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This study investigated the effects of multiple textual encounters of words and textual encounters of words supplemented with pictorial glosses upon the ability of a learner of French to infer additional word senses—senses of target words that were not previously encountered. Twenty-nine participants were randomly divided into two groups, Groups A and B, and were subjected to two treatments, one in which the subjects encountered target words textually twice (Repeated Textual Encounters, RTE) and one in which the subjects encountered target words once textually and once pictorially (Pictorial Encounter, PE). Before the administration of the two vocabulary-learning treatments the participants completed a vocabulary pretest on the target words to establish a baseline of knowledge. At the conclusion of the vocabulary pretest, Group A read a French fairy tale encountering half of the target words using the RTE treatment while encountering the other half of the target words using the PE treatment. Although Group B read the same French fairy tale, they did not receive the same treatment for the same words. Specifically, the target words that those in Group A encountered using the RTE treatment were encountered by those in Group B using the PE treatment, and vise versa for the other treatment. Immediately following the treatments the participants completed a vocabulary recall test wherein the participants demonstrated their ability to infer additional senses of the target words in addition to recall original senses of target words as encountered in the text. Vocabulary gains were used as data to determine the participants' ability to infer additional word senses and recall original word senses. Results from t tests indicate that both treatments have a significant impact upon the learner's ability to infer additional word senses as well as recall original senses. Furthermore, results from analysis on the data gathered for individual words show that the treatments had a significant effect on learners inferring and recalling the senses of certain words over others. Results did not determine, however, which treatment was more effective than the other for learners to infer additional senses of words or to recall original word senses.

Målet med denna studie är att ge insikt i hur barn kommunicerar genom sina teckningar och vilken nytta pedagoger kan få av bildsamtal med barn om deras teckningar för att verkligen förstå vad det är barnet vill kommunicera. Undersökningen gjordes i form av en kvalitativ webbenkät med kvantitativa inslag som skickats ut till ett urval av pedagoger. Då det handlar om hur pedagoger tolkar och förstår barns teckningar så har en semiotisk ansats använts till analysen av det data som kommit in av enkäten i form av bildanalyser och reflektioner. Vidare tas det även upp hur viktigt det är att pedagoger förbereder och tänker igenom de frågor de ställer till barn för att inte påverka deras berättande och avsikter med sina teckningar. Felformulerade frågor och gissningar från pedagoger kan hämma barns lust att fortsätta sitt estetiska skapande. Studien visar att respondenterna tolkar både färgers känslomässiga innebörd och bilders budskap och motiv olika. Vidare visar studien att barnens intention med teckningarna kom till korta i de bildanalyser som gjordes innan respondenterna fick ta del av barnens berättelser runt sina teckningar. Det är av vikt att ge barns teckningar och bildspråkliga utveckling lika stort utrymme som övrig språkligutveckling i förskolan. / The aim of this study is to provide insight into how children communicate through their drawings and what benefit preschool teachers can get from picture-talks with children about their drawings to really understand what it is the child wants to communicate. The survey was conducted in the form of a qualitative online survey with quantitative elements that were sent out to a selection of educators. When it comes to how educators interpret and understand children's drawings, a semiotic approach has been used to analyze the data received from the survey in the form of image analyzes and reflections. Furthermore, it is also discussed how important it is for educators to prepare and think through the questions they ask children in order not to influence their narrative and intentions with their drawings. Misformulated questions and guesses from educators can inhibit children's desire to continue their aesthetic creation. The study shows that the respondents interpret both the emotional meaning of colors and the messages and motifs of images differently. Furthermore, the study shows that the children's intention with the drawings fell short in the image analyzes that were made before the respondents were allowed to take part in the children's stories about their drawings. It is important to give children's drawings and pictorial development as much space as other linguistic development in preschool.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores an analysis of autobiographical illustration, as it relates directly to autobiographical devices employed in Bitterkomix and my own visual journals. The result is a practitioner-specific approach that frames my own work within a discourse of comics and consequently within the larger discourse of visual narrative. These devices are analysed in the works of artists in Bitterkomix who employ autobiography, not only as a means of effecting more intimate interactions between the reader and the narrative, but also as a form of legitimising narrative. A principal deduction that I have made is that autobiographical writing operates through the filter of memory and language translation. A divergence occurs within Bitterkomix, as well as within my own work, between the artist as himself and the artist as his autobiographical self - the two are never identical. I choose to define autobiographical illustration as an interpretative and experimental visual writing process used to affirm and negate perceived concepts of self through the filters of memory, language translation and imagination. Imagination acts as an extension of current memory from which perceived past, present and future identity constructs emanate and extend. These constructs are by no means indicative of historical fact but often appear to be so given autobiography's association as a referential text. The visual journal as an autobiographical object, like Bitterkomix, seeks to legitimise itself in 'naturalising narrative' by feigning to make it the outcome of a documentative process. It is exactly the tension between autobiography's perceived characteristic as a genre that involves 'real' experiences and its actual function as a narrative construction of identity that merits its use as a strategic device. I argue how my visual journals constitute autobiographical narrative objects and archives of autobiographical illustrative form and content. This tension is amplified in my visual journals in their association as deeply personal objects and as a result of what is perceived to be the artist's natural process. Most importantly, these narrative objects are placed within the public's gaze and are made to be read as autobiographical texts, ultimately as documents of this process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek outobiografiese illustrasie wat direk verband hou met outobiografiese praktyke wat in Bitterkomix en in my eie visuele joernale gebruik word. Die resultaat is 'n praktisyn-spesifieke aanslag wat my eie werk binne die diskoers van stripkuns plaas, en sodoende binne die groter diskoers van visuele narratief. Hierdie praktyke word geanaliseer in die werk van Bitterkomix-kunstenaars wat outobiografie gebruik, nie net as 'n manier om meer intieme interaksies tussen die leser en die narratief te bewerkstellig nie, maar ook om die narratief legitiem te maak. Ek maak die afleiding dat outobiografiese skryfwerk deur die filters van geheue en taal werksaam is. In beide Bitterkomix en my eie werk is 'n skeiding tussen die kunstenaar self en die kunstenaar se outobiografiese self sigbaar – die twee is nooit identies nie. Ek verkies om outobiografiese illustrasie te definieer as 'n interpretatiewe en eksperimentele visuele skryfproses wat gebruik word om waargenome begrippe van die self deur die filters van geheue, vertaling en verbeelding te bevestig en te negeer. Die verbeelding dien as 'n voortsetting van huidige geheue waaruit waargenome identiteitskonstrukte van die verlede, hede en toekoms voortvloei. Hierdie konstrukte is geensins aanduidend van historiese feite nie, maar kom dikwels so voor gegewe outobiografie se assosiasie as verwysende teks. My argument is dat my visuele joernale beide outobiografiese narratiewe objekte én argiewe van outobiografiese illustratiewe vorm en inhoud is. Visuele joernale as outobiografiese objekte, soos in die geval van Bitterkomix, probeer sigself legitiem maak deur middel van 'naturaliserende narratief', deur voor te gee dat dit die resultaat van 'n dokumenterende proses is. Dit is juis die spanning tussen outobiografie se aard as 'n genre wat gegrond is op 'ware' ervaringe, en outobiografie se funksie as 'n narratiewe konstruksie, wat die gebruik daarvan as 'n strategiese middel die moeite werd maak. Hierdie spanning word in my visuele joernale verhoog deur hulle diep persoonlike aard, en as gevolg van wat gesien word as die kunstenaar se natuurlike proses. Belangriker nog is dat hierdie narratiewe objekte binne die publiek se sigveld geplaas word om as outobiografiese tekste gelees te word, en ook uiteindelik as dokumente van die proses.

Par son recours à diverses formes d’expression, Unica Zürn (1916-1970) redynamise l’espace de la feuille en le faisant activement participer à l’écriture de soi. Le « je » semble en effet se démultiplier grâce à des jeux « anagrammatiques » sur les divers signes mobilisés, qu’ils soient alphabétiques, picturaux ou musicaux. L’autoreprésentation s’inscrit alors au sein d’une œuvre pluridisciplinaire inusitée, qui renouvelle l’esthétique quelque peu « essoufflée » du mouvement surréaliste. Cette attitude vis-à-vis de la feuille, où plusieurs signes « décomposables » et « recomposables » se partagent l’espace, est observable tant dans l’œuvre littéraire que picturale d’Unica Zürn. Le processus de création par la lettre, le trait et la note de musique, tend à revaloriser le support matériel utilisé par l’effacement des frontières entre les disciplines artistiques, qui appelle un regard distancié du lecteur/spectateur sur l’œuvre. Afin d’interpréter les travaux de Zürn dans la pluralité des moyens artistiques qui y sont déployés, l’approche intermédiale sera favorisée. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, il s’agira d’abord de voir comment s’articule un certain dialogue entre le discours des chercheurs de l’intermédialité et l’œuvre d’Unica Zürn. Le rapport à l’objet sera notre porte d’entrée dans la matière intermédiale. Par un retour à la matérialité de l’expérience médiatique, nous constaterons que Zürn met à l’avant-scène les instruments et supports de la création, ce qui mène à une représentation distorsionnée de soi, de l’espace et du temps. Une fois le parallèle établi entre les concepts de l’intermédialité et les travaux de Zürn, nous nous concentrerons sur le pan musical de l’œuvre pluridisciplinaire de l’auteure-artiste. Le second chapitre traitera de l’intrusion du sonore dans l’univers textuel, qui se fera notamment par la réappropriation de l’opéra Norma, de Vincenzo Bellini. Cette réécriture s’intitule Les jeux à deux et prend une distance considérable par rapport au texte originel. Elle s’accompagne de dessins effectués par l’auteure-artiste à même les partitions de l’opéra. Le regard multiple posé sur l’œuvre zürnienne permettra de comprendre que l’écriture palimpseste participe du processus d’autoreprésentation, tout en élaborant un discours sur la rencontre entre littérature, dessin et musique, ainsi que sur l’influence de cette juxtaposition sur le débordement des frontières médiatiques traditionnelles. / Having recourse to many forms of expression, Unica Zürn (1916-1970) revitalizes the space of the sheet by having it take an active part in the individual writing. The “I” seems to increase thanks to “anagrammatic” games on the many mobilized signs, whether they are alphabetical, pictorial or musical. The self-representation is inspired by an unusual multidisciplinary work, which renews the aesthetics, somewhat “worn”, of the surrealist movement. This attitude towards the sheet, where many “decomposable” and “recomposable” signs share the space, is observable in Unica Zürn’s literary work as well as in her pictorial work. The process of creation through the letter, the stroke and the musical note tends to reassert the value of the material support used by the abolition of the boundaries among the artistic disciplines, which calls for a distanced look from the reader/spectator on the work. In order to interpret Zürn’s work in the plurality of the artistic means that are deployed, the intermedial approach will be favoured. In the first chapter of this dissertation, we will see how a certain dialog is structured between the views of the intermediality’s researchers and Unica Zürn’s work. The relation to objects will be our entry point in the intermedial subject. Through a return to the materiality of the media-related experience, we will notice that Zürn puts at the forefront the instruments and the supports to the creation, which leads to a contorted representation of oneself, space and time. Once the parallel established between the intermediality’s concepts and Zürn’s work, we will focus on the musical aspect of the author-artist’s multidisciplinary work. The second chapter will deal with the intrusion of sound in the textual universe, which will occur through the reappropriation of the Vincenzo Bellini’s opera “Norma”. This revising is called “Les jeux à deux” and is significantly different from the original text, and is paired with drawings made by the author-artist directly on the opera’s partitions. The multiple look placed upon the zurnian work will allow to understand that the palimpsest writing takes part in the self-representation process, through elaborating a view regarding the interrelation of literature, drawing and music, as well as the influence of this juxtaposition on the overflow of the traditional media boundaries.

This thesis studies Han Dynasty stone carved tombs in Central and Eastern China. These multi-chambered tombs were constructed from carved stone slabs, and were very popular among the Han people. However, such horizontal stone structures were entirely new, and were a result of outside stimuli rather than an independent development within China. The stone carved tombs were a result of imitating royal rock-cut tombs, while the rock-cut tombs were stimulated by foreign examples. Moreover, many details of stone carved tombs also had Western features. These exotic elements were incorporated to satisfy specific requirements of the Han people, and reflected the desire to assimilate exotica within Chinese traditions. Some details within stone carved tombs showed high level of stone working technologies with Western influences. But in general the level of stone construction of the Han period was relatively low. The methods of construction showed how unfamiliar the Western system was to the Han artisans. Han Dynasty stone carved tombs were hybrids of different techniques, including timber, brick and stone works. From these variations, Han people could choose certain types of tombs to satisfy their specific ritual and economic needs. Not only structures, but also pictorial decorations of stone carved tombs were innovations. The range of image motifs is quite limited. Similar motifs can be found in almost every tomb. Such similarities were partly due to the artisans, who worked in workshops and used repertoires for the carving of images. But these also suggest that the tombs were decorated for certain purposes with a given functional template. Together with different patterns of burial objects and their settings, such images formed a way through which the Han people gave meaning to the afterworld. After their heyday, stone carved tombs ceased being constructed in the Central Plains as the Han Empire collapsed. However, they set a model for later tombs. The idea of building horizontal stone chamber tombs spread to Han borderlands, and gradually went further east to the Korean Peninsula. The legacy and spread of the Chinese masonry tradition was closely related to the political circumstances of late Han and post-Han period. The spread of stone chamber tombs in Northeast Asia is presented as a part of a long history of interactions between different parts of Eurasia.

Este trabalho propôs um estudo da cerâmica Anasazi/ Pueblo Antigo, Mogollon e Casas Grandes, com o intuito de averiguar a presença de um \"código pictórico\". Para tanto, foram realizadas análises quantitativas e qualitativas de um conjunto de 1.451 peças arqueológicas. Os resultados dessas análises levaram à constatação da existência de um \"código pictórico\" formado por um conjunto finito de símbolos gráficos, cuja produção e reprodução foi observada em cerâmicas dispersas tanto por uma ampla faixa territorial, como ao longo de uma considerável escala temporal (aprox. de 500 d.C. a 1500 d.C.). O conjunto artefatual estudado foi produzido por grupos humanos que habitaram uma região conhecida na arqueologia como \"Sudoeste\". Tendo como base a constatação de que este \"código pictórico\" foi amplamente expresso na cerâmica encontrada ao longo de vastos territórios, foi também aqui investigado e demonstrado que alguns de seus \"símbolos principais\" poderiam também ser encontrados na iconografia de áreas hoje consideradas como norte e centro - mesoamericanas. Nesse sentido, o trabalho buscou contribuir também para o aprofundamento do debate da natureza das trocas e dos contatos que hoje acredita-se terem sido travados ao longo destas extensas áreas. / This work aims to demonstrate the existence of a common \"pictorial code\", through a study of the Anasazi/ Ancient Pueblo, Mogollon and Casas Grandes ceramic production. The quantitative and qualitative analyses conducted in 1.451 ceramic artefacts were able to demonstrate the presence of a pictorial code, formed by an specific set of graphic symbols, expressed in the ceramics found through a vast territory, covering a substantial time lapse (from aprox. 500 d.C. to 1500 d.C.). Groups that once inhabited a region known in archeological literature by the name of \"Southwest\", produced the ceramic artifacts analyzed by this study. Considering that this \"pictorial code\" was present and seen through such extensive areas, its presence was also investigated in the material production of the surroundings areas of Mesoamerica. It was demonstrated, through such investigation, that some of its main symbols were also depicted in the iconography of north and central Mesoamerica. The analysis of such scenario contributes to a better understanding of the nature of the contacts and exchanges that it is known today to have happened through such territories.

[pt] A dissertação baseia-se em pesquisa exploratória, discorrendo sobre o período em que a imagem fotográfica começa a ser incorporada pela imprensa periódica ilustrada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Assim, fazem parte do universo desta pesquisa as publicações saídas entre 1839 (ano do anúncio da descoberta do daguerreótipo, primeiro processo fotográfico patenteado e explorado comercialmente no mundo) e 1900, derradeiro ano de um século marcante sob inúmeros aspectos e momento em que o país inicia a segunda década do regime republicano, em meio a transformações políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais que, naturalmente, se refletiriam na imprensa. Na virada do século, o fato dos processos de reprodução fotomecânica já estarem técnica e comercialmente resolvidos e o fato da tecnologia da própria fotografia haver sido extremamente aperfeiçoada, vão implicar - com certo atraso em relação aos centros mais avançados - uma mudança de atitude quanto ao uso da fotografia na imprensa ilustrada carioca do século XX - distanciando- a, finalmente, da caricatura e conferindo-lhe uma gradual autonomia como meio de comunicação e expressão. Foram examinadas as coleções de 1.126 periódicos publicados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no período, integrantes das coleções em microfilme da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional. O trabalho visou detectar as primeiras utilizações da fotografia, contextualizando-as minimamente - inclusive do ponto de vista das tecnologias empregadas - além de destacar dois marcos no processo de incorporação da fotografia pela imprensa ilustrada, o primeiro em A Semana Illustrada (1860-1876) e o segundo em O Besouro (1877-1878). / [en] The dissertation is based on exploratory research, covering the period during which the photographic image starts to be incorporated by the illustrated periodical press in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Thus the universe of the present research includes all periodical publications locally printed between 1839 (the year of the announcement of the invention of the daguerreotype - the first photographic process to be patented and commercially explored in the world) and 1900, which marks the end of an outstanding century under several aspects, when the country starts its second decade under the new republican regime, going through severe political, economical, social and cultural changes which, naturally, were reflected in the press.By the turn of the century, the fact that photomechanical processes were both technically and commercially well developed and also the fact that photographic technology had been quite perfected, would give raise to a change in attitude on what concerns the uses of photography in early XXth century s Rio de Janeiro illustrated periodical press. Photography finally moved away from caricature and reached a gradual autonomy as a means of communication and expression. One thousand, one hundred and twenty six collections of periodicals published in the city of Rio de Janeiro (which belong to the microfilm collections of the National Library) were examined. The work aimed at detecting the first uses of photography, putting them into minimum context - including the technologies employed. It also distinguishes two relevant marks in the process of photography s incorporation by the local illustrated press - the first in A Semana Ilustrada (1860-1876) and the second in O Besouro (1877-1878).

O ponto de partida para este trabalho sobre a \"janela\" e a \"moldura\" advém da consideração de que estes dispositivos são simultaneamente objeto e pensamento. Ocupam um espaço teórico fundamental na cultura ocidental enquanto lugares de enunciação, de apresentação e de representação. Ao mesmo tempo que a janela é um elemento estruturante da gramática construtiva da arquitetura, ela pode ser entendida como metáfora para a moldura na pintura e, nesse sentido, este par conceitual encontra-se na base da formulação da visualidade e da espacialidade na cultura ocidental. Propomo-nos com o presente trabalho compreender a existência de uma correlação entre dois universos comparados (Pintura e Arquitetura), especulando sobre novas possibilidades de entendimento da \"janela\" na Arquitectura e da \"moldura\" nas Artes Visuais. Para tal, sugerimos o estudo de caso da obra dos artistas visuais Pedro Calapez e Rodrigo Andrade (desde os anos 80), tentando entender se a problemática da moldura (limite do plano pictórico) e da janela (enquadramento de paisagem/dispositivo arquitetônico) se pode constituir como paradigma no entendimento da prática destes dois artistas e daí especular sobre a sua possível correlação com a produção arquitetônica contemporânea. O estudo recairá incisivamente sobre a emancipação da obra de arte em relação aos seus dispositivos de apresentação tradicionais (moldura e pedestal), questão que marcou profundamente a espacialidade da arte ao longo do séc. XX, com o advento do modernismo. Partindo do texto \"De pictura\" de Alberti constrói-se um percurso histórico até à atualidade, onde se procura identificar e caracterizar os diversos momentos paradigmáticos dos conceitos de moldura e de janela. Esta análise encontra fundamento em textos de crítica, teoria de arte e de arquitetura, ao mesmo tempo que propõe o estudo atento de obras de diversos artistas visuais, com incidência especial sobre os estudos de caso referidos. Em suma, busca-se aprofundar discussões possíveis em torno das questões de profundidade, planaridade, transparência, opacidade, limites do plano, espaço pictórico, bem como da própria natureza do trabalho da pintura, para daí tentar encontrar pares correlativos na arquitetura. / The starting point for this brief study about the \"window\" and the \"frame\", comes from the consideration that these devices are simultaniously object and thinking. They ocuppy a fundamental theoretical place in Western culture as places of enunciation, presentation and representation. While the window is a structural element of the design of architecture grammar, it can be understood as a metaphor for the frame in painting, and in that sense, this conceptual pair stands in the base of the visual and spatial formulation, in Western culture. We try to understand the existence of a correlation between two compared universes (Painting and Architecture), speculating about new possibilities of understanding the \"window\" in architecture and the \"frame\" in the Visual Arts. To this end, we suggest the case study of the work of visual artists Pedro Calapez and Rodrigo Andrade (since the 80s), trying to understand if the problem of the frame (limit of the picture plane) and of the window (landscape framing / architectural device) can be taken as a paradigm for understanding the practice of these two artists, and then speculate on its possible correlation with contemporary architectural production. The study will adress incisively the emancipation of the artwork in relation to its traditional presentation devices (frame and pedestal), an issue that deeply marked the spatiality of art throughout the 20th century, with the advent of modernism. From Alberti\'s text, \"De pictura\", we build up a historical journey, up to our days, where we seek to identify and characterize the various paradigmatic moments of the frame and the window, as concepts. This discourse is based on critical art and architecture theory, proposing, at the same time, the careful study of works by various visual artists, with particular focus on the case studies mentioned above. In short, we seek to deepen the discussion about the concepts of depth, flatness, transparency, opacity, plan limits, pictorial space as well as the very nature of painting work, to then try to find correlative situations in architecture.

O ponto de partida para este trabalho sobre a \"janela\" e a \"moldura\" advém da consideração de que estes dispositivos são simultaneamente objeto e pensamento. Ocupam um espaço teórico fundamental na cultura ocidental enquanto lugares de enunciação, de apresentação e de representação. Ao mesmo tempo que a janela é um elemento estruturante da gramática construtiva da arquitetura, ela pode ser entendida como metáfora para a moldura na pintura e, nesse sentido, este par conceitual encontra-se na base da formulação da visualidade e da espacialidade na cultura ocidental. Propomo-nos com o presente trabalho compreender a existência de uma correlação entre dois universos comparados (Pintura e Arquitetura), especulando sobre novas possibilidades de entendimento da \"janela\" na Arquitectura e da \"moldura\" nas Artes Visuais. Para tal, sugerimos o estudo de caso da obra dos artistas visuais Pedro Calapez e Rodrigo Andrade (desde os anos 80), tentando entender se a problemática da moldura (limite do plano pictórico) e da janela (enquadramento de paisagem/dispositivo arquitetônico) se pode constituir como paradigma no entendimento da prática destes dois artistas e daí especular sobre a sua possível correlação com a produção arquitetônica contemporânea. O estudo recairá incisivamente sobre a emancipação da obra de arte em relação aos seus dispositivos de apresentação tradicionais (moldura e pedestal), questão que marcou profundamente a espacialidade da arte ao longo do séc. XX, com o advento do modernismo. Partindo do texto \"De pictura\" de Alberti constrói-se um percurso histórico até à atualidade, onde se procura identificar e caracterizar os diversos momentos paradigmáticos dos conceitos de moldura e de janela. Esta análise encontra fundamento em textos de crítica, teoria de arte e de arquitetura, ao mesmo tempo que propõe o estudo atento de obras de diversos artistas visuais, com incidência especial sobre os estudos de caso referidos. Em suma, busca-se aprofundar discussões possíveis em torno das questões de profundidade, planaridade, transparência, opacidade, limites do plano, espaço pictórico, bem como da própria natureza do trabalho da pintura, para daí tentar encontrar pares correlativos na arquitetura. / The starting point for this brief study about the \"window\" and the \"frame\", comes from the consideration that these devices are simultaniously object and thinking. They ocuppy a fundamental theoretical place in Western culture as places of enunciation, presentation and representation. While the window is a structural element of the design of architecture grammar, it can be understood as a metaphor for the frame in painting, and in that sense, this conceptual pair stands in the base of the visual and spatial formulation, in Western culture. We try to understand the existence of a correlation between two compared universes (Painting and Architecture), speculating about new possibilities of understanding the \"window\" in architecture and the \"frame\" in the Visual Arts. To this end, we suggest the case study of the work of visual artists Pedro Calapez and Rodrigo Andrade (since the 80s), trying to understand if the problem of the frame (limit of the picture plane) and of the window (landscape framing / architectural device) can be taken as a paradigm for understanding the practice of these two artists, and then speculate on its possible correlation with contemporary architectural production. The study will adress incisively the emancipation of the artwork in relation to its traditional presentation devices (frame and pedestal), an issue that deeply marked the spatiality of art throughout the 20th century, with the advent of modernism. From Alberti\'s text, \"De pictura\", we build up a historical journey, up to our days, where we seek to identify and characterize the various paradigmatic moments of the frame and the window, as concepts. This discourse is based on critical art and architecture theory, proposing, at the same time, the careful study of works by various visual artists, with particular focus on the case studies mentioned above. In short, we seek to deepen the discussion about the concepts of depth, flatness, transparency, opacity, plan limits, pictorial space as well as the very nature of painting work, to then try to find correlative situations in architecture.