Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Physical holding is an intense form of physical contact that can be initiated by a therapist during the course of therapy. The purpose of this research is to investigate clients' accounts of what happened in an endeavour to develop a coherent explanation for what occurred in the holding experience. Former clients who experienced sustained physical holding during their therapy describe these experiences and discuss the effects and meanings.The main effects of physical holding were the identifying and experiencing of feelings, and the remembering and re-experiencing of past events.The emerging plot in a therapy incorporating sustained physical holding is emotional healing through emotional contact, regression and a mothering experience.Guided by these elements, an account of Emotionally Focussed Psychotherapy is elaborated to provide an explanation of how clients heal from past infant and childhood traumas through the process of being loved, cared for and nurtured in a mothering experience that is both real and symbolic in a verbal psychotherapy. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Psychology)

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This project is about exploring a textile surface with the design elements of sound, physical contact and tactility. It is interesting to analyse how audio and physical elements can help stimulate the human senses. The aim is to bring these elements into a design context and create a textile surface that can give people a sensory and spatial experience. Through tufting it is possible to work with long and short pile, which adds tactile values in the material. The outcome of this exploration is a vast tufted landscape that partly covers the wall and continues out on the floor. The surface has an abstract visual appearance with irregular shapes that defines the different material. The large scale has an overwhelming effect and invites people to interact and explore the surface. This challenges the fundamental structures of architecture and increases the importance of tactile and human senses, such as curiosity in spatial environments

The Purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge on and to make the preschool teachers views visible about physical contact between children in wild play in the preschool. I decide to use interview of preschool teachers in a group setting as a mean to investigate this. The group interview is a non-structured interview with open questions where the preschool teachers only received guidance with pre made questions when needed. The result shows what kind of view the preschool teachers have on physical contact and they share concreate examples on how they work in situations like these. By reading this study I hope to contribute better knowledge of the physical contract between children and that the study generates futher reflections on one´s attitude in the matter. / I denna studie är syftet att synliggöra och skapa kunskap om pedagogernas syn på den fysiska kontakten mellan barnen i den vilda leken på förskolan. Jag valde att göra en gruppintervju av pedagoger för att kunna undersöka detta. Gruppintervjun är en ostrukturerad intervju med öppna frågor där pedagogerna bara blev vägledda med färdiga frågor när det behövdes. Det framskrivna resultatet visar vad för sorts syn pedagogerna har på den kroppsliga kontakten och med konkreta exempel visar pedagogena hur de arbetar. Genom att läsa denna studie hoppas jag bidra med bättre kunskap om den fysiska kontakten mellan barnen och att studien skapar vidare reflektioner kring hur man som pedagog ställer sig till frågan.

Early intimate interactions between mothers and their infants are characterised by mutuality and reciprocity. Although a great deal is known about the distal processes such as gaze and affect, by concentrating on touch this research addresses a key aspect of early life interactions that has received far less attention. this research comprises a single major quasi-experimental and observational longitudinal study, exploring the naturalistic interactions between mothers and their full-term infants (n=32). Dyads were videotaped in their own homes at five age points across the first year - 6 weeks, 3,6,9,12 months. A contextual variation was introduced at 6 months by providing a selection of novel toys for the dyads to play with. Each second of a selected 5 minute period of interaction of both free and toy play contexts were coded using a coding schedule for the type of touch, location of touch, intensity of touch, gaze direction and affectual displays. Repeated measures of analyses of variance revealed differences in the duration and locations of touch, and changes in maternal and infant affect and gaze across the first year. Patterns in these non-verbal communicative strategies were shaped by both age and context. Results revealed that overall maternal touch decreased over the first year of life and the mothers used more passive than active forms of touch when interacting with their infants. The duration of gaze at face decreased for mothers and infants over time, while gaze at body and object increased. Infant initiated touch was both low in frequency and duration but showed commonalities across dyads. The results are discussed drawing on insights from ethology, attachment theory, systems theory and the complexity of the multimodal features of interactive exchange. The results underscore the implications for tactile stimulation in early patterns of communication.

Bakgrund: Att beröra någon annan ger känslor och känslouttryck hos både individen som utför handlingen och mottagaren. Mellanmänsklig beröring är ett uttryck för kärlek eller tillgivenhet inom familjer och även i andra miljöer. I kliniska sammanhang är beröring viktigt p.g.a. den lugnande effekt och emotionella påverkan som sker. Att lägga handen på någon som lider kan skapa trygghet. Inom omvårdnad är beröring det viktigaste av alla icke-verbala beteenden. Beröring lugnar, tryggar, ger värme och stimulerar patienten. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva patienters och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av expressiv beröring. Metod: Litteraturöversikt innehållande 10 vetenskapliga artiklar varav nio kvalitativa och en kvantitativ. Artiklar söktes i databaserna CINAHL, MEDLINE samt manuell sökning i Google scholar. Resultat: Beröring var ett centralt behov för patienter. Vid beröring kände de sig sedda som individer. Sjuksköterskorna hade ett behov av att beröra patienter och att bli berörda. Sjuksköterskor använde beröring för att anknyta emotionellt. Sjuksköterskor och patienter hade behov av att beröra och att bli berörda på ett sätt som passade dem och beröringen gjorde att patienterna och sjuksköterskorna fick en samhörighet på ett djupare existentiellt plan. Det fanns skillnader i hur kvinnor och män uppfattade beröring. En god relation var avgörande för hur beröringen uppfattades. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna ser expressiv beröring som något positivt medan patienternas uppfattningar varierar stort. Relationen med sjuksköterskan som utför beröringen är avgörande för hur beröringen uppfattas. Detta visar på nödvändigheten i att stämma av med patienten vid fysisk kontakt och att anpassa beröringen individuellt. Klinisk betydelse: Att vara medveten om hur beröring används gör att sjuksköterskor kan skapa goda vårdrelationer från första ögonblicket och snabbt undvika missförstånd. / Background: Touching provides emotional expression to both parties involved. Human touch is an expression of love or affection within families and other environments. Expressive touch in a clinical context is important due to its calming and emotional effect. Laying a hand on a suffering individual can provide comfort. Touch is the most important non-verbal behavior in caring. Touching calms comforts and stimulates the patient. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe patient´s and nurse´s experiences of expressive touch. Method: A literature review of 10 scientific articles consisting of nine was qualitative and one was quantitative. Articles were found using the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE and manually searched in Google scholar. Result: Touch was a central need for patients. When they were touched, they felt that they were seen as individuals. Nurses also had the need to touch and to be touched by the patients. Nurses used touch to connect emotionally with patients. The touch made nurse´s and patient´s feel solidarity on a deeper existential level. There was a difference in perceptions of touch between men and women. A good nurse patient relationship was crucial to how the touch was perceived. Conclusion: The nurses see expressive touch as something positive whilst the patient's perceptions vary. The nurse patient relationship is crucial to how the touch is perceived. This shows the necessity of checking with the patient while engaging in physical contact and to adapt the touch to the individual. Clinical significance: Being aware of how expressive touch should be used enables nurses to establish good nurse patient relationships and quickly avoid misinterpretations.

The purpose of this study is to produce knowledge about when and in what way preschool teachers give children physical contact in the preschools’ daily routine and how the children react to physical contact. Physical touch in preschool is regarded as an important part of the children's human contact, sense of security and learning.  We chose to do a qualitative study which was based on observations and interviews as a method. The empirical study was guided by three research questions: How do preschool staff describe and use physical touch in teaching the children? In which ways do preschool staff affect children physically and do they pay attention to childrens integrity? In which situations do the preschool staff give children physical touch during a work day?  The pedagogues who were interviewed described in their answers about what physical touch means for them and how they use physical touch in the preschool activities. By looking at the observation materials we found a difference between how they gave the boys respectively the girls physical contact in some of the daily routines. The results that came out of the analysis showed that all pedagogues believe that physical contact is extremely important in preschool.

Nusikaltimai žmogaus seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvei ir neliečiamumui 1961 m. galiojusiame baudžiamajame kodekse išdėstyti kiek kitaip. Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už lytinės aistros tenkinimą natūraliu, oraliniu bei analiniu būdu buvo reglamentuota viename kodekso straipsnyje – „Išžaginimas“ ir saugojo tik moters seksualinio apsisprendimo laisvę ir nepilnametės seksualinį neliečiamumą. Įsigaliojus naujajam LR BK, išžaginimo norma išskirta į du nusikaltimus – išžaginimas ir seksualinis prievartavimas tokiu būdu iš išžaginimo normos „atimant“ oralinį ir analinį nusikaltimo padarymo būdus bei papildant nauju požymiu – kitoks fizinis sąlytis. Reikalingumą kriminalizuoti lytinės aistros tenkinimą kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu sąlygojo kintantys visuomenės santykiai ir atsirandančios vis naujos lytinės aistros tenkinimo kitokio fizinio sąlyčio būdu formos. Tačiau dėl plačiai suformuluotos minėto požymio koncepcijos teismai susiduria su šio požymio kvalifikavimo problemomis. Taip pat iškilo ir lytinės aistros tenkinimo su mažamečiu atribojimo nuo mažamečio asmens tvirkinimo bei seksualinio prievartavimo ir išžaginimo tęstinumo ir šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo iš sutapties problemos. Atsižvelgiant į šių nusikaltimų kvalifikavimo problemas, išžaginimo nebelaikant pačia pavojingiausia lytinės aistros tenkinimo forma, lyginant šiuos nusikaltimus pavojingumo, pasekmių atžvilgiu bei atsižvelgiant į tai, kad šių nusikaltimų objektas yra toks pat, kyla abejonės dėl išžaginimo normos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Crimes against person‘s self-determination and inviolability in 1961 Criminal Code were regulated differently. Criminal liability for sexual satisfaction in a natural, oral or anal way was regulated by a single article of the code – „rape“ and protected only woman‘s self-determination and minor sexual inviolability. Due to effect of the new Criminal Code the rate of rape divided into two crimes – rape and sexual assault taking away the oral and anal way from rape and adding a new feature – other physical contact. The need to criminalize sexual desire satisfaction in other physical contact method resulted in changing public reactions and emerging a new sexual passion for satisfying other forms of physical contact way. However, due to widely formulated concept of this character, courts faced with this character qualification problems. they also had a problem with finding the borderline between young person‘s sexual abuse and satisfaction of sexual passion with young person. also there are sexual assault and rape of continuity and qualificaion of these crimes in coincidence problems. In view of the problems of qualification of these crimes, rape not being considered the most dangerous form of sexual desire satisfaction, comparing these crimes hazard, result and taking into account the fact that the object of these crimes is the same, there are doubts of rape extraction into two offences of necesity. Aim of this work is the analysis of criminal law doctrine and case law to... [to full text]

This thesis studies the phenomenon "physical contact in dance" through two perspectives: how dance students experience it and the norms that exist around it in a dance context. The research has been carried out via half-structured lifeworld interviews of four dance students in Sweden. The interviews have been analyzed with the help of thematic analysis. The results have then been discussed together with existing literature about the subject. The conclusions have been that the participants generally appreciated physical contact but that some factors such as its association with sexuality or the non-respect of personal boundaries led to discomfort. The interaction with another person has been deemed an important component of the experience of touch, which led to the devising of an interpretation of physical contact as the intersection between the dancer and the private individual. The norms regarding touch that have appeared are that dancers are expected to be comfortable touching each other, that the topic is seldom discussed in dance and that physical contact is associated with sexuality in dance in the same way as in the rest of society.