No / After reviewing the literature on leadership that culminated in what has been described as the `New Paradigm¿, this article discusses the research which has led to the development of what might be regarded as a `New New Paradigm¿ model. The research was based on a gender-inclusive and black and minority ethnic-inclusive sample of over 3,500 managers and professionals, at different levels (chief executives, top, senior and middle managers), working in the UK National Health Service and local government. The model that emerged, which led to the development of a diagnostic 360-degree feedback instrument, the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire, has been found to be sufficiently robust as to generalize to private sector and other public sector organizations. Apart from having been inclusive at all stages of its development, the model is new in that it is based on a `nearby¿ rather than `distant¿ or `heroic¿ approach to leadership, using a Grounded Theory methodology. It leads to an understanding of leadership that goes beyond transformational models and, recognizing the significance of Greenleaf¿s concept of `servant leadership¿, focuses on the development of the individual, in an organizational context.

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The state of cultural journalism has been a subject of discussion within journalism research for a long period of time. The core of the discussion is that cultural journalism differs from journalism in many ways, which creates friction. Some researchers illustrate this friction as a battle between two separate paradigms – the journalistic paradigm and the aestethic paradigm – and their values. The aesthetic paradigm strives for values such as subjectivity, pedagogicality and expertise, while the journalistic paradigm focuses on effectivity, objectivity and ethics. The research concerning this has mostly been aimed at literature and music, but not film to the same extent. This study aimed to fill that gap by investigating the changes within swedish film criticism during the time between the late ‘90s and today. The platforms that we analysed are Moviezine, Barometern and Aftonbladet and the film reviews from them were analysed from the perspective of language, method of production and the values of the two paradigms. The study showed that these three platforms took their own paths; some of them have moved towards the aesthetic paradigm, while others have gone in the opposite direction. 2016 is the most divisive year of the analysed years.

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an ancillary procedure, the Mowrer imitation paradigm, in conjunction with an ongoing generalized imitation program. It was hypothesized that the ancillary program would accelerate the acquisition of vocal imitation relative to a situation In which the generalized imitation procedure was employed alone.

C’est à partir de l’idée des «paradigmes» en psychiatrie, formulée par le psychiatre G. Lantéri-Laura, que nous proposons la thèse du paradigme actuel de la psychiatrie, celui qui prédominerait dans la nosologie, la clinique, l’épidémiologie, la théorie et les traitements du champ psy. Suivant la thèse et la présentation de Lantéri-Laura des trois premiers paradigmes qu’il identifie, nous formulons, par hypothèse, l’existence d’un «Quatrième paradigme», qui est tributaire de l’apparition du premier médicament psychotrope, de la psychopharmacologie et de ce que nous appelons le «dispositif pharmaceutique». Ces nouveaux éléments et dispositifs auront des conséquences dans la clinique et le diagnostic, et dans la nosologie et la critériologie actuelles de tout le champ de la psychopathologie. Même si un champ du savoir psychiatrique préexiste à ce dispositif, c’est ce dernier qui va faire basculer ce champ, le transformer, redessiner ses contours et déclencher la rupture avec les éléments établis précédemment par la psychiatrie classique et la psychanalyse. Ce remaniement produira de nouvelles conceptions des «troubles»: il s’agit de ce que nous dénommerons des «troubles pharmaco-modifiés» et des «troubles pharmaco-déduits» ou «nouveaux syndromes». En outre, ces dispositifs modifieront à tout jamais la manière dont on conçoit les psychothérapies et les divers traitements inclus dans la praxis du champ «psy». Le dispositif pharmaceutique et la brèche ouverte par le médicament vont aussi remanier et permettre la parution de nouvelles formes des psychothérapies. L’incidence de la médecine des preuves sur la psychothérapie et la naissance depuis une vingtaine d’années des thérapies appuyées sur des épreuves empiriques (majoritairement thérapies cognitivo-comportementales), auront comme conséquence l’entrée d’un courant de pensée psychothérapeutique propre au Quatrième paradigme. / According to the idea of Ŗparadigmsŗ in psychiatry, formulated by psychiatrist G. Lantéri-Laura we propose the thesis of the current Ŗparadigmŗ of psychiatry, which predominates in the nosology, the clinics, the epidemiology, the theory and the treatments of the psychological field. Following the thesis and the presentation of Lantéri-Laura of the first three paradigms he identifies, we formulate, by hypothesis, the existence of a ŖFourth paradigmŗ, which is a result of the appearance of the first psychotropic drug, of psychopharmacology and of what we call the Ŗpharmaceutical apparatus.ŗ These new components and devices will have consequences in the clinical diagnosis, the nosology and the current criteria in all the field of psychopathology. Even if a field of psychiatric knowledge pre-exists this apparatus, it is the latter that will shake up this field, transform it, reshape its contours and trigger the rupture with the elements previously established by classical psychiatry and psychoanalysis. This overhaul will produce new types of Ŗdisordersŗ: this is what we will call Ŗpharmaco-modified disordersŗ and Ŗpharmaco-derived disordersŗ or Ŗnew syndromesŗ. Moreover, these apparatuses will change forever how one conceives psychotherapy and the various treatments included in the praxis of the psychological field. The Ŗpharmaceutical apparatusŗ and the breach opened by the drug will also redesign and allow the emergence of new forms of psychotherapy. The incidence of evidence-based medicine on psychotherapy and the rise in the last twenty years of empirically supported therapy (mainly cognitive behavior therapies) will result in the entry of a school of psychotherapeutic thought that belongs to the ŖFourth paradigm

The first step that I took in preparing myself to undertake what is in essence a piece of epistemological research was to divide the psychological therapies into two: the potentiality paradigm and the pathology paradigm. The former is based upon the potentiality model articulated by person-centred theorists like Dave Mearns and Brian Thorne, which is essentially a growth model, whilst the latter reflects a form of therapy that recognises people according to what may be considered 'wrong with' or 'deficient about' them, such as operates in the disciplines of medicine and clinical psychology. The main focus of this piece of research was to determine the epistemology that is at work with what actually goes on in the practice of potentiality paradigm therapy. In order to achieve this, I set about identifying, reading, analysing and eventually coding the most epistemologically rich writings that I could find from mainstream authors on potentiality paradigm therapy from the professional and the academic literature. It became clear from this analysis that the heart of what was actually going on in the practice of potentiality paradigm therapy as articulated in these theoretical writings could be coded into three main discourses: an experiential discourse, a relational discourse and a hermeneutic discourse, each of which I have considered to represent an epistemological discourse for the purposes of this piece of research. My next question was to ask myself how these discourses set about articulating the potentiality paradigm with respect to the practice of the psychological therapies, and the answer came back that they articulated the potentiality paradigm best when they worked concertedly rather than discretely. Indeed, it soon became apparent that the human brain integrates and synthesises the data that it receives by way of these three central discourses, and so it seemed only appropriate that I should work towards expressing these findings by creating a qualitative meta-synthesis of these three discourses: the experiential, the relational and the hermeneutic, which is exactly what I did. The epistemological mechanism by which these three discourses are integrated and synthesised needs to reflect the way in which the human brain integrates and synthesises the data that it receives, and the name given to this epistemological mechanism is dialectical constructivism. This is included along with the three epistemological discourses - the experiential, the relational and the hermeneutic - in the creative and interpretive synthesis in which this piece of research culminates, and is followed by an illustrative worked example showing how these discourses articulate the potentiality paradigm - concertedly - with respect to the practice of the psychological therapies. One of the advantages of applying this meta-model to the way in which we look at potentiality paradigm therapy is that it may be used to free us up to practice in the more dialogical ways which have been becoming increasingly favoured by practitioners in recent times. With our view of potentiality paradigm therapy mediated by this meta-model, we may find it easier to traverse across what many practitioners have tended to view as theoretical boundaries. It could also be viewed as a move towards a more functional and less structural form of governance or regulation, as expressed by Mearns and Thorne.

Eating disorder clients show low motivation, poor follow-through, and inordinate premature dropout rates in treatment. Earlier studies support the use of pretherapy training to help clients understand the tasks and challenges of therapy. However, a pretherapy intervention, such as showing prospective clients a video that outlines recovery issues and themes, had not yet been developed specifically for the prevalent, recalcitrant problem of eating disorders. Thus, of particular interest to clinicians who treat eating disorders may be the development of a theoretically sound, pretherapy videotape that outlines recovery issues. One of the purposes of this study was to review prior investigations of the effects of pretherapy films/videos on therapy outcomes. However, the central focus of this dissertation was to develop a pretherapy video for use with eating disorder clients, and using quantitative methods, assess the quality and likely therapeutic utility of the pretherapy video. The video was developed to be theoretically consistent with Bandura's modeling paradigm, social learning theory. Eating disorder clients, a comparison group of college women, and professional clinicians who are experienced at treating women with eating disorders were asked to view and evaluate the video (developed to orient prospective clients to recovery issues during treatment for eating disorders). All three groups reportedly found the recovering women portrayed in the video credible, believable, and persuasive. All groups of observers indicated that the video presented an understandable and hopeful message possessing emotional impact, and they avowed that the video created expectations for improvement. Also, the viewers believed the pretherapy video would likely increase knowledge of eating disorder recovery, and that future eating disorder clients viewing the video would likely learn new information that would facilitate their recovery. Additionally, the three groups indicated the video seemed to be of general relevance and therapeutic utility to women with eating disorders.

<p>Forskning kring förändringsblindhet har hittills undersökt hur fenomenet gör sig gällande i naturliga situationer och vanliga visuella scener. Denna undersökning syftar till att testa hur förändringsblindhet framträder vid användning av webbsidor samt att undersöka vilka typer av förändringar som är lättare respektive svårare att upptäcka på dessa. 20 studenter testades med datoriserade bildspel utformade i fyra kategorier av förändring. Rensinks flicker paradigm användes som förändringsmetod. Resultaten visade att; det var lättare att upptäcka en förändring som inte består av en bild av en person än en med en bild av en person och det är svårare att lokalisera en förändring på vänster sida än på höger. Webbsidornas komplexitet förefaller inte vara avgörande för detektionstiden, och stora förändringar är lättare att se än små. Att olika typer av förändringar är olika svåra att upptäcka kan tyda på att fokuserad uppmärksamhet är olika känslig för olika typer av förändringar. Resultaten påvisar att förändringsblindhet är ett generellt perceptionspsykologiskt fenomen som kan uppstå även på webbsidor.</p>

<p>Forskardebatten kring 1809 års regeringsform har tidigare inte ägnats mycket uppmärksamhet, och då har det varit en snäv fokusering kring forskningen kring regeringsformens ursprung. Uppsatsens syfte var att belysa debatten i ett bredare perspektiv, där såväl debatten kring regeringsformens ursprung som dess följder lyfts fram. Syftet var också att placera forskarna inom historievetenskapliga och statsvetenskapliga paradigm. Utifrån delar av Törnebohms och Odéns byggstenar analyserades avhandlingar och artiklar för att kunna placera forskarna inom de olika paradigmen. Undersökningens källmaterial utgjordes av åtta forskares avhandlingar, och i vissa fall artiklar. Resultatet visade att forskarna, med ett undantag, kan placeras in i de rådande normerna inom statsvetenskapen. Historievetenskapligt visade det sig att forskarna inte enhetligt kunde placeras inom ett paradigm. Därför lämpar det sig kanske bättre att prata om mindre paradigm inom den stora disciplinen.</p>