four as an implicit critique of Bentham’s Panopticon which in many ways foreshadowed the later work of Michel Foucault on the functioning of power within this specific type of physical and social architecture. / George Orwells roman 1984, vilken publicerades första gången 1949, är en framtidsvision om socialism som gått fel. Romanen utspelas i Oceania, en värld som styrs av ett oligarkiskt kollektiv, “Partiet,” vilket utövar absolut makt genom en utstuderad kombination av övervakningsteknik och teorin om “panoptisk” kontroll, ett begrepp sprunget ur av Jeremy Benthams fängelsemodell från sent 1700-tal, vilket återskapades av Michel Foucault i mitten av 1970-talet. Kombinationen av övervakningsteknologi och panopticism har i Oceanien skapat en totalitarianism som fungerar med automatik och förtrycker individuell identitet för att befästa statens makt. Denna uppsats närmar sig Orwells 1984 som en underförstådd kritik av Benthams arbete. Vidare identifier i romanen 1984 många av Foucault’s idéer om hur makt fungerar i en panoptisk struktur.

CAMPELO, Kàtia Malena Sampaio. CEFAM: Centro Específico de Formação e Aperfeiçoamento ao Magistério: homoerotismo, indisciplina e panoptismo - histórias de vida de jovens normalistas em regime integral no Instituto de educação do ceará (1992- 1995). 2009. 69 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-05T13:31:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_KMSCampelo.pdf: 664143 bytes, checksum: c8a081decefd832c4e53898d3284d1d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-06T14:45:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_KMSCampelo.pdf: 664143 bytes, checksum: c8a081decefd832c4e53898d3284d1d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-06T14:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_KMSCampelo.pdf: 664143 bytes, checksum: c8a081decefd832c4e53898d3284d1d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The objective of this research was to analyze the daily CEFAM with a focus in the practice of homoeroticism, (in)discipline and panopticism life histories of normality that participated in the project of teacher education at the Institute of Education of Ceará between the years 1992-1995. The methodology applied during the research was a survey of the season. I found documents relating to project implementation, regiment disciplinary record of the minutes of unruly behavior and interviews with people involved. Importantly, the survey was conducted by the intersection of documentary sources and oral histories, pointing to a concept of making stories and feelings of conduct, which was told by social workers, who spoke and echoed sentiments of their experiences in their daily cefaniano and their intimacies. Knowing that research work since sieve private and particular, has generated in me researcher several pitfalls and contradictions. The impact of emotions and feelings inherent to intimate relationships that were investigated, led me to choose a record of temporality, based on testimony about a land filled with subjective signs and codes, in which the dilemmas and gave meaning and boundaries projections sought an individual and collective memory in this universe that has been explored. Another method used was discourse analysis supplied by the involved subjects who presented within the space CEFAM a body that is educated, it becomes disciplined releasing devices sexuality managing sexual practices that expand, and at the same time is shaped and remained the mesmas.O CEFAM and all that circulated delimited spaces. Making use of symbols and codes, stating that each one could not do. Separated and instituted. I realized that within cefaniano time and space: value different forms: the study time and time delimited the places permitted and forbidden subjects determined whether or not they pass through them, decided that the time that mattered, pointed out the appropriate forms for all persons to mind (or spend) the time. / O objetivo de estudo desta pesquisa foi analisar o cotidiano do CEFAM com o foco das práticas de homoerotismo, (in)disciplina e panoptismo das histórias de vida das normalistas que participaram do projeto de formação de professores no Instituto de Educação do Ceará entre os anos de 1992-1995. A metodologia aplicada durante a pesquisa foi o levantamento de documentos da época. Encontrei documentos referentes à implementação do projeto, regimento disciplinar, atas de registro das condutas indisciplinares e entrevistas com sujeitos envolvidos. É importante ressaltar que a pesquisa realizada foi mediante o cruzamento de fontes documentais e relatos orais, apontando para um conceito de se fazer histórias de condutas e sentimentos, que foi narrada por agentes sociais, que falaram e ecoaram sentimentos de suas vivências, de seu cotidiano cefaniano e de suas intimidades. Sabendo que trabalho de pesquisa desde âmbito privativo, gerou em mim pesquisadora armadilhas e contradições diversas. Esta incidência de emoções e sentimentos intrínsecos aos relacionamentos íntimos que foram investigados, levou-me a optar por um registro de temporalidade, com base em depoimentos a respeito de um terreno subjetivo recheado de signos e códigos, em que os dilemas e as fronteiras conferiram significados e projeções buscadas de uma memória individual e coletiva neste universo explorado. Outra metodologia utilizada foi a análise de discurso alimentada pelos sujeitos envolvidos, que apresentaram dentro do espaço CEFAM um corpo que se educa, que se torna disciplinado, liberando dispositivos da sexualidade, gerindo práticas sexuais que se expandiram e que, ao mesmo tempo, se modelaram e permaneceram as mesmas.O CEFAM e todos os que circularam delimitaram espaços, servindo-se de símbolos e códigos, afirmando que cada uma podia ou não fazer. Separaram e instituíram. Percebi que no interior cefaniano o tempo e o espaço valorizaram as diferentes formas; o tempo do estudo e o tempo delimitaram os lugares permitidos proibidos e determinaram os sujeitos que poderiam ou não transitar por eles; e decidiram qual o tempo que importava; apontaram as formas adequadas para todas as pessoas se ocupar em(ou gastar ou em usar) o tempo.