Este trabalho se volta à evolução do Partido dos Trabalhadores no estado de São Paulo. No contexto mais amplo do debate sobre partidos políticos, o PT sempre se apresentou como um contraponto nas abordagens sobre o sistema político brasileiro que, partindo de diferentes paradigmas teóricos, chegou sempre ao diagnóstico de que estas instituições estariam fadadas a serem organizações frágeis. Daí a análise do partido sob o ponto de vista da organização ser particularmente interessante. Serão observados os movimentos de expansão e retração da estrutura do partido para além do seu núcleo de origem a partir da base de filiados, do comportamento nas disputas no nível local e do desempenho nas eleições proporcionais. Todos esses aspectos se mostram relacionados no desenvolvimento da organização no estado onde nasceu. / This dissertation seeks to understand the evolution of the Workers Party (PT) in the state of São Paulo. In the broader context of the debate on political parties, the PT was always presented as a counterpoint in the approaches of the Brazilian political system that, starting from different theoretical paradigms, the researchers always concluded that these institutions were bound to be fragile organizations. Therefore, the analysis of the party from the point of view of its organization becomes particularly interesting. The movements of expansion and contraction of the partys structure will be observed considering not only the core founder who leads the party, but also based on its membership roster, its behavior in disputes at the local level and its performance in proportional elections. All these aspects are related to the development of the organization in the state that the party was born.

O sistema partidário-eleitoral brasileiro é tido como um dos mais fragmentados do mundo. As inferências para esse diagnóstico são extraídas do padrão de competição nas eleições proporcionais. O propósito da tese é estudar o sistema partidário brasileiro a partir das eleições majoritárias de 1989-2006. A tese tem como foco entender a dinâmica da competição política nessas disputas a partir da ação estratégica das elites partidárias. Do ponto de vista substantivo, o trabalho busca contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos que garantiram a dominância de PT e PSDB nas eleições presidenciais a partir de 1994. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, a existência de estabilidade das clivagens políticas se tomarmos os Estados individualmente. O ponto de partida é que as eleições executivas são as mais importantes, tanto para as elites políticas como para os eleitores. Partidos políticos hierarquizam os diferentes pleitos. O argumento do trabalho é que o mecanismo central que garantiu a estabilidade da clivagem PT-PSDB foi a articulação nacional das candidaturas por meio das eleições para o governo do Estado. Esses dois partidos foram capazes de reproduzir essa clivagem nas diferentes disputas estaduais. A evidência empírica utilizada na análise é a frequência do lançamento de candidaturas dos nove maiores partidos nas eleições executivas. O custo de entrada das eleições majoritárias leva à criação de mercados eleitorais distintos no interior do sistema partidário brasileiro. O alto custo decorrente da baixa magnitude das eleições executivas torna esse mercado bastante concentrado. Assim, o padrão da competição política nas eleições majoritárias não apenas se encontra de acordo com a literatura institucionalista mas também apresenta uma estabilidade na identidade dos competidores tanto nas eleições presidenciais como, em menor medida, nas eleições para o governo estadual. / The brazilian electoral-party system is considered one of the most fragmented in the world. That diagnosis is based on the pattern of competition in proportional elections. The purpose of this thesis is to study the brazilian party system from the perspective of executive elections from 1989 to 2006. This thesis focuses on understanding the dynamics of political competition in these disputes from the strategic action of the party elites. Our central aim is to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that ensured the dominance of PT and PSDB in the presidential elections since 1994. This thesis seeks to demonstrate also the existence of stability of political divisions if the states are taken individually. The starting point of this work is that the executive elections are the most important for both political elites and voters. Political parties rank the different types of competition. The argument of this paper is that the central mechanism which ensured the stability of the PT-PSDB cleavage was the articulation of national contest through the elections to the government of the state. These two parties were able to reproduce the various disputes in the states. The empirical evidence used in the analysis is the frequency of the launch of applications of the nine major parties in the executive elections. The cost of entering the elections majority takes the creation of separate markets within the electoral party system in Brazil. The high costs of low executive elections make this market highly concentrated. Thus, the pattern of the executive elections is not only according to the institutionalist literature, but also shows stability in the identity of competitors both in the presidential elections and, to a lesser extent, in elections to the states governments.

Esta tese investiga a história de um dos mais longevos partidos políticos do nosso sistema partidário, o Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB). A partir de uma perspectiva nacional e diacrônica, analisamos sua história interna cobrindo mais de duas décadas de sua trajetória, de 1979 a 2002, com o intuito de compreender como o partido passou do protagonismo ao pano de fundo da política nacional, mas mantendo-se, ainda assim, um ator determinante em nosso arranjo político institucional. Levando em conta o peso que os órgãos de direção têm na definição dos rumos dos partidos políticos brasileiros, assim como a forte presença de parlamentares nesses órgãos no que se refere especificamente ao PMDB (Ribeiro, 2014), fazemos uso do conceito de coalizão dominante de Panebianco (2005) para analisar a face diretiva do partido (Katz e Mair, 1993) e argumentamos que a compreensão da dinâmica interna dos seus principais órgãos de direção contribui para entender as mudanças ocorridas nas estratégias políticas e eleitorais adotadas pelo PMDB, sobretudo no que tange às disputas pelo cargo de Presidente da República. Para realizar esse objetivo, a tese apoia-se tanto em um amplo levantamento documental quanto em entrevistas em profundidade, realizadas com políticos importantes para a história do partido em seus respectivos estados, um esforço pioneiro nos estudos em relação a este objeto. Ainda nesse sentido, este estudo divide-se em duas partes. A primeira delas investiga o recorte histórico de 1979 a 1988, período no qual as transformações internas do partido estiveram mais ligadas às constantes entradas e saídas de quadros. Incluem-se nesse período, entre outros eventos, a refundação da sigla em 1979, a incorporação do Partido Popular em 1982, a entrada de José Sarney no partido em 1985, a legalização dos partidos comunistas em 1985 e a formação do PSDB em 1988. Por sua vez, na segunda parte deste estudo investigamos o recorte histórico de 1989 a 2002. Neste segundo período, as transformações internas na coalizão dominante e consequentemente as estratégias eleitorais adotadas estiveram mais ligadas a disputas internas entre suas diferentes alas. Incluem-se nesse período as breves hegemonias ulyssista e quercista, que levaram Ulysses Guimarães e Orestes Quércia a serem os candidatos presidenciais respectivamente em 1989 e 1994, a indefinição quanto a lançar candidatura própria ou coligar-se com outro partido nas eleições presidenciais de 1998 e, por fim, a chegada de Michel Temer à presidência do partido em 2001, consolidando o bloco chamado de governista enquanto coalizão dominante do partido a partir de então. Sugerimos que o estudo deste partido em específico de maneira aprofundada, dados o tamanho e a complexidade do PMDB, permitem-nos uma compreensão de processos e dinâmicas que vão além dele. Seu estudo proporciona uma visão, a partir de um ponto de vista específico, da história política do Brasil durante e após a transição democrática, e nos permite, também, lançar luz sobre outros aspectos do nosso sistema político-partidário, como, por exemplo, a dinâmica de bipolarização das disputas presidenciais no país entre candidaturas de PT e PSDB, que se consolida durante o recorte histórico aqui estudado. / This thesis investigates the history of one of the longest-lived political parties in our party system, the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB). From a national and diachronic perspective, we analyze its internal history covering more than two decades, from 1979 to 2002, in order to understand how the party moved from the protagonism to the background of national politics, but remaining yet as a determining actor in our political system. Taking into account the weight that the governing bodies have in defining the directions of the Brazilian political parties, as well as the strong presence of parliamentarians in these bodies with regard to the PMDB (Ribeiro, 2014), we use the concept of ruling coalition of Panebianco (2005) to analyze the party in central office (Katz and Mair, 1993) and argue that the understanding of the internal dynamics of its main governing bodies contributes to understanding the changes in the political and electoral strategies adopted by the PMDB, especially regarding the presidential elections. In order to achieve this goal, the thesis is based on a wide documentary investigation and on in-depth interviews with important politicians to the history of the party in their states, a pioneering effort in the studies related to this object. In this sense, this study is divided into two parts. The first one investigates the time period from 1979 to 1988, a moment in which the internal transformations of the party were more linked to the constant flow of politicians in and out of it. This period includes, among other events, the refoundation of the party in 1979, the incorporation of the Popular Party in 1982, the entry of José Sarney in 1985, the legalization of the communist parties in 1985 and the formation of the PSDB in 1988. On the other hand, in the second part of this study we investigate the time period from 1989 to 2002. In this second period, the internal transformations in the ruling coalition and consequently the electoral strategies adopted were more related to internal disputes between its different wings. Included in this period were the brief Ulyssist and Quercist hegemonies, which led Ulysses Guimarães and Orestes Quércia to be the presidential candidates respectively in 1989 and 1994, the indefiniteness in launching their own candidacy or joining with another party in the 1998 presidential elections and, finally the arrival of Michel Temer to the presidency of the party in 2001, consolidating the wing called \"governists\" as the party\'s ruling coalition thereafter. We suggest that the in depth study of this particular party, given the size and complexity of the PMDB, allow us an understanding of processes and dynamics that go beyond it. His study provides a view, from a specific point of view, of Brazil\'s political history during and after the democratic transition, and also allows us to shed light on other aspects of our political-party system, such as the dynamics of bipolarisation of the presidential elections in the country between PT and PSDB candidacies, which has consolidated during the time period studied here.

Comment une opposition partisane a pu s’implanter dans un jeu politique marqué par le régime de parti unique jusqu’à se faire concurrencer par des mouvements contestataires ? Aux confluents de la sociologie des partis et des mobilisations politiques, cette thèse se veut une étude de la formation de l’opposition à travers une analyse des oppositions militantes et partisanes telles que voulues et entretenues par les régimes présidentiels qui se sont succédés des années 70 à nos jours. Cette étude a montré que la formation de l’identité militante oppositionnelle est estampillée du modèle des partis politiques arrimés aux mouvements contestataires qui ont marqué la transformation du régime dès les années 80. Cette identité s’est accentuée après les années 2000 avec les transformations de l’opposition partisane concurrencée par d’autres identités qui se fraient un chemin dans le champ politique constitué des mouvements citoyen, religieux et juvénile.L’engagement des nouveaux entrants dans le champ politique aux identités multiples (citoyenne, intellectuelle et religieux) a bouleversé la donne oppositionnelle des partis politiques : Va-t-on vers un renouveau des mouvements d’opposition ou assiste-t-on à une crise de la représentation partisane de l’opposition ? Au plan théorique, ce travail plaide pour l’usage d’une approche sociologique de l’opposition pour rendre compte des logiques contestataires des acteurs partisans et non partisans qui structurent la vie politique et par ricochet les transformations des régimes présidentiels sénégalais. / How could a partisan opposition establish itself in a political game marked by the one-party regime in such a way as to be a challenge by protest movements? At The confluence of the sociology of political parties and political mobilizations, this thesis is a study of the formation of the opposition through an analysis of activist and partisan opposition, as intended and maintained by presidential regimes from the 70s to today. This study has shown that the formation of the opposition activist identity is stamped with the model of political parties tied to the protest movements that marked the transformation of the regime as of the 80s. This identity increased after 2000 transformations with partisan competition from other identities that make their way into the political arena consisting of citizens, religious and youth movements. The commitment of the new entrants into the political arena with multiple identities (civic, intellectual and religious) upset the situation of the oppositional political parties. Are we witnessing a revival of opposition movements or do we have a crisis of partisan representation of the opposition? At the theoretical level, this work advocates the use of a sociological approach to the opposition to account for the protest logic of partisan and non-partisan actors that shape the political life and as indirect result, the transformation of Senegalese presidential regimes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Rodrigues de Carvalho.pdf: 540665 bytes, checksum: 92a8b9b8ce4da54c47f5dee085f2d52b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / By transforming the constest in the arena of a negotiation game with prizes and contextual in a game of rationality and equilibrium invariant dominant, how did the TSE, raised the costs of coordinating national electoral bases. This explains in large measure because the vertical coordinate effectively failed the electoral strategies of parties. Contrary to this, there was a shift in the strategies of regional imputs of parties in elections governed by the rule. The clearest example of this occurred in 2006 when the parties withdrew almost entirely from the national arena and chose to maximize their choices in elections majoritarian state. Thus, the existence of a national market for inputs, represented by the presidential elections, it ceases to be a strong incentive for parties collectively rationalize their choices, maximizing gains and minimizing losses and thus coordinate their strategies for competing in congressional districts. This is because the costs for the parties to negotiate agreements nationwide reciprocal withdrawals, avoiding double entries in balance, are high so that even the parties that compete in the presidential arena have difficulties to face them. Thus, contrary to the supposed TSE, more efficient coordination of state electoral strategies in the arenas was observed in the 1998 election then electoral dynamic was characterized, because there was no rule of vertical integration, for a game of negotiation in which dominant unbalanced the parties were able to conduct extensive presidential coalitions, allowing support to competitors in the national arena while they could rationalize their choices in context / Ao transformar a competição na arena presidencial de um jogo de negociação com prêmios variáveis e contextualizados em um jogo de racionalidade invariante e equilíbrio dominante, da forma como fez o TSE, elevou os custos de coordenação eleitoral em bases nacional. Isso explica, em grande medida, porque a verticalização não logrou coordenar eficientemente as estratégias eleitorais dos partidos. Contrariamente a isso, observou-se uma inflexão regional nas estratégias de entradas dos partidos nas eleições disciplinadas pela regra. O exemplo mais claro disso ocorreu em 2006, quando os partidos se retiraram quase por completo da arena nacional e preferiram maximizarem suas escolhas nas eleições majoritárias estaduais. Desse modo, a existência de um mercado nacional de entradas, representado pelas eleições presidenciais, deixa de ser um forte incentivo coletivo para os partidos racionalizarem suas escolhas, maximizando ganhos e minimizando perdas e, desse modo, coordenando suas estratégias de competição nos distritos eleitorais. Isso ocorre porque os custos para os partidos negociarem acordos de abrangência nacional de retiradas recíprocas, evitando as entradas duplas em equilíbrio, são elevados de tal forma que mesmo os partidos com condições de competir na arena presidencial têm dificuldades de enfrentálos. Assim, contrariamente ao suposto pelo TSE, maior eficiência na coordenação das estratégias eleitorais nas arenas estaduais foi observado nas eleições de 1998, quando a dinâmica eleitoral se caracterizava, porque não existia a regra da verticalização, por um jogo de negociação sem equilíbrio dominante em que os partidos puderam realizar amplas coligações presidenciais, permitindo dar suporte aos competidores na arena nacional ao mesmo tempo em que podiam racionalizar suas escolhas contextualmente

This paper is mainly anchored in assemblies and parades handled by police agency¡¨. First of all, assemblies and parades are the basic human rights protected by our constitution. The purpose of the police¡¦s involvement in the handling of those activities is to safeguard citizens¡¦ exercise of their rights. Secondly, from analysis of practical cases and through verification of experimental activities and modification of theories, reasonable and proper principles of handling such activities can be submitted as a reference for policemen¡¦s law enforcement and education and training. Finally, the study discusses the contents and regulations of the Law of Parade and Demonstration. It also provides directions of modification of the law through theories and experiments in order to make the law more perfect, protect human rights granted by the constitution, and further inspire people¡¦s law-abiding spirit. From my practical experiences in handling assemblies and parades over the years in police organizations of basic level and this study, the author found that the cases of assemblies and parades in Kaohsiung City during the period from 2001 to 2005 were different in their types. Case-by-case analysis, examination of evidence and deductive method were adopted to examine if the police adhere to the principles of ¡§protecting lawful assemblies¡¨, ¡§banning unlawful assemblies, and ¡§imposing sanction against violence¡§, and if they take the positions of ¡§To rule by law¡¨, ¡§administrative neutrality¡¨ and ¡§strict enforcement of law¡¨ at the same time. If not, the results will turn out to be different. In recent years, people¡¦s political consciousness has been rising and the assertion of individual rights and interests has aroused more and more attention. Besides, the two-party system has almost taken shape in Taiwan. Consequently, assemblies and parades become normal in today¡¦s plural and diversified society. The police should know how to play the role of law enforcement and protector correctly. To achieve the goal, the policemen should accumulate their practical experiences and carry out case analysis continuously. By combining ¡§theories¡¨ with ¡§practices¡¨ together, this study reflects the advantages and disadvantages of the police in handling assemblies and parades at current stage, and point out the direction of amendment to the present Law of Parade and Demonstration. Finally, this study submits one set of concrete and feasible plan for the police agency to follow, and I hope that the plan will be helpful in handling assemblies and parades in the future.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra analizuojama tradicinių politinių ideologijų kūrimosi raida bei jų pasiskirstymas kairės ir dešinės spektre. Aptariama šios diados ideologinė situacija Lietuvoje, jos atsiradimo priežastys. Daug dėmesio yra skiriama Lietuvoje politinės kairės – dešinės pasiskirstymą lėmusiam Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdžiui (TS – LK) ir Lietuvos komunistų partijai (LDDP vėliau LSDP), kurių takoskyros pagrindu Lietuvoje formavosi partinė sistema. Pateikiama partijų ideologinių vertybių kaita, vykusi nuo valstybingumo atgavimo laikų iki dabar. Analizuojama Lietuvos politinių partijų raida šalyje bei partinės sistemos formavimosi ypatumai Lietuvoje. / Master‘s thesis analyzes the traditional political ideologies formation of evolution and it’s distribution of the Left and the Right of the spectrum. Also discusses the ideological situation in Lithuania and causes of its. Much attention is paid to the distribution of political Left and the Right in Lithuania had determined Lithuanian Reform Movement (TS - LK) and the Lithuanian Communist Party (LLDP later LSDP) which were the main basis of Lithuanian Party System formation. In the thesis there is presented the changes of ideological values of these parties, which took place on statehood recovery times to the present. Also analyzes the formation of Party system in Lithuania.

隨著一九八○年代「第三波」民主化浪潮的來臨，學者們對於第三世界國家的關注焦點乃不再僅限於經濟層面，同時也開始重視其政治發展過程以及與經濟活動間的互動關係。特別是針對東亞與拉丁美洲這兩個發展中的區域；由於它們各自有一些重要國家繼引人注目的經濟表現後，接著在政治民主化方面也有著大幅突破，因此逐漸成為學界的研究重心之一。在此，我們便企圖以台灣與墨西哥這兩個區域性的代表國家為例，來進行深入的比較研究。 儘管上述兩個國家各自擁有著不同的歷史文化背景與社會組織結構，地緣環境方面也相距極遠，但它們在從傳統社會邁向現代民主國家的過程中，不論是政黨體系、政治運作規範、國家發展途徑、經濟成長表現、民主化變遷歷程，以及最近的整體轉型特徵方面，都有甚多可供統合歸類的相似之處；這些共通點同時也構成我們進行比較研究的根本基礎。 在本篇論文中，我們希望藉由對民主概念的整理，利用「國際政治經濟學」的觀察視野，並透過「現代化理論」與「新制度主義」研究途徑間的互相補充，針對台灣與墨西哥這兩個國家的長遠歷史進行綜合與深入的剖析；一方面設法獲致其政治發展的真實面貌，同時也期盼對區域研究以及民主化理論做出一定的貢獻。 / In the 1980s, after the coming of a strong current of democratization called "the Third Wave", scholars who study about the Third World began to transfer their main focus from the economic level to the process of political development and the interactions of economic liberalization and political democratization. Especially to some counties in Eastern Asia and Latin America ( such as Taiwan and Mexico ), their achievements of reform have become more and more eye-catching. In spite of the different backgrounds of historical development, social structure and geographical position, Taiwan and Mexico have owned many points of similarity, for example, the party system, political norms, developing approach, process of democratization, and so on. Except for providing the analogy between above two countries, such similarities also constitute the foundation of my comparative studies. In this dissertation, I tried to view the matter of democratization with the approach of international political economy and neo-institutionalism. On one side, I will analyze the long history of Taiwan and Mexico deeply; and on the other hand, I hope simultaneously to make a contribution to the area study and democratization theory.

This thesis consists of four independent essays, which consider different topics in information economics and political economy. The first two papers are variants of the same idea. An uninformed principal, e.g., a government, will make a decision. In order to gain more information it may consult two experts; however, these experts have a private interest in certain policies being implemented. The question is, to gain as much information as possible, should the principal consult experts who are biased in the same direction, or experts who prefer different decisions? The main result is that, as long as collusion between experts can be prevented, homogeneous panels are superior to heterogeneous ones, and this advantage increases with the experts’ informational precision. In the third paper, two firms consider entry in a new product market and must decide when to enter the market and how to design their product. Firms do not know for certain what the best design is, so both firms want to outwait the other’s decision in order to gain more information. The focus of the paper is on which firm will make the first decision. The main result is that if products are strong (strategic) substitutes, the worst informed firm makes the first decision in equilibrium. The analysis should apply to a range of other contexts, such as investors’ trading decisions or the policy choices of political candidates. The final paper asks the following question: Could it be that parties in a two-party system may benefit from using several candidates in the same election? To promote the use of multiple candidates, I assume that a party never runs the risk of having its votes split up among its candidates. Despite this, it turns out that parties have a strong incentive to restrict their number of nominees. Paradoxically, it seems that the more uncertain parties are about voter opinion, the fewer candidates they want to use. In particular, with a uniform voter distribution the optimal number of candidates is one. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001 S. v-vii: sammanfattning, s. 1-72: 4 uppsatser

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma análise das coligações presidenciais vencedoras entre 1994 e 2010 comparando duas dimensões de análise: a ideologia e o pragmatismo eleitoral. A dimensão ideológica mediu a consistência das coligações. A dimensão pragmática avaliou o horário gratuito de propaganda eleitoral, a representação ministerial dos partidos que compunham a coligação vencedora (excluído o partido do presidente), e a representação eleita à Câmara dos Deputados. O estudo apresentou evidências de que os partidos atribuem maior importância à dimensão pragmática do que a ideológica quando definem suas estratégias de campanha. / This work aims to make an analysis on the winning electoral presidential coalitions between 1994 and 2010, comparing two different dimensions: ideology and electoral pragmatism. The ideological dimension of the presidential coalitions was based on their consistency. The pragmatic dimension assessed the campaign time available on TV for each coalition, the distribution on the representation of the coalitions’ parties on the presidential cabinet (presidential party excluded), and the amount of representation concerning the coalitions’ parties elected on the Chamber of Deputies. The study shed light on evidences that generally the parties give more importance to pragmatic aspects than ideological ones when they define their electoral strategies.