Pariah status in international society denotes an international social hierarchy and differentiation of states caused by power differentials between state groups along the material and normative spectrums. From the late Qing era to the present day, China’s engagement with international society has largely been marked by a sharp fall from the ‘Middle Kingdom’ to a pariah, followed by a recent rise to great power status. This thesis traces and analyses China’s experience as a pariah in international society since 1839, and explains China’s responses to the normative boundaries and behavioural standards set by members of international society. To this end, this thesis addresses two themes. Theme One (Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4) provides an account of the sociological history of pariah state, on which basis it conducts an empirical study on China’s pariah past. Theme Two (Chapter 5) brings in a sociological account of status to understand the fall and rise of states (particularly that of China), and to explain state responses to the normative boundaries alongside their status change in international society. Moreover, it challenges the material-power based power transition theory on China’s rise and destiny, and argues for an alternative status-led account. In general, this thesis resonates greatly with English School theorists and social constructivists in terms of the understanding of and approach towards international relations. In a broad sense, it adopts a combined sociological and historical approach towards the study of the international, specifically that of pariah and status. The main contentions of this thesis are: first, pariah is a social, relational and historically contingent term. Pariah states are socially made through a process of rule making, rule-application, and behaviour-judging, with the rule-makers being those who are positioned at the higher ends of both material and normative power spectrums. The criteria for pariah are not fixed, but subject to change as they are conditioned by the changing international normative/material structures and dynamics among actors. Second, state status has both material and social implications in international society. It derives from the internal/domestic attributes of the state as well as the external/international. The attainment of status hinges upon material power capacity, state identity, behavioural legitimacy, and international perception thereof. Third, empirically, the fall and rise of China in international society is not merely a process of China’s material power decline and elevation relative to others, but was also accompanied by its social mobility downward and upward. China’s responses to the international normative boundaries are not purely determined by material power incentives. Instead, it is the complex interplay between the material and the social that accounts for China’s constant struggle between compliance with the standardised behavioural codes prescribed in the standard of civilisation, and attempts to contest them by inserting its own civilisational values.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-15T12:41:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andreabernardesdetassisribeiro.pdf: 2577754 bytes, checksum: 0dd4122c2eb09b8a8c6ebd6b3041aca0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T15:54:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreabernardesdetassisribeiro.pdf: 2577754 bytes, checksum: 0dd4122c2eb09b8a8c6ebd6b3041aca0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreabernardesdetassisribeiro.pdf: 2577754 bytes, checksum: 0dd4122c2eb09b8a8c6ebd6b3041aca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / De modo a melhor avaliar o conceito weberiano de “povo pária”, recorre-se, ao longo desta dissertação, à seleção e análise de um conjunto de “leis”, a que se denomina Pentateuco, que foram criadas, a princípio, pelos deutronomistas, bem como a uma caracterização geral do espaço geo-político da Palestina/Canaã e dos diferentes grupos que, segundo diversos estudiosos, em suas análises, provavelmente contribuíram para constituir o bíblico “povo de Israel”. Com base nesses pressupostos teóricos, busca-se também avaliar o processo de codificação do Antigo Testamento e, dessa forma, melhor compreender como e porque as leis de cunho segregacionistas expostas nas narrativas veterotestamentárias propunham constituir barreiras que viessem a separar os judeus dos povos vizinhos com o objetivo de garantir a vitalidade da religião do “povo de Israel” em uma época caracterizada por turbulências sociopolíticas e grandes mudanças, como as que foram vivenciadas no pré-exílio, no exílio babilônico e no retorno à terra prometida (pós-exílio). / In order to better evaluate the weberian concept of "Pariah People", is used throughout this dissertation, the selection and analysis of a set of "Laws", called Pentateuch, which were created in the first place, by Deuteronomist’s, as well as a general characterization of the geopolitical area of Palestine/Canaan and the various groups that, according to several scholars, in their analysis, probably contributed to constitute the biblical "People of Israel". Based on these theoretical assumptions that also assess the codification process of the Old Testament and thus better understand how and why the laws of segregationist slant exposed in veterotestament narratives proposed to constitue barriers that would separate the Jews from neighboring peoples with the aim of ensuring the vitality of religion of "People of Israel" in an era characterized by socio-political turbulence and major changes, such as those experienced in the pre-exilic, in Babylonian exilic and return to the Promised Land (afterexilic).

The Pariah Party Influence on Local Government Formation in Swedish Municipalities 2002-2018 This paper studies the correlation between the rise of the radical right party The Sweden Democrats and the rise of minority governments and bloc transcending/cross-partisan coalitions in Swedish local governments; the role of the Sweden Democrats in this development is studied and further its impact in the relation between right/left-wing governments. Taking off in classical coalition- and government formation theory together with the concept of pariah parties, I also continue to discuss the setting of local government in Sweden and its implication on local government studies in general. Regression analysis of formed government in the 290 Swedish municipalities over the last five local elections, 2002-2018, is used to answer the question of how the pariah party that is the Sweden Democrats, have affected the types of local government in Sweden. The study finds that the rise of the Sweden Democrats in Swedish municipal parliaments to a large extent can explain both an increase of cross-partisan coalitions and of minority governments. This can however only be said when the party holds the balance of power; just the size or sheer presence of the party in local parliaments does not seem to have a significant impact on government type. When the party does hold the power of balance, one can observe a significant shift in favour of right-wing governments over left-wing governments. Albeit not participating in government and being considered a pariah party, or perhaps because of this fact, the rise of the Sweden Democrats has significantly affected the character of Swedish local governments.

Esta tese pergunta pelo sentido do pária na obra de Hannah Arendt, buscando compreende-lo dentro do sentido mais amplo do pensamento político da autora. A pesquisa teve como ponto de partida artigos reunidos na coletânea Escritos Judaicos, em que a autora tratou do pária pelo viés de experiências dos judeus europeus, sobretudo entre o século 19 e o século 20; passou por Origens do Totalitarismo (1951), texto em que Arendt definiu o movimento de exclusão e destruição de párias europeus, em especial os judeus, como o “agente catalítico” do colapso da Europa; chegando a textos como A Condição Humana (1958), em que Arendt apresentou a pluralidade e a unicidade como novos princípios requeridos pela reconstrução da dignidade humana num contexto póstotalitário. Articulando-se de forma não-monística, este texto tem, como eixos, temas da obra de Arendt como a assimilação, tentativa de absorção de judeus e outros párias pelo “social”; a despersonalização, movimento radical de dissolução da personalidade e alienação do “eu” em favor de forças históricas; e a unicidade, como condição básica de seres humanos plurais e insubstituíveis. O trabalho sustenta, de forma geral, que a experiência do pária, levando em conta sua exclusão, desaparecimento e tentativa de reaparecimento, é um exemplo fundamental para a ação e o pensamento políticos na contemporaneidade. / This dissertation questions the meaning of the pariah in Hannah Arendt’s work, aiming at its comprehension within the broader context of Arendt’s political thought. The research departed from articles published in the anthology The Jewish Writings, in which Arendt approached the pariah relying on experiences of European Jews, mainly between the 19th and the 20th centuries; dealt with The Origins of Totalitarianism, text in which she defined the exclusion and destruction of European pariahs, specially Jews, as the “catalytic agent” of Europe’s broader collapse; arrived at texts such as The Human Condition (1958), in which Arendt presented plurality and uniqueness as new principles required by the reestablishment of human dignity in a post-totalitarian world. Developed in non-monistic lines, this text deals with topics of Arendt’s work, as assimilation, the attempt of absorption of Jews and other pariahs by the “social”; depersonalization, the radical movement of dissolution of personality and alienation of the ego towards historical forces; and uniqueness, as a basic condition of plural and irreplaceable human beings. It holds, in broad terms, that the pariah’s experience, its exclusion, disappearance and attempt of reappearance, is a fundamental example for acting and thinking politically in the present world.

Esta tese pergunta pelo sentido do pária na obra de Hannah Arendt, buscando compreende-lo dentro do sentido mais amplo do pensamento político da autora. A pesquisa teve como ponto de partida artigos reunidos na coletânea Escritos Judaicos, em que a autora tratou do pária pelo viés de experiências dos judeus europeus, sobretudo entre o século 19 e o século 20; passou por Origens do Totalitarismo (1951), texto em que Arendt definiu o movimento de exclusão e destruição de párias europeus, em especial os judeus, como o “agente catalítico” do colapso da Europa; chegando a textos como A Condição Humana (1958), em que Arendt apresentou a pluralidade e a unicidade como novos princípios requeridos pela reconstrução da dignidade humana num contexto póstotalitário. Articulando-se de forma não-monística, este texto tem, como eixos, temas da obra de Arendt como a assimilação, tentativa de absorção de judeus e outros párias pelo “social”; a despersonalização, movimento radical de dissolução da personalidade e alienação do “eu” em favor de forças históricas; e a unicidade, como condição básica de seres humanos plurais e insubstituíveis. O trabalho sustenta, de forma geral, que a experiência do pária, levando em conta sua exclusão, desaparecimento e tentativa de reaparecimento, é um exemplo fundamental para a ação e o pensamento políticos na contemporaneidade. / This dissertation questions the meaning of the pariah in Hannah Arendt’s work, aiming at its comprehension within the broader context of Arendt’s political thought. The research departed from articles published in the anthology The Jewish Writings, in which Arendt approached the pariah relying on experiences of European Jews, mainly between the 19th and the 20th centuries; dealt with The Origins of Totalitarianism, text in which she defined the exclusion and destruction of European pariahs, specially Jews, as the “catalytic agent” of Europe’s broader collapse; arrived at texts such as The Human Condition (1958), in which Arendt presented plurality and uniqueness as new principles required by the reestablishment of human dignity in a post-totalitarian world. Developed in non-monistic lines, this text deals with topics of Arendt’s work, as assimilation, the attempt of absorption of Jews and other pariahs by the “social”; depersonalization, the radical movement of dissolution of personality and alienation of the ego towards historical forces; and uniqueness, as a basic condition of plural and irreplaceable human beings. It holds, in broad terms, that the pariah’s experience, its exclusion, disappearance and attempt of reappearance, is a fundamental example for acting and thinking politically in the present world.

This is a study of how expository information is presented in the metatext (title, subtitle, prefaces, dedications, the dramatis personae, announcements of act and scene, stage directions etc.) and the dialogue in seven one-act plays by August Strindberg: The Stronger (1889), Pariah (1889), Simoom (1889), Debit and Credit (1892), The First Warning (1892), Facing Death (1892), and Motherly Love (1892). Exposition in this study is defined as a semiotic temporal-structural element that: (1) is not restricted to any specific part of the drama; (2) is present in both the metatext and the dialogue; (3) transfers information about the prescenic time/action (time/action preceding the scenic time/action), interscenic time/action (scenic and non-scenic time/action between scenes), simultaneous scenic time/action (non-scenic time/action that takes place simultaneously with the scenic time/action, and postscenic time/action (time/action that follows the scenic time/action). The study shows that the expository information is presented gradually in the dramas, in both metatext and dialogue, and in all the four categories of time/action presented above. One important result is that the seven one-act plays, despite their naturalistic qualities, also contain components pointing towards Strindberg’s more expressionistic drama. It is possible to talk about a naturalistic or an expressionistic period in Strindberg’s authorship. It is, however, impossible to regard Strindberg as a naturalist or an expressionist in a stricter sense. Strindberg’s drama is too complex and rich to be placed in a certain theoretic doctrine. It is clear from the dissertation that the study of expository information is useful in dramaturgic analyses, and generates various discussions about for example themes, motives, and metaphors. A complete analysis of the exposition, therefore, must also consider elements such as language and imagery.

[pt] Hannah Arendt, conhecida pela constatação da ruptura da tradição derivada dos acontecimentos sem precedentes, passou a formular pensamentos que exigiram um novo olhar. Afastando-se da filosofia política, Hannah Arendt passou a defender uma teoria política que tinha como capacidade confrontar-se com uma exterioridade radical, imprevisível e incalculável. Neste sentido, esta Dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o caminhar de Arendt, a partir do plano de sua trajetória pessoal, da filosofia para a teoria política, tentando compreender como que a experiência da judaicidade - e da consequente posição de minoria política, estigmatizada, refugiada durante o século XX - foi fundamental para a defesa de um mundo plural, pautado no diálogo entre os povos. A análise de parte de sua bagagem intelectual também é feita, chamando atenção para o vínculo da autora com a filosofia existencialista alemã e com o sionismo político, alemão e francês. O período analisado fica entre o nascimento da autora em 1906 e o ano de 1940, ano em que deixa o seu exílio na França. / [en] Hannah Arendt, known for the realization of the rupture of tradition by the unprecedented events, started developing thoughts that demanded a new point of view. Moving away from a political philosophy, Hannah Arendt started to defend a political theory that had capacity to confront a radical, unpredictable and incalculable exteriority. In this sence, this work aims to analyze the path of Hannah Arendt, from her personal trajectory, from philosophy to political theory, to understand how the experience of Judaicity - and the consequent position of political minority, stigmatized, refugee during the 20th century - was important for the defense of a plural world, based on the dialogue between different people. The analysis of part of her intelectual influences is also part of this work, focusing in the existential philosophy and the french and german political zionism. The period analyzed goes from the birth of the autor, in 1906, to 1940, the year that she leaves her french exile.

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